THE 


READER'S    HANDBOOK 


OF    THE 


AMERICAN  REVOLUTION; 


1761-1783. 


JUSTIN  WINSOR, 


LIBRARIAN  OP  HARVARD  UNIVERSITY  ;  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  AMERICAN  LIBRARY 
ASSOCIATION;  FORMERLY  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  THE 

*  BOSTON   PUBLIC   LIBRARY. 


BOSTON: 

HOUGHTON,  OSGOOD  AND   COMPANY. 
Cfje  Ktoerstte  Prees,  Camfertirge* 

1880. 


Copyright,  1879, 
BY  JUSTIN  WINSOR. 
^-  3  3  S  J~ 

All  rights  reserved. 


RIVERSIDE,    CAMBRIDGE  : 

STEREOTYPED    AND    PRINTED    BY 

H.  0.  H00GHTON   AND   COMPANY. 


A 


PREFACE. 


I  WISH  the  user  of  this  Handbook  to  under 
stand  its  purpose  and  limitations.  It  is  like  a 
continuous  foot-note  to  all  histories  of  the  Amer 
ican  Revolution.  It  points  out  sources,  but  it  in 
cludes  also  the  second-hand  authorities,  though 
not  all  of  them.  Its  references  are  made  because 
the  books  referred  to  are_the-  best ;  or  because  for 
some  reason  they  are  significant  above  others, 
though  perhaps  in  minor  details ;  and  sometimes 
simply  because  of  their  greater  accessibility. 
Any  one  disposed  to  follow  its  guidance  will  find 
that,  with  the  more  common  books  at  his  com 
mand,  the  course  of  events  can  be  understood  ; 
while  with  the  larger  resources  of  our  greater 
public  libraries  within  reach,  he  can  compass 
the  subject  much  more  thoroughly.  Complete 
guidance  to  all  details  would  have  been  possible 
by  much  more  extensive  subdivision  and  much 


iv  PREFACE. 

greater  -analyzing  of  the  books.  The  work  seems 
large  enough  for  the  purpose,  as  it  is.  I  could 
hardly  have  named  more  of  the  smaller  general 
histories  and  other  books,  but  slightly  connected 
with  the  subject,  except  by  swelling  the  volume 
without  proportionate  gain. 

The  special  student  will,  however,  find  here  his 
starting-point.  The  ordinary  reader  can  survey 
the  field  and  follow  as  many  paths  as  he  likes. 

I  began  the  making  of  these  notes  when  the 
first  fervor  of  the  centennial  period  impelled  a 
good  many  readers  at  the  Public  Library  of  Bos 
ton  —  which  at  that  time  was  in  my  charge  —  to 
follow  the  history  of  our  Revolutionary  struggle. 
To  aid  that  impulse  some  portions  of  this  Hand 
book,  in  a  less  perfect  state,  were  printed  in  the 
Bulletins  of  that  Library.  I  believe  it  a  part  of 
the  duty  of  a  public  librarian  to  induce  reading 
and  gently  to  guide  it,  as  far  as  he  can,  because 
I  know  that  as  a  rule  there  is  much  need  of  such 
inducement  and  of  such  guidance.  I  am  no  great 
advocate  of  courses  of  reading.  It  often  matters 
little  what  the  line  of  one's  reading  is,  provided 
it  is  pursued,  as  sciences  are  most  satisfactorily 
pursued,  in  a  comparative  way.  The  reciprocal 
influences,  the  broadening  effect,  the  quickened 


PREFACE.  v 

interest  arising  from  a  comparison  of  sources  and 
authorities,  I  hold  to  be  marked  benefits  from 
such  a  habit  of  reading.  It  is  at  once  wholesome 
and  instructive,  gratifying  in  the  pursuit,  and  sat 
isfactory  in  the  results. 

It  is  intended,  if  the  system  of  this  Handbook 
proves  practically  useful,  to  follow  this  initial  vol 
ume,  with  others  covering  themes  of  History, 
Biography,  Travel,  Philosophy,  Science,  Litera 
ture,  and  Art. 

JUSTIN  WINSOR. 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY,  GORE  HALL,  Sept.  1879. 


AMERICAN  REVOLUTION. 

1761-1775. 

In  Massachusetts,  1761-1765.  —  "Writs  of  Assistance. 

SHORTLY  after  the  close  of  the  French  war, 
when  the  British  government  was  no  longer  de 
pendent  on  the  friendly  assistance  of  the  colonies, 
and  revenue  was  to  be  got  from  enforcing  the  acts 
of  trade,  the  application  of  the  agents  of  govern 
ment  for  "  writs  of  assistance  "  was  met  by  James 
Otis  in  his  plea  against  the  grant.  Tudor's  Life 
of  Otis  makes  that  patriot  the  centre  of  interest 
at  this  period,  and  the  legal  aspects  of  the  case 
can  be  studied  in  Horace  Gray's  Appendix  to  the 
Reports  of  Cases  in  the  Massachusetts  Superior 
Court,  1761-1772,  by  Josiah  Quincy.  The  third 
volume  of  Hutchinson's  History  of  Massachusetts, 
1750-1774,  gives  the  governmental  view,  while  in 
Minot's  History  of  Massachusetts,  1748-1765,  the 
patriot  side  is  sustained,  and  this  view  is  repre 
sented  in  the  Lives  of  Josiah  Quincy,  John  Adams, 
and  Samuel  Adams.  In  its  broad  relations,  as  in- 
i 


2  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1761- 

dicating  the  temper  of  the  people,  it  is  discussed 
by  Bancroft  in  his  History  of  the  United  States ; 
by  Hildreth  in  his  History ;  by  Frothinghain  in 
his  Rise  of  the  Republic ;  by  Barry  in  his  History 
of  Massachusetts,  etc.  There  are  delineations  of 
the  causes  of  the  Revolution  in  many  popular  and 
lesser  histories,  like  Ridpath's,  p.  285,  etc.  The 
same  ground  is  gone  over  in  McCartney's  Origin 
and  Progress  of  the  United  States,  and  better  in 
G.  W.  Greene's  Historical  View  of  the  American 
Revolution.  A  statement  of  the  grounds  and  mo 
tives  is  in  J.  P.  Thompson's  United  States  as  a 
Nation.  There  are  several  contemporary  publica 
tions  on  the  existing  political  condition  of  the 
colonies,  like  Almon's  publication,  London,  1775, 
on  the  Charters  of  the  British  Colonies  in  Amer 
ica,  and  Anthony  Stokes's  Constitutions  of  the 
British  Colonies,  London,  1783  ;  also  see  William 
Griffith's  Historical  Notes  of  the  American  Colo 
nies  and  the  Revolution,  1754-1775.  Political 
tracts  of  this  period  are  numerous. 

Of  the  many  tracts  preceding  the  commotion  of 
1765,  that  of  James  Otis  on  the  Rights  of  the 
British  Colonies  asserted  and  proved,  published  at 
Boston,  1764,  is  typical  of  the  best  of  them. 

On  the  general  subject  of  taxing  the  colonies, 
see  the  Parliamentary  History,  the  Speeches  of 
Chatham  and  Burke,  May's  Constitutional  His 
tory  of  England,  ii.  576,  and  the  whig  and  tory 
views  as  shown  respectively  in  Massey's  and  Adol- 
phus's  Histories  of  England. 


1766.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  3 

In  the  South,  1761-1765. 

For  the  progress  of  events  and  illustrations  of 
the  spirit  of  the  people,  see  David  Ramsay's  Rev 
olution  in  South  Carolina  ;  Moultrie's  American 
Revolution ;  R.  W.  Gibbs's  Documentary  History 
of  the  American  Revolution,  1764-1776;  Dray- 
ton's  Memoirs  of  the  American  Revolution  in 
South  Carolina  (ending  in  1776),  and  later  histo 
ries  of  that  State  like  Simms's  ;  Jones's  Defence 
of  the  Revolutionary  History  of  North  Carolina ; 
W.  D.  Cooke's  Revolutionary  History  of  North 
Carolina;  Foote's  Sketches  of  North  Carolina; 
Martin's  History  of  North  Carolina ;  Caruthers's 
Life  of  Dr.  Caldwell ;  R.  Purviance's  Baltimore 
town  during  the  Revolutionary  War. 

Illustrative  details  will  be  found  in  the  Bland 
Papers,  edited  by  C.  Campbell ;  and  in  later  rec 
ords  like  Wirt's  Patrick  Henry,  etc. 

Stamp  Act,  1765-1766. 

To  the  general  authorities  named  in  preced 
ing  sections  may  be  added,  for  local  coloring,  the 
chapters  in  the  histories  of  Boston  by  Drake  and 
by  Snow,  and  in  Lossing's  Field-Book  of  the  Revo 
lution.  See  also  Tudor 's  Life  of  Otis,  ch.  14 ;  ex 
tracts  from  Josiah  Quincy's  Diary  in  the  Proceed 
ings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  April, 
1858.  In  the  same  Proceedings,  June,  1872,  there 
is  a  fac-simile  of  Andrew  Oliver's  oath  declining 


4  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1765- 

the  stamp  office.  There  are  letters  of  the  Stamp 
Act  times  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  May,  1862. 
Cf .  also  files  of  the  Boston  newspapers  of  the  day, 
like  the  Boston  Gazette  and  Evening  Post. 

The  Examination  of  Franklin  relative  to  the 
repeal  of  the  act  was  published  in  full,  and  in  this 
connection  consult  the  Lives  of  him  by  Sparks, 
Parton,  Bigelow,  etc.,  the  latter  reprinting  the 
Examination  of  1767. 

The  Annual  Register  and  the  monthly  maga 
zines  in  London,  like  the  Gentleman's,  reflect  the 
phases  of  English  public  opinion  about  the  oppo 
sition  in  the  colonies.  The  histories  of  England 
for  that  period  (typical  among  the  later  ones  may 
be  taken  the  Pictorial  History,  Massey's,  and  Earl 
Stanhope's),  together  with  the  lives  and  corre 
spondence  of  the  prominent  political  actors  of  the 
day,  throw  light  from  that  side.  Cf.  Rockingham 
and  his  Contemporaries,  i.  250 ;  Fitzmaurice's 
Life  of  Lord  Shelburne,  i.  319,  and-ch.  7  for  the 
repeal  of  the  act,  and  Protests  of  the  Lords,  ed. 
by  J.  E.  T.  Rogers,  ii.  77. 

For  the  effect  of  the  Stamp  Act  in  Connecticut, 
see  Stuart's  Life  of  Jonathan  Trumbull.  . 

For  the  effect  of  the  Stamp  Act  in  New  York 
and  Virginia,  see  the  Magazine  of  American  His 
tory,  June,  1877,  and  the  Pennsylvania  Magazine 
of  History,  ii.  296.  Consult  also  the  Memoirs  of 
General  Samuel  Lamb ;  and  the  histories  of  New 
York  City  and  State.  Almon's  Collection  of 


1766.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  5 

Tracts,  London,  1773,  gives  in  vol.  i.  the  proceed 
ings  of  a  Congress  held  in  New  York,  in  answer 
to  a  call  from  Massachusetts,  which  was  also 
printed  separately  in  New  York  in  1845.  Con 
siderable  light  on  the  way  in  which  New  York 
was  forced  into  opposition  to  Great  Britain  is 
thrown  in  the  Collections  of  the  New  York  His 
torical  Society  for  1876. 

A  large  number  of  political  and  controversial 
tracts  were  printed  at  this  time,  both  in  the  colo 
nies  and  in  England.  Those  in  America  will  be 
found  set  down  in  Haven's  pre-r evolutionary  Bib 
liography  of  the  American  press,  which  is  ap 
pended  to  the  American  Antiquarian  Society's 
edition  of  Thomas's  History  of  Printing.  The 
English  ones  are  mostly  enumerated  from  month 
to  month  in  the  monthly  magazines  of  the  time, 
published  in  London.  Some  part  of  all  these  are 
to  be  found  in  the  catalogue  of  the  Sparks  Col 
lection,  now  in  Cornell  University  library  ;  in  that 
of  the  library  of  Parliament,  Toronto,  p.  1421 ; 
the  catalogue  of  George  Brinley's  library,  1879, 
No.  181,  etc.,  2116,  etc. ;  those  of  the  library  of 
Congress,  New  York  Historical  Society,  Massa 
chusetts  Historical  Society,  etc. 

Regulators  in  North  Carolina,  1768-1771. 

Beside  the  general  histories,  see  Rev.  Dr. 
Hawks's  Battle  of  Alamance  and  the  War  of 
the  Regulation,  in  W.  D.  Cooke's  Revolutionary 


6  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1767- 

History  of  North  Carolina.  See  also  Caruthers's 
Life  of  Dr.  Caldwell ;  Foote's  Sketches  of  North 
Carolina;  Martin's  History  of  North  Carolina; 
The  New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical 
Register,  Jan.  1871;  Lossing's  Field-Book  of  the 
Revolution,  ii.  There  is  a  tale,  "  The  Alamance," 
by  C.  H.  Wiley. 

In  General,  1767-1775. 

This  period  and  its  patriotic  movements,  so  far 
as  relates  to  Massachusetts,  are  made  the  special 
theme  of  Frothingham's  Warren  and  his  Times  ; 
and  in  the  same  author's  Rise  of  the  Republic, 
the  action  of  the  patriots  is  viewed  as  tending  to 
form  the  national  spirit.  A  chapter  in  Tudor's 
Otis  is  given  to  characterizing  the  people  of  Bos 
ton  at  this  time,  and  in  the  collection  of  contem 
porary  documents  called  Niles's  Principles  and 
Acts  of  the  Revolution,  the  spirit  of  the  people 
can  be  read  in  their  own  words.  A  file  of  Papers 
relating  to  public  events  in  Massachusetts,  1765- 
1774,  was  printed  a  few  years  ago  by  the  Seventy- 
six  Society,  the  originals  of  which  are  now  in  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society's  Cabinet.  See 
their  Proceedings,  Jan.  1878.  Alden  Bradford's 
Massachusetts  State  Papers,  1765-1775,  gives  the 
addresses  of  the  Executive  during  this  period. 
What  is  known  as  Almon's  Collection  of  Papers 
also  gives  public  documents,  1764-1775.  Mercy 
Warren  was  a  sister  of  James  Otis,  and  in  her 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  7 

History  of  the  American  Revolution  we  have 
the  characters  of  the  most  distinguished  of  the 
patriots  drawn  by  one  who  knew  them  closely. 
Her  estimate  of  John  Adams  in  this  work  was  not 
satisfactory  to  Adams,  and  the  letters  that  passed 
between  them  thereupon  are  given  in  the  Massa 
chusetts  Historical  Society's  Collections,  5th  se 
ries,  vol.  iv.  Eddis's  Letters  from  America,  1769- 
1777,  London,  1792,  reflect  the  feelings  of  the  col 
onists. 

The  influence  of  the  press  is  traced  in  the  third 
era  of  Hudson's  History  of  American  Journalism, 
in  J.  T.  Buckingham's  Specimens  of  Newspaper 
Literature,  and  the  aspects  can  be  studied  in  the 
files  of  the  five  newspapers  published  in  Boston 
at  that  time :  — 

Fleet's  Evening  Post,  patronized  both  by  the 
whigs  and  the  government. 

The  Boston  Newsletter,  the  only  paper  which 
continued  to  be  published  during  the  siege. 

The  Massachusetts  Gazette,  the  chief  organ  of 
the  government. 

The  Boston  Gazette,  devoted  to  the  patriots. 

The  Massachusetts  Spy,  devoted  to  the  patriots. 

The  most  important  journal  in  Massachusetts, 
out  of  Boston,  was  the  Essex  Gazette. 

For  the  influence  of  the  clergy,  see  Thornton's 
Pulpit  of  the  Revolution,  and  the  Patriot  Preach 
ers  of  the  Revolution,  1860. 

As  before,  the  lives  of  leading  patriots  must  be 


8  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1767- 

consulted:  Wells's  Life  of  Samuel  Adams;  the 
Life  and  Diaries  of  John  Adams ;  Quincy's  Life 
of  Josiah  Quincy ;  Austin's  Life  of  Elbridge 
Gerry ;  Stuart's  Life  of  Jonathan  Trumbull ; 
Bigelow's  Life  of  Franklin,  from  his  own  writ 
ings,  and  other  Lives  of  Franklin  by  Sparks  and 
Parton ;  and  the  general  histories,  like  those  of 
the  United  States  by  Bancroft  and  Hildreth,  and 
those  of  Massachusetts  by  Minot  and  Barry,  etc. 

The  third  volume  of  Hutchinson's  Massachusetts 
Bay  still  gives  the  tory  view,  and  the  later  Brit 
ish  estimates  of  the  period  are  found  in  Mahon's 
(Stanhope's)  and  Massey's  Histories  of  England. 
See  also  the  paper  on  Col.  Barre*  and  his  Times  in 
Macmillan's  Magazine,  Dec.  1876  ;  or  Living  Age, 
No.  1699 ;  and  the  Lives  of  Chatham  and  other 
parliamentary  defenders  of  the  colonists. 

For  the  local  associations  of  the  Province  House, 
Green  Dragon  Tavern,  etc.,  see  Shurtleff's  De 
scription  of  Boston,  and  Drake's  Old  Landmarks 
and  Historic  Personages  of  Boston. 

Some  letters  on  the  condition  of  things  in  Bos 
ton,  sent  to  the  ministry  by  Bernard,  Gen.  Gage, 
and  Com.  Hood,  between  Jan.  1768,  and  July, 
1769,  were  printed  in  London,  and  drew  out  from 
Samuel  Adams  a  Vindication  of  the  Town  of  Bos 
ton,  1770.  Cf .  Wells's  Life  of  Samuel  Adams ;  but 
this  tract  has  sometimes  been  ascribed  to  James 
Otis.  See  Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  His 
torical  Society,  i.  485. 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  9 

Kearsley's  American  Gazette,  London,  1768,  il 
lustrates  the  condition  of  affairs  in  Boston,  and 
gives  a  journal  of  transactions  there. 

Letters  describing  the  state  of  feeling  in  Boston 
were  written  by  Gov.  Hutchinson  and  Lt.  Gov. 
Oliver  to  friends  in  England,  and  these  rinding 
their  way  into  Franklin's  hands  were  transmitted, 
in  Dec.  1772,  to  the  patriots  in  Boston,  and  were 
made  to  support  an  address  to  the  King  for  the 
removal  of  the  Governor  and  Lt.  Governor,  as 
persons  who  were  using  their  position  to  increase 
the  discontent.  These  letters,  with  the  proceed 
ings  thereon,  were  printed  in  Boston,  1773,  and 
in  London,  1774.  See  papers  on  their  history  in 
the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society's  Proceed 
ings,  1878,  p.  42.  There  is  a  synopsis  of  these 
letters  in  Parton's  Franklin,  i.  560.  See  also 
Campbell's  Lives  of  the  Chancellors,  vi.  105 ; 
Massey's  England,  ii.  ;  Adolphus's  England,  ii. 
34,  for  English  views.  Franklin's  own  account  of 
his  connection  with  these  letters  was  first  printed 
in  W.  T.  Franklin's  edition  of  Franklin's  works, 
1817,  and  is  reprinted  in  Bigelow's  Franklin,  ii. 
206 ;  but  see  also  pp.  130,  161,  193,  200. 

John  Dickinson  of  Philadelphia  represented  at 
this  time  the  responsive  sympathy  of  the  Middle 
Colonies,  and  his  tracts  need  to  be  considered : 
Address  to  the  Committee  of  Correspondence  in 
Barbadoes,  defending  the  Northern  Colonies, 
1766  ;  Farmer's  Letters  to  the  Inhabitants  of  the 


10  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1767- 

British  Colonies,  1767,  arguing  against  the  right 
of  taxation ;  and  his  Essay  on  the  constitutional 
power  of  Great  Britain  over  her  colonies,  1774. 
Cf.  Bancroft's  United  States,  viii.  The  condition 
of  affairs  in  New  York  is  seen  in  Gov.  Tryon's 
and  Lt.  Gov.  Colden's  letters  to  Lord  Dartmouth, 
printed  in  Documents  relative  to  the  Colonial 
History  of  New  York,  viii.,  and  in  Jones's  New 
York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  i.  with  notes,  pp. 
468,  502 ;  and  p.  506  begins  a  reprint  of  a  very 
rare  volume,  Proceedings  of  the  last  Provincial 
Assembly  of  New  York,  Jan.  10  to  April  3, 1775. 
Cf.  Sparks's  Life  of  Morris,  and  documents  in 
Force's  Archives.  Parton,  Life  of  Jefferson,  de 
picts  the  condition  of  affairs  in  Virginia  at  this 
time.  Cf.  also  Wirt's  Patrick  Henry. 

The  feeling  of  antipathy  in  the  whigs  against 
the  tories  is  well  shown  in  Trumbull's  Hudibras- 
tic  epic,  McFingal,  of  which  there  is  an  annotated 
edition  by  B.  J.  Lossing.  On  the  origin  of  the 
poem,  see  the  Historical  Magazine,  Jan.  1868. 
For  the  loyalist  feeling  of  New  York,  see  Jones's 
New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  published 
by  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  1879,  and 
the  Life  of  Peter  Van  Schaack.  The  aspects  of 
southern  toryism  can  be  traced  in  Jonathan  Bou 
cher's  Views  of  the  American  Revolution,  a  series 
of  discourses  preached  during  this  interval  in  Vir 
ginia,  and  which,  when  subsequently  published,  he 
dedicated  to  Washington. 


1770.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  11 

Boston  Massacre,  March  5,  1770. 

Frothingham,  in  his  articles  in  the  Atlantic 
Monthly,  June  and  Aug.  1862,  and  Nov.  1863, 
on  the  "  Sam  Adams  Regiments,"  traces  carefully 
the  progress  of  events  from  Oct.  1768,  which  cul 
minated  in  the  massacre  in  March,  1770,  and  this 
matter  is  epitomized  in  his  Life  of  Warren,  ch.  6. 
Bancroft  treats  it  in  all  its  relations,  in  ch.  43 
of  his  sixth  volume ;  and  it  is  the  subject  of 
a  special  monograph,  The  Boston  Massacre,  by 
Frederic  Kidder,  and  is  described  in  the  introduc 
tion  to  Loring's  Hundred  Boston  Orators.  A  con 
temporary  Short  Narrative,  with  an  appendix  of 
depositions  and  a  folding  plate  of  State  Street  at 
the  time,  was  printed  by  order  of  the  town  in  Bos 
ton  and  also  in  London  in  1770.  It  was  reprinted 
in  New  York  in  1849.  A  Fair  Account  published 
in  London,  1770,  supplements  the  Short  Narrative. 
Isaiah  Thomas's  Massachusetts  Kalendar  for  1772 
had  a  woodcut  representation  of  the  massacre. 
Gapt.  Preston,  the  royal  officer  who  commanded 
the  soldiers,  was  defended  at  his  trial  by  John 
Adams  and  Josiah  Quincy,  and  the  Lives  of  these 
patriots  treat  of  their  defense.  John  Adams's 
brief,  used  at  the  trial,  is  in  the  Boston  Public 
Library.  A  report  of  the  trial,  taken  in  short 
hand,  by  John  Hodgson,  was  printed  in  Boston 
the  same  year.  Accounts  of  the  trial  are  found 
in  the  histories  and  in  P.  W.  Chandler's  Amer- 


12  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1770- 

ican  Criminal  Trials,  vol.  i.  The  plan  of  the 
ground  used  at  the  trial  is  in  the  possession  of 
Judge  M.  Chamberlain,  of  Chelsea. 

The  collection  of  orations  delivered  on  succeed 
ing  anniversaries  is  necessary  to  a  full  under 
standing  of  the  event.  The  earliest  collection  of 
these  orations  is  that  made  by  Peter  Edes  in  1785, 
which  passed  to  a  second  edition  in  1807.  Some 
of  these  orations  and  other  contemporary  accounts 
can  be  found  in  Niles's  Principles  and  Acts  of  the 
Revolution,.  Other  documents  are  in  the  Histori- 
"caT  Magazine,  June,  1861.  Cf.  titles  in  the  Brin- 
ley  Catalogue,  Nos.  1655—1665. 

See  also  Snow's  History  of  Boston,  the  Lives  of 
Otis,  Samuel  Adams,  etc.,  and  the  general  histo 
ries.  There  is  a  descriptive  letter  by  Win.  Pal 
frey,  addressed  to  John  Wilkes,  in  the  Proceed 
ings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 
March,  1863,  where  will  also  be  found  a  letter  of 
Gov.  Hutchinson. 

Crispus  Attucks,  one  of  the  slain,  usually  called 
a  mulatto,  is  held  to  have  been  a  half-breed  In 
dian,  in  the  American  Historical  Record,  Dec. 
1872. 

There  was  published  in  Boston  the  same  year 
the  Proceedings  of  his  Majesty's  Council  of  the 
Province  concerning  what  passed  in  consequence 
of  the  unhappy  affair  of  March  5th. 


1773.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  13 

Khode  Island. 

There  is  a  History  of  the  destruction  of  the 
schooner  Gaspee  in  Narragansett  Bay,  June  10, 
1.772,  by  John  R.  Bartlett,  Providence,  1861 ;  and 
a  documentary  history  of  the  event  was  compiled 
in  1845  for  the  Providence  Journal,  by  W.  R. 
Staples.  See  also  the  histories  of  Rhode  Island, 
and  Parton's  Life  of  Jefferson,  ch.  14  and  15. 
This  was  one  of  the  earliest  acts  of  violent  resist 
ance. 

The  Tea  Party,  December,  1773. 

Frothingham,  in  his  Life  of  Warren,  ch.  9,  has 
given  the  details,  and  in  his  Rise  of  the  Republic, 
ch.  8,  has  shown  its  political  significance,  and  has 
again  taken  a  general  survey  in  his  Centennial 
paper,  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society,  Dec.  1873.  See  also  under 
Oct.  1877,  for  a  diary  of  this  time  and  also  the 
Collections  of  this  Society,  4th  series,  vol.  iii. 

In  ch.  2  of  Reed's  Life  of  Joseph  Reed,  and  in 
Sparks's  Washington,  the  relations  of  the  patriots 
of  Boston  to  those  of  the  other  colonies  at  this 
time  can  be  studied. 

Bancroft  gives  to  it  ch.  50  of  his  sixth  volume  ; 
and  Barry,  ch.  15  of  his  second  volume.  Geo. 
R.  T.  Hewes,  an  actor  in  the  scenes,  has  given 
an  account  of  it  in  his  Traits  of  the  Tea  Party ; 
and  there  is  a  paper,  "  Information  of  Hugh  Wil 
liamson,"  among  the  Sparks  MSS.  in  Harvard 


14  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1773- 

College  Library.  There  are  illustrative  docu 
ments  iu  Force's  American  Archives,  vol.  i. ;  in 
Niles's  Principles  and  Acts  of  the  Revolution ; 
and  the  contemporary  account  and  records  have 
been  reprinted  from  the  Boston  Gazette  of  Dec. 
6,  1773,  by  Poole,  in  one  of  the  Massachusetts 
State  Registers. 

See,  further,  Tudor's  Life  of  Otis,  ch.  21 ; 
Snow's  Boston  ;  Niles's  Register,  1827,  vol.  xxxiii. 
p.  75,  from  Flint's  Western  Monthly  Review  for 
July,  1827  ;  Lossing  in  Harper's  Monthly,  vol.  iv., 
and  also  in  his  Field-Book  of  the  Revolution,  i. 

A  letter  about  the  punch  bowl,  used  by  the  pa 
triots  before  going  to  the  wharf,  is  given  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  So 
ciety,  Dec.  1871. 

Mrs.  Caroline  Howard  Oilman  printed,  in 
1874,  an  account  of  a  private  centennial  celebra 
tion  of  the  Tea  Party  in  Cambridge. 

There  is  a  chapter  on  the  Boston  Tea  Ships  in 
Fitzmaurice's  Life  of  Lord  Shelburne,  vol.  ii. 

For  debates  in  Parliament,  see  The  Parliamen 
tary  History  ;  and  later  views  in  May's  Constitu 
tional  History  of  England,  ii.  521 ;  Massey's  Eng 
land,  ii.  ch.  18.  The  first  accounts  received  in 
England  are  given  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine, 
1774,  p.  26,  and  are  quoted  in  Carlyle's  Frederick 
the  Great,  vi.  524. 

Tory  views  of  the  events  of  this  period  are 
given  in  Peters's  History  of  Connecticut,  and  in 


V; 

1774.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  15 

the  appendix  by  McCormick  to  the  reprint  of  it, 
—  to  be  taken  throughout  with  caution.  Cf .  the 
article  "  Lying  as  a  Fine  Art  "  in  Scribner's  Maga 
zine,  June,  1878.  See  a  foreign  estimate  in  Hil- 
liard  d'Auberteuil's  Essais  historiques,  1782. 

Boston  Port  Bill,  1774. 

General  Gage  arrived  in  Boston  in  May,  to 
put  the  provisions  of  this  bill  in  force,  June  12th. 
Its  political  bearings  can  be  traced  in  Bancroft, 
and  in  Frothinghain's  Warren,  ch.  10,  and  in  his 
Rise  of  the  Republic ;  and  the  military  sequel  in 
Frothingharn's  Siege  of  Boston.  See  also  Tudor's 
Otis ;  Wells's  Samuel  Adams ;  Life  of  John 
Adams ;  Life  of  Josiah  Quincy ;  Pitkin's  United 
States,  i.  App.  15  ;  Grahame's  United  States,  iv. 
358. 

Illustrative  documents  will  be  found  in  Force's 
American  Archives,  vol.  ii.  See  the  diary  of 
Thomas  Newell,  in  Boston,  Nov.  1773  to  Dec. 
1774,  in  Proceedings  of  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  Feb.  1859,  and  in  their  Collections,  4th 
series,  vol.  i.  The  correspondence  of  the  Boston 
Donation  Committee,  relative  to  the  supplies  sent 
to  the  embargoed  town  from  other  places,  is  given 
in  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society's  Collec 
tions,  4th  series,  vol.  iv.  Col.  A.  H.  Hoyt  has 
given,  in  the  New  England  Historical  and  Gene 
alogical  Register,  July,  1876,  an  account  of  these 
donations  during  the  period  1774-1777.  This 
tract  was  also  printed  separately. 


16  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1774- 

For  correspondence  of  the  Boston  patriots  with 
those  of  the  other  colonies,  see  Frothingham's  Rise 
of  the  Republic ;  Reed's  Life  of  Joseph  Reed. 

The  Suffolk  Resolves,  passed  at  Milton,  Sept.  9, 
1774,  can  be  found  in  the  Appendix  to  Frothing 
ham's  Warren. 

The  Provincial  Assembly  of  Massachusetts  met 
at  Salem,  Oct.  5,  1774,  and  A.  C.  Goodell  deliv 
ered  an  address  at  the  centennial  celebration  of 
the  event. 

Josiah  Quincy,  Jr.,  and  others  discussed  the 
political  bearings  in  published  tracts.  Quincy's  is 
reprinted  in  his  Life  by  his  son. 

For  its  effects  in  New  York,  see  Lives  of  Jay 
by  Jay,  i.  24,  and  by  Flanders  ;  Force's  Archives, 
4th  series,  i. ;  for  results  in  Connecticut,  Hollis- 
ter's  History,  ii.  ch.  6. 

For  the  feeling  in  the  South  at  this  time,  com 
pare  the  general  histories  ;  McRee's  Life  of  Ire- 
dell  ;  Thaddeus  Allen's  Origination  of  the  Amer 
ican  Union  ;  McSherry's  Maryland,  ch.  7 ;  Read's 
Life  of  George  Read,  pp.  86, 101 ;  Rives's  Madison, 
ch.  3 ;  Life  of  R.  H.  Lee,  i.  97 ;  Randall's  Jeffer 
son,  i.  85;  Parton's  Jefferson,  130. 

Continental  Congress,  1774. 

This  was  held  at  Philadelphia,  Sept.  5th-Oct. 
26th,  to  devise  plans  for  a  redress  of  grievances, 
and  for  the  restoration  of  harmony.  The  idea  of 
a  Continental  Congress  is  said  to  have  originated 


1774-1         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  17 

with  Franklin.  Sparks's  Franklin,  i.  850.  Cf. 
Bancroft,  vi.  508 ;  vii.  40,  63. 

Brief  notes  of  the  debates  were  kept  by  John 
Adams.  Cf.  Works,  ii.  366,  370,  382,  387,  393. 
Also  Adams's  Life  by  C.  F.  Adams,  Works,  i.  150; 
ii.  340,  his  Diary  ;  ix.  339,  343,  Letters ;  and  his 
Correspondence  with  Mercy  Warren,  Massachu 
setts  Historical  Society's  Collections,  5th  series, 
iv.  348. 

Histories  of  the  United  States  by  Bancroft,  vii.' 
127  ;  Grahame,  iv.  373  ;  Hildreth,  iii. ;  Pitkin,  i. 
ch.  8.  Frothingham's  Rise  of  bhe  Republic,  335. 
Histories  of  Massachusetts  by  Barry ;  of  New 
York  by  Dunlap,  i.  ch.  29  and  31 ;  of  Pennsyl 
vania  by  Gordon,  ch.  20  ;  of  New  Jersey  by  Mul- 
ford,  p.  389. 

Biographies  of  Samuel  Adams,  by  Wells,  ii. 
218 ;  of  Patrick  Henry  by  Wirt,  p.  105;  of  R.  H. 
Lee  by  Lee,  i.  106  ;  of  Washington  by  Marshall, 
and  by  Irving,  i.  ch.  35  ;  of  Jefferson,  by  Tucker, 
i.  ch.  3,  and  by  Parton,  ch.  17  ;  of  Elbridge 
Gerry  by  Austin,  ch.  5  ;  of  William  Livingston 
by  Sedgwick,  ch.  5  ;  of  George  Read  by  Read, 
93 ;  of  John  Jay  by  Jay,  and  by  Flanders  in  his 
Chief  Justices,  and  also  in  the  latter  the  Life  of 
Rutledge,  ch.  5  and  6 ;  of  Josiah  Quincy  by 
Quincy. 

Documents  will  also  be  found  in  Force's  Amer 
ican  Archives.  The  instructions  to  the  Virginia 
delegates  are  in  Jefferson's, Writings,  i.  122.  The 


18  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1774- 

relations  of  the  Congress  to  the  Provincial  Con 
gress  of  Massachusetts  are  set  forth  in  Frothing- 
ham's  Joseph  Warren,  ch.  12.  John  Adams's 
Diary  gives  glimpses  of  the  state  of  society  in 
Philadelphia  at  the  time. 

The  Declaration  of  Rights  which  the  Congress 
put  forth  is  given  in  John  Adams's  Works,  ii. 
535,  with  the  original  draft  also. 

On  the  28th  of  Sept.  Joseph  Galloway  intro 
duced  his  plan  of  adjustment,  embracing  a  union 
between  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies.  It  was 
printed  in  a  pamphlet,  and  later,  in  1779,  in  his 
Rise  and  Progress  of  the  American  Rebellion. 
Cf.  the  Lives  of  Washington  by  Marshall  and 
Sparks ;  of  John  Adams  by  C.  F.  Adams,  ii.  387 ; 
of  Samuel  Adams  by  Wells,  ii.  218  ;  of  Jay  by 
Flanders,  100  ;  of  Patrick  Henry  by  Wirt.  Also 
cf.  Franklin's  Works,  viii.  144,  and  Frothingham's 
Rise  of  the  Republic. 

Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
edited  by  De  Lancey,  i.  ch.  2,  depicts  the  relations 
of  the  loyalists  to  the  Congress;  also  pp.  438,  449, 
477,  490  for  notes. 

R.  H.  Lee  drafted  the  Address  to  the  People  of 
Great  Britain,  adopted  by  the  Congress.  Cf. 
Lee's  Life  of  R.  H.  Lee,  i.  119 ;  Pitkin's  United 
States,  i.  App.  17 ;  and  Jay's  Life  of  John  Jay, 
i.  App. 

John  Dickinson  wrote  the  petition  to  the  King, 
agreed  upon  in  the  Congress.  Cf.  American  Quar- 


1774.1         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  19 

terly  Review,  i.  413  ;  John  Adams's  Works,  i.  159. 
This  paper  was  signed  in  duplicate,  —  one  copy  is 
in  the  State  Paper  Office,  London ;  the  other  is 
mentioned  in  Henry  Stevens's  Bibliotheca  Histor- 
ica,  p.  87.  Franklin  printed  it  in  the  App.  to  his 
Account  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Congress, 
London,  Jan.  1775. 

The  Proceedings  of  the  Congress  were  printed 
in  Philadelphia,  by  order  of  Congress,  and  at  once 
reprinted  in  Boston. 

The  Congress  was  attacked  in  two  tracts,  Free 
Thoughts  on  the  Proceedings,  and  Congress  Can 
vassed  by  a  West  Chester  Farmer,  —  both  by 
Seabury,  a  loyalist,  subsequently  Bishop  of  Con 
necticut.  Alexander  Hamilton,  who  was  practic 
ing  his  pen  in  criticism  on  the  Ministry  in  Holt's 
Journal,  replied  in  A  Full  Vindication,  1774. 
This  was  replied  to  in  a  View  of  the  Controversy, 
and  again  answered  by  Hamilton,  in  The  Farmer 
Refuted,  1775.  Cf.  J.  C.  Hamilton's  Republic  of 
the  United  States,  i.  65. 

Political  Agitation. 

On  the  tory  side,  a  writer  in  the  Massachusetts 
Gazette,  signing  Massachusettensis,  now  known 
to  have  been  Daniel  Leonard,  but  generally  sup 
posed  at  the  time  to  be  Jonathan  Sewall,  pre 
sented  the  strongest  front.  These  papers  were 
reprinted  in  a  pamphlet  in  Boston,  again  by  Riv- 
ington  in  New  York,  and  in  1776,  again  in  Bos 
ton  during  the  siege. 


20  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1774- 

John  Adams  answered  in  the  Boston  Gazette, 
signing  Novanglus.  Almon  abridged  these  papers 
and  printed  them  in  his  Remembrancer  as  a  His 
tory  of  the  Dispute  with  America.  They  were 
twice  reprinted  before  they  were  given  at  length 
in  Adams's  Works. 

In  1819  both  of  these  controversial  series  ap 
peared  in  Boston,  in  one  volume,  with  a  preface 
by  John  Adams,  in  which  he  supposed  -his  op 
ponent  to  be  Sewall.  See  Quincy's  Life  of 
Quincy,  p.  381.  Fr-othingham  in  his  Rise  of  the 
Republic  says  they  present  accurate  views  of  the 
arguments  as  the  Revolution  reached  the  stage  of 
physical  force. 

There  has  been  some  controversy  about  the 
origin  of  the  Committees  of  Correspondence,  a  de 
vice  for  the  interchange  of  information  and  en 
couragement,  and  for  mutual  assistance  between 
the  various  colonies.  Cf .  Frothingham's  Rise  .  of 
the  Republic,  pp.  284,  312,  327;  Wirt's  Patrick 
Henry,  controverted  in  the  North  American  Re 
view,  March,  1818 ;  Randall's  Jefferson,  i.  &0 ; 
Tucker's  Jefferson,  i.  52 ;  Kennedy's  Memoir  of 
Wirt ;  Life  of  R.  H.  Lee,  i.  89 ;  Wells's  Life  of 
Samuel  Adams,  i.  509,  ii.  62  ;  Grahame's  United 
States,  iv.  338. 

The  general  political  movement  all  through  the 
colonies  at  this  time  is  depicted,  drawing  largely 
upon  fche  newspapers  of  the  day,  in  Frothingham's 
Rise  of  the  Republic,  p.  396.  For  the  feeling  in 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  21 

Massachusetts,  see  the  histories  of  that  State 
by  Bradford  and  Barry ;  Lincoln's  History  of 
Worcester,  ch.  6  to  9 ;  Gordon's  Thanksgiving 
Sermon  in  Thornton's  Pulpit  of  the  Revolution  ; 
Hancock's  Oration  on  the  Anniversary  of  the 
Boston  Massacre,  which  Wells,  in  the  Life  of 
Samuel  Adams,  ii.  138,  says  was  largely  composed 
by  that  patriot.  Cf.  Loring's  Hundred  Boston 
Orators. 

For  the  feeling  in  New  York,  see  the  reports 
Governor  Tryon  made  to  the  home  government, 
and  other  documents  from  the  British  Archives, 
given  in  the  Documents  relative  to  the  Colonial 
History  of  New  York,  viii. 

For  sentiments  prevailing  in  Virginia  and  the 
South,  see  Rives's  Madison,  i. ;  Randall's  Jeffer 
son,  i.  ch.  3  ;  Wirt's  Patrick  Henry ;  and  various 
papers  in  Force's  American  Archives. 

Effects  and  Movements  in  Great  Britain,  1767-1775. 

The  debates  in  Parliament  are  the  best  expo 
nents  of  feeling  at  this  time.  Read's  Life  of 
George  Read,  p.  76,  gives  a  synopsis  of  arguments 
for  and  against  taxation  of  the  colonies.  The 
Cavendish  debates  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
May,  1768,  to  June,  1774,  give  reports  taken  at 
the  time  by  a  member,  and  edited  by  John 
Wright  in  1841.  Cf.  reports  in  that  collection 
under  Nov.  1768  ;  Jan.  and  Feb.  1769 ;  March 
and  May,  1770.  Debates  are  also  given  in  the 


22  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1767- 

Parliamentary  History  ;  and  scantily  in  the  Gen 
tleman's  Magazine  and  other  periodicals.  Sum 
maries  are  in  the  Annual  Register.  Contempo 
rary  impression  and  hearsay  accounts,  tinged  with 
positive  whiggism,  can  be  found  in  Walpole's 
George  the  Third,  edited  by  Le  Marchant,  and  in 
his  Last  Journals,  edited  by  Doran. 

Pictures  of  the  contestants  in  these  debates, 
with  a  tory  coloring,  are  drawn  in  Adolphus's 
History  of  England,  ii.  ch.  24,  and  the  strong 
ministerial  sympathy  which  pervades  Adolphus 
can  be  offset  by  Massey's  History  of  England,  a 
later  work,  with  opposition  views.  Cf.  also  Camp 
bell's  Life  of  Loughborough,  in  his  Chancellors. 
Burke  as  a  speaker  is  depicted  in  Wraxall's  His 
torical  Memoirs,  ii.  35 ;  and  in  the  Lives  of 
Burke,  by  Bisset,  Prior,  and  Macknight.  For 
other  accounts  of  the  opposition  leaders  and  pol 
icy,  see  Rockingham  and  his  Contemporaries; 
Russell's  Memoir  and  Correspondence  of  Charles 
James  Fox,  book  iii.,  and  his  Life  and  Times  of 
Fox,  ch.  4. 

The  culmination  of  the  Tory  argument  can  be 
traced  in  Dr.  Johnson's  tract,  Taxation  no  Tyr 
anny.  Moore's  Life  of  Sheridan,  ch.  3,  gives  the 
outline  of  an  intended  answer  to  Johnson.  In 
Dean  Tucker's  writings,  we  have  the  advanced 
liberal  views.  Macknight's  Life  of  Burke,  ii.  115. 
The  writers  on  the  American  controversy  are 
characterized  at  some  length  in  Grahame's  United 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  23 

States,  iv.  320.  The  book-lists  in  the  current 
numbers  of  the  Gentleman's  and  other  magazines, 
chronicle  the  numerous  political  tracts  as  they  ap 
peared. 

Dr.  Franklin  was  at  this  time  maintaining  in 
London  the  side  of  the  colonists.  See  his  letters 
on  the  Boston  Resolutions  of  1768  in  Sparks's 
Franklin,  vii.  375.  In  vol.  iv.  Sparks  gives 
Franklin's  different  writings  as  they  came  con 
secutively  out.  In  1772  the  Boston  Resolutions 
against  the  bill  for  paying  the  salaries  of  the 
judges  by  the  Crown  were  reprinted  in  London 
by  Franklin,  with  a  preface  on  the  condition  of 
the  colonies,  which  is  given  in  Sparks's  Franklin, 
i.  350. 

The  news  of  the  Tea  Party  in  Boston  had 
reached  London,  Jan.  19,  1774,  and  the  accounts 
were  printed  in  the  London  papers,  Jan.  21st. 
Lord  North,  on  March  14th,  brought  in  a  bill  to 
remove  the  government  from  Boston  to  Salem, 
and  to  close  the  port  of  Boston ;  on  the  31st  it 
received  the  royal  assent.  Cf.  Parliamentary 
History,  xvii.  1163  ;  Donne's  Correspondence  of 
George  III.  and  Lord  North,  i.  174;  Annual 
Register,  xvii.  1159;  Protests  of  the  Lords,  edited 
by  J.  E.  T.  Rogers,  ii.  141 ;  Adolphus's  History 
of  England,  ii.  59 ;  Massey's  History  of  England, 
ii. ;  Pictorial  History  of  England,  Reign  of  George 
III.  i.  159  ;  Russell's  Life  and  Times  of  Fox,  ch. 
5;  Life  of  Lord  Shelburne,  ii.  302;  Chatham 


24  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1767- 

Correspondence,  iv.  342;  Rockingham  Memoirs, 
ii.  238 ;  Macknight's  Burke,  ii.  50. 

In  1774  General  Gage  was  impressing  on  the 
King  his  disbelief  in  the  colonists'  earnestness.  Cf . 
Donne's  Letters  of  George  III.  and  Lord  North, 
i.  164,  and  the  Parliamentary  History,  xviii.  for 
the  speeches. 

In  July  Governor  Hutchinson  held  an  interview 
with  the  King,  and  an  account  of  what  passed  is 
in  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society's  Proceed 
ings,  Oct.  1877.  Cf.  Donne's  Correspondence  of 
George  III.  and  Lord  North,  i.  194. 

The  King  dissolved  Parliament  Sept.  30th,  and 
after  elections  a  new  Parliament  assembled  Nov. 
30th. 

Meanwhile  Franklin  was  maintaining  inter 
course  with  Chatham  and  trying  to  arrange  a 
plan  of  pacification.  Cf.  Lives  of  Franklin  by 
Sparks,  Bigelow,  and  Parton.  He  had  deferred 
returning  to  America  until  the  results  of  the  Con 
gress  of  1774  were  known,  and  it  devolved  on 
him  to  present  its  petition  to  the  King.  Cf. 
Sparks's  Franklin,  372 ;  Quincy's  Life  of  Quincy ; 
Bancroft's  United  States,  vii.  186.  Walpole  in 
his  Last  Journals,  i.  439,  describes  the  effect  of 
this  Congress  upon  the  parties  in  England. 

Josiah  Quincy  made  notes  of  speeches  he  heard 
in  Parliament,  Jan.  20,  1775,  by  Chatham,  Cam- 
den,  and  others.  Cf.  Quincy's  Life  of  Quincy,  318, 
335.  Also  see  Gordon's  American  Revolution,  i. 


1775.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  25 

298  ;  Force's  Archives,  4th  series,  i.  1494  ;  Wai- 
pole's  Last  Journals,  i. 

Before  leaving  London  Franklin  wrote  some 
articles  for  the  Public  Advertiser  on  the  Rise  and 
Progress  of  the  Difference  between  Great  Britain 
and  her  American  Colonies,  which  are  reprinted 
in  Sparks,  iv.  526. 

In  March,  1775,  Franklin  left  England,  and  on 
his  voyage  home  he  wrote  out  for  his  son  an  Ac 
count  of  the  recent  negotiations  with  the  British 
Government  for  a  reconciliation,  which  is  printed 
in  Sparks,  v.  1,  and  in  Bigelow's  Franklin,  i.  256. 

January  —  March,  1775. 

For  the  interval  before  the  actual  hostilities  at 
Concord,  still  follow  Frothingham's  Siege  of  Bos 
ton,  ch.  2,  and  consult  for  illustrative  documents 
Force's  American  Archives,  vol.  i.,  where  will  be 
found  De  Berniere's  narrative  of  his  explorations 
towards  Worcester  to  get  information  for  General 
Gage. 

For  particulars  of  Leslie's  expedition  to  Salem, 
in  March,  see  C.  M.  Endicott's  article  in  the  Pro 
ceedings  of  the  Essex  Institute,  vol.  i.,  with  a  con 
temporary  letter,  also  published  separately  ;  the 
Life  of  Timothy  Pickering,  vol.  i. ;  George  B.  Lor- 
ing's  Speech  and  other  addresses  at  the  centennial 
celebration,  1875. 

The  contemporary  evidence  relative  to  the  ex 
pedition  to  Marshfield  can  be  found  in  Force's 
American  Archives. 


26  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

E.  E.  Hale's  popular  summary,  One  Hundred 
Years  Ago,  begins  with  these  preliminaries  of 
war. 

Lexington  and  Concord,  April,  1775. 

The  best  eclectic  account  is  that  in  Frothing- 
ham's  Siege  of  Boston,  and  in  his  Appendix  will 
be  found  a  chronological  list  of  the  principal  au 
thorities. 

Paul  Revere's  expedition  on  the  night  of  the 
18th,  to  give  notice  of  the  morrow's  march,  which 
is  the  subject  of  Longfellow's  poem,  was  narrated 
by  himself,  and  appears  in  the  Collections  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  1st  series,  vol. 
v.,  and  more  accurately  in  the  Proceedings,  Nov. 
1878.  There  has  been  some  controversy  as  to  the 
tower  from  which  the  lantern,  which  was  the  sig 
nal  to  Revere,  was  shown,  and  on  this  point  see 
the  pamphlet,  Paul  Revere's  Signal,  by  John  Lee 
Watson,  with  remarks  by  C.  Deane  (see  Pro 
ceedings  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Nov. 
1876)  ;  and  one  entitled  Alarm  of  April  18, 1775, 
by  Richard  Frothingham.  The  question  is  also 
discussed  by  W.  W.  Wheildon,  in  his  History  of 
Paul  Revere's  Signal  Lanterns,  1878,  and  in  H. 
W.  Holland's  William  Dawes  and  his  Ride  with 
Paul  Revere,  vindicating  Dawes's  claim  to  be 
considered  one  of  the  two  who  roused  the  country. 
See,  in  this  connection,  on  the  escape  of  Hancock 
and  Adams,  Loring's  Hundred  Boston  Orators, 
and  General  Sumner  in  the  New  England  Histor 
ical  and  Genealogical  Register,  vol.  viii.  p.  188. 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  27 

The  narrative  and  depositions  ordered  by  the 
Provincial  Congress  were  printed  in  the  Journal 
of  the  third  Provincial  Congress,  1775,  in  the 
London  Chronicle,  and  in  various  Boston  newspa 
pers  ;  and  the  whole  reappeared  in  a  pamphlet,  is 
sued  at  Worcester,  in  1775,  by  Isaiah  Thomas,  and 
entitled  A  Narrative  of  the  Incursions  and  Rav 
ages  of  the  King's  Troops  on  the  Nineteenth  of 
April ;  and  they  are  given  in  Force's  American 
Archives,  4th  series,  vol.  ii. ;  Shattuck's  History  of 
Concord,  p.  342;  and  portions  are  given  in  Froth- 
ingham's  Siege  of  Boston ;  Remembrancer,  1775, 
vol.  i.,  etc.  The  original  depositions  were  signed 
in  several  copies,  and  some  of  them  are  in  the  Lee 
Papers  in  Harvard  College  library.  See  the  Cal 
endar  of  the  Lee  Papers,  published  in  the  Bulletin 
of  Harvard  College  library.  Other  originals  are 
among  the  Lee  Papers  in  the  library  of  the  Uni 
versity  of  Virginia.  Cf.  Sparks's  Washington,  iii. 
35. 

This  matter  constituted  the  account  sent  by  the 
Congress  to  England,  with  the  Essex  Gazette, 
which  was  the  chief  newspaper  narrative,  and 
which  reached  London  eleven  days  ahead  of  Gen 
eral  Gage's  messenger  ;  and  in  this  connection,  see 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  April,  1858.  Other  accounts  and  depo 
sitions  can  also  be  found  in  Dawson's  Battles  of 
the  United  States ;  in  Frank  Moore's  Diary  of  the 
Revolution.  See  an  account  of  the  expresses  sent 


28  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

South  in  Christopher  Marshall's  Diary,  p.  18.  In 
the  New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Reg 
ister,  Oct.  1873,  p.  434,  is  the  dispatch  sent  April 
19th,  from  Watertown,  conveying  tidings  of  the 
conflict,  to  which  are  appended  the  indorsements 
of  the  authorities  of  the  towns  through  which  the 
express  passed.  An  original  of  one  of  these  dis 
patches  is  in  the  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society's 
library.  Some  of  the  contemporary  accounts  are 
given  in  Niles's  Principles  and  Acts  of  the  Revolu 
tion.  A  fragment  of  a  diary  by  Dr.  McClure  is 
given  in  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society's 
Proceedings,  April,  1878.  Cf.  Military  Journals 
of  two  private  soldiers,  1758-1775,  Poughkeepsie, 
1855. 

The  Rev.  William  Gordon,  May  17,  1775,  pre 
pared  An  Account  of  the  Commencement  of  Hos 
tilities,  which  is  in  Force,  and  this,  with  addi 
tions  and  abridgments,  forms  part  of  his  History 
of  the  Revolution.  A  contemporary  letter,  prob 
ably  by  Dr.  Foster  of  Charlestown,  is  given  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  So 
ciety,  April,  1870. 

The  Rev.  Jonas  Clark  delivered  a  discourse  in 
Lexington  on  the  first  anniversary  in  1776,  and 
appended  to  it  a  narrative  of  events,  which  was 
reprinted  in  1875.  A  brief  account  was  also  pre 
pared  by  the  Rev.  William  Emerson  of  Concord,  a 
witness  of  the  events  at  Concord,  and  this  was 
printed  in  R.  W.  Emerson's  Commemorative  Dis- 


1775.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  29 

course  in  1835,  which  has  been  printed  separately, 
and  in  the  American  Historical  Magazine,  New 
Haven,  1836.  Other  anniversary  sermons  were 
delivered  in  Lexington,  in  1777  by  Samuel  Cooke, 
and  in  1782  by  Phillips  Payson,  both  of  which 
are  in  the  Boston  Public  Library. 

Of  the  British  accounts,  Col.  Smith's  report 
will  be  found  in  the  Appendix  to  Mahon's  (Stan 
hope's)  England,  vol.  vi.  Various  English  ac 
counts  are  given  in  Force,  and  in  The  Detail  and 
Conduct  of  the  American  War.  General  Gage 
sent  to  Governor  Trumbull,  a  "Circumstantial 
Account,"  which  is  printed  in  the  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society's  Collections,  2d  series,  vol.  ii., 
while  in  vol.  iv.  will  be  found  a  reprint  of  a  pam 
phlet  entitled  General  Gage's  Instructions,  etc., 
originally  printed,  in  1779,  from  a  manuscript  left 
in  Boston  by  a  British  officer,  which  gives  Gage's 
instructions  to  Brown  and  De  Berniere,  Feb.  22, 
1775,  with  an  account  of  their  journey  to  Worces 
ter  and  Concord,  and  a  narrative  of  the  "  Trans 
actions  "  on  the  19th  of  April.  A  contemporary 
account  is  given  in  The  Rise,  Progress,  and  Pres 
ent  State  of  the  Dispute,  published  at  London,  in 
1775.  In  a  work  published  at  Dublin,  1779-1785, 
in  three  volumes,  entitled  History  of  the  War  in 
America,  there  is  a  large  folded  sheet  of  the  num 
bers  of  the  killed,  etc.,  of  the  British  forces  at 
Concord,  Lexington,  and  Bunker  Hill.  An  en 
graved  likeness  of  Earl  Percy,  is  given  in  An- 


30  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

drews's  History  of  the  War.  The  third  report  of 
the  Commissioners  on  Historical  MSS.,  in  Eng 
land,  1872,  cites  various  papers  of  the  Percy  fam 
ily  touching  the  events,  etc.,  of  the  American  War, 
1775-1777. 

Stedman,  in  his  American  War,  and  the  other 
British  writers  claim  that  the  provincials  fired 
first  at  Lexington ;  and  Pitcairn's  side  of  the 
story  is  given  from  Stiles's  Diary  in  Frothingham, 
and  in  Irving's  Washington. 

Late  in  the  day  General  Heath  exercised  a  gen 
eral  command  over  the  provincials,  and  his  mem 
oirs  can  be  consulted.  Colonel  Timothy  Picker 
ing's  Essex  Regiment  was  charged  with  dilatori- 
ness  in  coming  up,  and  this  question  is  discussed 
in  the  Life  of  Pickering,  ch.  5,  by  his  son. 

The  semi-centennial  period  renewed  the  inter 
est  in  the  matter,  and  the  question,  whether  the 
provincials  returned  the  fire  of  the  British  troops 
at  Lexington,  was  discussed  with  some  spirit. 
This  having  been  denied,  a  committee  of  the  town 
of  Lexington  authorized  Elias  Phinney  to  publish, 
in  1825,  an  account  of  The  Battle  of  Lexington, 
to  which  was  appended  depositions  (taken  in 
1822)  of  survivors  to  establish  the  point.  This 
led  the  Rev.  Ezra  Ripley  and  others,  of  Concord, 
in  1827,  to  publish  The  Fight  at  Concord,  claim 
ing  the  credit  of  first  returning  the  fire  for  Con 
cord,  and  this  was  reissued  in  1832.  In  1835  the 
story  was  again  told  in  the  interest  of  Concord, 


1775.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  31 

in  Lemuel  Shattuck's  History  of  Concord,  which 
was  examined  in  the  North  American  Review,  vol. 
xlii.  In  this  account,  as  well  as  in  that  by  Ripley 
and  others,  it  was  claimed  that  the  part  borne  by 
Captain  Davis  of  Acton  was  not  fairly  repre 
sented,  and  Josiah  Adams,  in  his  centennial  ad 
dress  at  Acton,  in  1835,  and  again  in  a  letter  to 
Shattuck  in  1850,  presented  the  merits  of  Davis, 
and  gave  depositions  of  survivors.  In  1851  James 
Trask  Woodbury  made  a  speech  in  the  Massachu 
setts  legislature  on  the  question  of  appropriating 
money  to  erect  a  monument  to  Davis  and  his  fel 
lows,  which  was  printed  by  the  town  of  Acton. 
The  parts  borne  by  other  towns  have  also  been 
commemorated :  for  Danvers,  by  D.  P.  King,  in 
1835  ;  for  Cambridge,  by  Rev.  A.  McKenzie,  in 
1870  ;  and  also  see  S.  A.  Smith's  West  Cambridge 
on  the  19th  of  April,  1T75,  Boston,  1864. 

At  Lexington,  Edward  Everett  delivered  an  ad 
dress  in  1835  ;  but  see  also  his  Mount  Vernon  Pa 
pers,  No.  47.  There  is  an  account  of  the  celebra 
tion  in  Niles's  Register,  vol.  xlviii.  A  plan  of  the 
Lexington  field  can  be  found  in  Josiah  Adams's 
letter,  and  in  Moore's  Ballad  History  of  the  Rev 
olution,  part  1.  Compare  Hudson's  History  of 
Lexington,  ch.  6,  of  which  he  published  an  ab 
stract  in  1876 ;  a  popular  narrative  in  Harper's 
Monthly,  vol.  xx. ;  accounts  in  association  with 
landmarks  in  Lossing's  Field-Book,  and  in  Drake's 
Historic  Fields  and  Mansions  of  Middlesex.  See 


32  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

also  R.  H.  Dana's  address  in  1875  ;  the  centennial 
Souvenir  of  1775,  and  A.  B.  Muzzey's  paper,  The 
Battle  of  Lexington,  with  personal  recollections  of 
men  engaged  in  it,  in  the  New  England  Historical 
and  Genealogical  Register,  Oct.  1877,  and  subse 
quently  printed  separately. 

At  Concord,  Edward  Everett  delivered  an  ad 
dress  in  1825,  and  much  of  interest  in  connection 
with  this  anniversary  was  printed  in  the  newspa 
pers  of  that  day ;  and  Lossing  in  his  Field-Book, 
and  Drake  in  his  Middlesex,  should  be  consulted 
for  much  illustrative  of  the  events  of  1775.  Pop 
ular  narratives  can  be  found  in  Frederic  Hudson's 
illustrated  paper  in  Harper's  Monthly,  May,  1875, 
and  the  article  by  G.  Reynolds  in  the  Unitarian 
Review  for  April,  1875.  Read  George  W.  Cur- 
tis's  oration  in  1875,  and  James  R.  Lowell's  ode,  in 
Atlantic  Monthly,  June,  1875.  Also  the  Rev. 
Henry  Westcott's  Centennial  Sermons,  1875. 

The  town  of  Concord,  in  1875,  printed  an  ac 
count  of  the  Centennial  Celebration,  giving  a  fac 
simile  of  pages  from  Rev.  William  Emerson's  con 
temporary  diary  of  these  events,  and  having  for 
an  Appendix  an  account  of  the  literature  of  the 
subject,  by  James  L.  Whitney,  which  was  printed 
separately. 

The  events  of  the  19th  of  April  also  form  im 
portant  chapters  in  Bancroft's  United  States,  vol. 
vii. ;  in  Elliott's  New  England,  vol  ii. ;  in  Barry's 
Massachusetts,  vol.  iii. ;  and  in  other  general  works 


1775.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  33 

on  the  Revolutionary  period.  Consult  Dawson'a 
Battles  of  the  United  States;  E.  E.  Hale's  One 
Hundred  Years  Ago ;  and  Potter's  American 
Monthly,  April,  1875.  The  events  of  the  day 
make  part  of  the  story  of  Hawthorne's  Septimius 
Felton. 

Amos  Doolittle's  contemporary  engravings  are 
reproduced  in  a  new  edition  of  Clark's  narrative. 
See  also  Moore's  Ballad  History,  part  1 ;  and  Pot 
ter's  American  Monthly,  April,  1875.  There  is  a 
view  of  Concord  taken  in  1776,  in  the  Massachu 
setts  Magazine,  July,  1794,  which  is  fac-similed 
in  the  separate  issue  of  J.  L.  Whitney's  Literature 
of  the  Nineteenth  of  April. 

An  account  of  Jonathan  Harrington,  the  last 
survivor  of  the  fight,  is  given  in  Potter's  American 
Monthly,  July,  1875.  Compare  Lossing's  Field- 
Book  and  De  Lancey's  note  to  Jones's  New  York 
in  the  Revolutionary  War,  i.  552.  There  is  in  the 
Historical  Magazine,  July,  1860,  an  account  of  a 
musket  captured  from  a  British  soldier  at  Lexing 
ton,  which  belonged  to  Theodore  Parker,  and  now 
hangs  in  the  Senate  chamber  of  the  State  House 
at  Boston. 

Claims  have  been  raised  for  other  places  as  hav 
ing  been  those  where  blood  was  first  shed  in  the 
war,  for  which  see  Potter's  American  Monthly, 
April,  1875.  Dawson  gave  a  paper  on  the  affair 
at  Golden  Hill,  in  New  York  City,  Jan.  19-20, 
1770,  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  iv.  233,  and 


34  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

more  at  length  in  the  number  for  Jan.  1869.  See 
page  5  for  the  battle  of  the  Alamance,  and  the  war 
of  the  Regulators  in  North  Carolina.  There  is  an 
account  of  the  Westminster  Massacre  in  Vermont, 
March,  1775,  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  May, 
1859. 

Mecklenburg  Declaration,  May  20,  1775. 

Whether  the  declaration  of  independence  passed 
by  an  assembly  in  Mecklenburg,  North  Carolina, 
is  supported  by  credible  evidence  has  been  a  mat 
ter  of  controversy.  It  was  denied  by  Jefferson, 
and  J.  S.  Jones  published  a  Defence  of  the  Revo 
lutionary  History  of  North  Carolina  against  the 
aspersions  of  Jefferson.  The  alleged  resolutions 
of  May  20th  would  seem  to  be  the  uncertain  rec 
ollection,  twenty  years  later,  of  some  that  were 
passed  May  31st,  a  wrong  date  given  them,  and 
alterations  made  under  the  influence  of  the  conti 
nental  declaration  of  July  4th.  Cf.  Frothingham's 
Rise  of  The  Republic,  p.  422 ;  Randall's  Jeffer 
son,  iii.  App.  2  ;  North  Carolina  University  Maga 
zine,  May,  1853 ;  J.  C.  Welling  in  North  Amer- 
cian  Review,  April,  1874 ;  Hawks's  Lecture  in 
W.  D.  Cooke's  Revolutionary  History  of  North 
Carolina ;  and  passages  in  the  general  histories. 

May  and  June,  1775. 

The  events  of  the  interval  between  Concord  and 
Bunker  Hill  can  best  be  studied  in  Frothingham's 
Siege  of  Boston,  and  in  his  Life  of  Joseph  Warren, 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  35 

ch.  15.  Particularly  on  the  affair  at  Noddle's  Isl 
and,  May  27,  1775,  see  Force's  American  Ar 
chives,  Humphreys's  and  Tarbox's  Lives  of  Put 
nam,  Sumner's  History  of  East  Boston;  and  a 
chapter  in  Dawson's  Battles  of  the  United  States. 
Letters  written  from  Boston  in  May  are  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  So 
ciety,  June,  1873. 

Com.  F.  H.  Parker,  in  the  Magazine  of  Ameri 
can  History,  i.  209,  gives  an  account  of  the  cap 
ture  of  the  Margaretta  at  Machias  in  June. 

The  effects  of  Lexington  and  Concord  on  the 
other  colonies  are  depicted  in  Stuart's  Life  of 
Jonathan  Trumbull,  and  generally  in  the  standard 
histories.  The  news  was  received  in  New  York 
April  23d.  Cf.  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolu 
tionary  War,  i.  39,  487;  Documents  relative  to 
the  Colonial  History  of  New  York,  viii.  571. 

A  letter  of  Joseph  Warren  to  his  wife  on  the 
day  before  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  is  given  in 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  April,  1871. 

Bunker  Hill,  June  17,  1775. 

Frothingham,  in  an  Appendix  to  his  Siege  of 
Boston,  enumerates  in  a  chronological  order  the 
chief  authoritative  statements  regarding  the  bat 
tle.  Dawson  devoted  the  whole  of  the  June,  1868, 
double  number  of  the  Historical  Magazine,  to  a 
collation  of  nearly  all  the  printed  accounts,  au- 


36  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF          [1775. 

thoritative  and  compiled,  and  from  his  foot-notes 
can  be  gleaned  a  full  list  of  articles  and  books 
which  at  that  time  had  been  published. 

Earliest  Accounts.  —  The  affairs  of  the  19th  of 
April  had  among  other  results  precipitated  the 
removal  of  the  newspapers  published  in  Boston  to 
other  places,  and  the  number  for  April  24th  was 
the  last  of  the  Evening  Post  published  in  Boston. 
Edes's  Boston  Gazette,  which  was  thus  removed 
to  Watertown,  the  seat  of  the  Provincial  Con 
gress,  gave  in  its  issue  for  June  19th  the  earliest 
account  of  the  battle  which  appeared  in  print. 
The  Massachusetts  Spy,  which  had  been  removed 
to  Worcester  in  May,  had  its  first  account  in  its 
number  for  June  21st.  That  same  day  the  Connec 
ticut  Journal  had  its  first  intelligence,  and  though 
it  was  several  days  later  before  the  New  York  pa 
pers  published  accounts,  on  this  same  21st  a  hand 
bill  with  the  news  was  circulated  in  New  York. 
In  F.  Moore's  Diary  of  the  American  Revolution, 
there  will  be  found  a  list  of  the  contemporary 
newspapers  publishing  these  accounts,  and  from 
which  he  derives  in  part  the  matter  of  his  book 
which  begins  Jan.  1,  1775.  Many  of  these  ac 
counts  will  be  found  reprinted  in  Dawson's  His 
torical  Magazine  article ;  and  some  of  them  have 
been  reproduced  in  fac-simile  in  the  centennial 
memorials  of  1776.  Frothingham  reprints  that 
of  the  Massachusetts  Spy  in  his  condensed  narra 
tive  of  the  battle,  and  it  is  in  fac-simile  in  the 
Centennial  Graphic. 


1775.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  37 

Prof.  Winthrop,  June  2lst,  sent  a  brief  account 
to  John  Adams,  then  in  Philadelphia,  which  is 
given  in  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society's 
Collections  5th  series,  iv.  292. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Thacher  was  a  spectator  of  the 
action  from  the  north  side  of  the  Mystic  River, 
and  within  a  fortnight  afterwards,  depending  in 
some  measure  upon  Prescott's  assistance,  prepared 
an  account,  the  manuscript  of  which  is  now  pre 
served  in  the  American  Antiquarian  Society's 
collection  at  Worcester.  This  had  been  used  by 
Frothingham  and  others,  but  was  never  printed  in 
full  with  all  its  corrections  indicated,  till  Dawson 
included  it  in  his  Appendix  in  1868.  This  narra 
tive  of  Thacher's  was  made  the  basis  of  that  which 
the  Committee  of  Safety  prepared  for  transmission 
to  England,  and  this  latter  narrative  is  given  with 
much  other  matter  in  The  Journal  of  the  Third 
Provincial  Congress,  1775,  and  has  been  reprinted 
by  Ellis  (in  1843),  Frothingham,  Swett,  Dawson, 
etc.  Force's  American  Archives,  vol.  iv.,  is  an 
other  repository  of  these  and  various  other  con 
temporary  accounts,  several  of  which  are  copied 
by  Dawson  in  his  Battles  of  the  United  States,  as 
well  as  in  his  Historical  Magazine  article  ;  and  by 
F.  Moore  in  his  Ballad  History  of  the  American 
Revolution,  part  2. 

Colonel  Prescott's  own  account  is  contained  in 
a  letter  dated  August  25,  1775,  and  addressed  to 
John  Adams,  and  this  can  be  seen  in  Frothingham, 


38  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

where  it  was  first  published,  and  in  Dawson.  What 
is  called  the  Prescott  manuscript,  which  is  said  to 
have  been  prepared  in  the  family  of  the  colonel, 
and  in  part  with  his  approval,  was  first  printed  in 
full  in  Butler's  History  of  Groton,  p.  337,  etc., 
and  it  has  been  reprinted  by  Dawson,  p.  437. 
Frothingham  and  Sparks  had  the  use  of  the  manu 
script  known  as  Judge  Prescott 's  (son  of  the 
colonel)  memoir  of  the  battle  ;  but  it  was  never 
printed  in  full  till  it  appeared  in  Frothingham's 
centennial  narrative,  1876. 

Contemporary  feelings  will  be  found  expressed 
in  the  letters  which  passed  during  the  war  be 
tween  John  Adams  and  his  wife  Abigail  Adams, 
which,  having  been  some  years  ago  published  sepa 
rately,  were  reprinted  in  one  series  by  their  grand 
son,  Charles  Francis  Adams,  in  1876. 

President  Stiles,  then  of  Newport,  kept  a  diary 
of  events  at  this  time,  which  js  preserved  at  Yale 
College.  He  first  heard  the  news  on  the  18th, 
and  began  his  account  on  that  day,  to  which  he 
added  from  day  to  day,  as  further  corrected  ti 
dings  reached  him.  This  was  printed  at  length 
for  the  first  time  in  Dawson,  but  has  been  used  by 
Sparks,  Frothingham,  Bancroft,  etc.  This  diary 
also  copies  the  letter  of  Peter  Brown,  dated  June 
25th,  to  his  mother,  which  is  considered  by  Froth 
ingham,  who  gives  it,  as  the  most  noteworthy  de 
scription  written  by  a  private  soldier  engaged  in 
the  battle,  and  is  printed  from  the  original  in 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  39 

Potter's  American  Monthly,  July,  1875.  Another 
letter,  of  date  June  21st,  is  given  in  the  Proceed 
ings  of  the  Masachusetts  Historical  Society,  Feb. 
1870 ;  under  Oct.  1876,  p.  108,  will  be  found  a 
brief  account  from  Fenno's  orderly-book  ;  and  un 
der  March,  1877,  another  from  Thomas  Boynton's 
Journal. 

Colonel  Scammans's  account  of  his  court-mar 
tial  is  given  in  the  New  England  Chronicle,  Feb. 
29,  1776,  and  is  reprinted  in  Dawson,  p.  400. 

Governor  Trumbull  in  a  letter,  Aug.  31,  1779, 
gave  a  sketch  of  the  action,  and  it  is  printed  in 
the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society's  Collections, 
vol.  vi.  See  also  Stuart's  Life  of  Jonathan  Trum 
bull,  ch.  16.  Colonel  John  Trumbull,  who  after 
wards  painted  the  well-known  picture  of  the  battle, 
was  not  in  it,  but  saw  the  smoke  of  it  from  the 
Roxbury  lines,  and  in  his  autobiography,  pub 
lished  in  1841,  has  an  outline  narrative.  General 
Heath's  memoirs,  published  in  1798,  have  a  brief 
account.  The  narrative  in  Thacher's  Military 
Journal  is  entered  as  having  been  written  in  July, 
1775.  The  Memoirs  of  General  James  Wilkinson, 
printed  in  1816,  give  in  ch.  19  a  "rapid  sketch," 
embodying  his  own  knowledge  and  other  evidence 
which  had  reached  him  at  first  hand,  as  he  went 
over  the  field  in  March,  1776,  with  Stark  and 
Reed,  and  conferred  with  Major  Caleb  Stark. 

Other  testimony  of  eye-witnesses  was  gathered 
too  long  after  the  battle  to  be  wholly  trustworthy, 


40  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

in  1818,  at  the  time  of  the  Dearborn  controversy, 
later  to  be  mentioned  ;  and  numerous  depositions 
were  taken  from  survivors  attending  the  semi 
centennial  celebration,  which  are  preserved  in 
three  large  volumes,  but  are  considered  by  those 
who  have  examined  them  as  of  little  or  no  value. 
The  recital  of  the  Adventures  of  Israel  R.  Potter, 
who  was  a  participator  in  the  battle,  and  who  pub 
lished  the  first  edition  of  his  narrative  at  Provi 
dence,  in  1824,  was  put  into  literary  shape  by  Her 
man  Melville.  There  is  a  long  account  in  the 
Columbian  Centinel  of  December,  1824,  and  Janu 
ary,  1825.  An  account  by  Oliver  Morsman,  a  revo 
lutionary  soldier,  was  published  at  Sackett's  Har 
bor  in  1830;  and  Mr.  Charles  Coffin  published 
at  Portland,  in  1835,  an  account  compiled  from 
the  narratives  of  Generals  Heath,  Lee,  Wilkinson, 
and  Dearborn.  Mr.  Needham  Maynard  contrib 
uted  the  recollections  of  a  survivor,  which  were 
printed  in  a  Boston  newspaper  as  late  as  1843. . 

British  Accounts.  —  Of  the  British  accounts,  the 
entries  in  Howe's  orderly-book  are  given  in  Ellis's 
sketch  (edition  of  1843).  The  Gentleman's  Mag 
azine  (London)  of  the  same  year  gave  an  account 
with  a  somewhat  erroneous  plan  of  the  redoubt, 
which  has  been  reproduced  in  Frothingham's  mon 
ographs.  General  Gage's  official  report  was  printed 
in  Almon's  Remembrancer,  accompanied  with  strict 
ures  upon  it,  and  it  has  been  reprinted  by  Ellis 
(edition  of  1843  with  the  strictures),  Force,  Swett, 


1775.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  41 

Frothingham ;  by  Dawson,  in  his  Historical  Mag 
azine  and  in  his  Battles ;  in  Frank  Moore's  Bal 
lad  History,  etc.  Burgoyne  saw  the  action  from 
Copp's  Hill,  and  his  letter  to  Lord  Stanley,  dated 
June  25, 1775,  has  also  been  given  in  Fonblanque's 
Life  of  Burgoyne ;  in  Dawson  ;  in  Ellis,  edition 
of  1843;  in  the  New  England  Historical  and 
Genealogical  Register,  April,  1857 ;  in  an  appen 
dix  to  Pulsifer's  Sketch  of  the  battle,  and  is  also 
given  in  Samuel  A.  Drake's  Bunker  Hill,  the 
Story  told  in  Letters  from  the  Battle-field,  in 
which  also  will  be  found,  together  with  various 
other  minor  British  accounts,  the  Impartial  and 
Authentic  Narration,  originally  London,  1775, 
by  John  Clarke,  "  a  first  lieutenant  of  marines," 
who  gives  what  purports  to  be  a  speech  of  Howe 
to  his  troops  previous  to  the  advance,  which  with 
much  else  in  this  somewhat  extended  narrative 
is  considered  rather  apocryphal.  This  narrative 
by  Clarke  was  reprinted  privately  in  1868.  The 
compiled  account  in  the  Annual  Register  has  been 
thought  to  have  been  written  by  Burke.  Cf.  Wil 
liam  Carter's  Genuine  Detail  of  the  Royal  and 
American  Armies,  with  a  plan  of  the  works  on 
Bunker's  Hill,  London,  1784.  Carter  was  a  lieu 
tenant  of  the  Fortieth  Foot,  and  there  is  a  note  on 
the  curious  details  connected  with  the  book,  in  the 
Brinley  Catalogue,  No.  1789.  Force,  Ellis  (edi 
tion  of  1843),  and  Dawson,  gather  various  contem 
porary  royalist  accounts,  and  some  particulars  can 


42  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

be  found  in  the  separate  historic  records  detail 
ing  the  careers  of  some  of  the  roy^l  regiments  in 
the  action,  like  the  Fourth,  Fifth,  Tenth  Foot,  etc. 
Moorsom's  Fifty-second  Regiment  gives  a  brief 
account  of  its  share  in  the  battle,  with  plates  of 
their  uniform  at  the  time.  See  also  Lushington's 
Life  of  General  Lord  Harris,  pp.  54-56 ;  Sergeant 
Lamb's  (Welsh  Fusileers)  Journal  of  Occurrences 
during  the  late  American  War ;  and  the  Detail 
and  Conduct  of  the  American  War,  for  a  letter 
from  Boston,  July  5,  1775,  with  other  English 
reports.  The  British  accounts  first  took  regular 
shape  in  Stedman's  History  of  the  American  War, 
published  in  1794.  Howe's  conduct  of  the  bat 
tle  is  criticised  in  Lee's  Memoirs  of  the  War  in 
the  Southern  Department.  Mahon's  (Stanhope's) 
History  of  England,  vol.  vi.,  represents  in  an  ac 
count,  otherwise  fair,  that  the  Americans  then 
and  since  have  considered  the  battle  a  victory; 
but,  when  called  upon  to  substantiate  such  an  as 
sertion,  relied  chiefly  (see  his  Appendix)  on  the 
reports  of  British  tourists  of  a  subsequent  day. 
A  loyalist's  statement  of  Howe's  obstinacy  in  at 
tacking  in  front,  is  in  Jones's  New  York  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  i.  52. 

See  a  French  narrative  in  Hilliard  d'Auber- 
teuil's  Essais  historiques,  1782. 

Later  Special  Accounts.  —  In  1858  Mr.  Henry 
B.  Dawson  published  a  popular  account  of  the 
Battles  of  the  United  States,  giving  a  chapter, 


1775.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  43 

based  on  the  ordinary  authorities,  to  Bunker  Hill. 
In  1868,  in  th^.- Historical  Magazine,  an  American 
periodical  then  edited  by  him,  he  gave  a  special 
study  of  the  battle,  in  which  the  "  colonists  "  of 
the  earlier  work  became  "insurgents,"  and  the 
royal  troops  were  represented  as  fighting  "  in  sup 
port  of  the  constitution,  the  laws,  the  king  and  the 
government,  and  in  defence  of  the  life  of  the  na 
tion."  Differing  from  other  authorities,  he  rep 
resents  that  the  attack  along  the  beach  of  the 
Mystic  was  a  preliminary  attack.  He  has  elab 
orately  collated  the  various  contemporary  and 
later  compiled  accounts,  and  has  appended  numer 
ous  illustrative  documents  by  English  and  Amer 
ican  writers,  derived  from  Almon,  Force,  Ellis, 
Frothingham,  and  others,  to  which  he  adds  sev 
eral  printed  for  the  first  time.  The  fac-similes  of 
Page's,  De  Berniere's,  and  Dearborn's  maps,  which 
are  mentioned  in  his  text  as  given  with  his  ac 
count,  were  never  appended  to  it. 

Of  the  more  extended  descriptions,  that  in 
Frothingham's  Siege  of  Boston  is  distinctively 
marked  for  its  dependence  chiefly  upon  contempo 
rary  accounts,  and  its  avoidance  of  the  mingled 
recollections  and  self-deceptions  of  the  survivors 
of  all  grades,  who  in  1818  furnished  so  many 
depositions,  over  forty  years  after  the  conflict,  to 
perplex  the  truth-lover.  These  confused  recollec 
tions,  added  to  the  local  jealousies  of  the  partisans 
of  the  troops  of  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire, 


44  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

and  Connecticut,  and  to  the  facts  narrated  by  dif 
ferent  persons  as  having  taken  place  in  positions 
so  disconnected  as  the  redoubt  and  the  rail  fence, 
have  done  much  to  render  the  sifting  of  evidence 
very  necessary ;  and  it  all  gave  some  ground  for 
Charles  Hudson,  in  1857,  in  his  Doubts  concern 
ing  the  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill  (see  also  Chris 
tian  Examiner,  vol.  xl.)  to  attempt  a  logical  vent 
ure  somewhat  after  the  fashion  of  Whateley's  fa 
mous  argument  on  the  non-existence  of  Napoleon. 
When,  later,  Frothingham  wrote  the  Life  of  Joseph 
Warren,  he  took  occasion  to  summarize  his  longer 
narrative  in  a  chapter  of  that  book,  and  his  whole 
description  has  again  been  recast  in  a  popular 
form  in  his  centennial  Bunker  Hill,  where  he  has 
added  much  new  matter,  in  letters,  incidents,  etc. 
Anniversary  addresses  have  often  rehearsed  the 
story,  occasionally  adding  a  few  details  to  our 
stock  of  information,  and  the  most  significant 
among  them  have  been  Webster's,  in  1825  (see 
also  Analectic  Magazine,  vol  xi.),  at  the  laying  of 
the  corner-stone  of  the  monument ;  Alexander  H. 
Everett's,  in  1836,  which  subsequently  was  in 
woven  in  his  Life  of  Warren,  in  Sparks's  series  ; 
the  Rev.  Dr.  George  E.  Ellis's,  in  1841,  which 
was  subsequently  issued  in  1843,  anonymously,  as 
a  sketch  of  the  battle,  with  an  Appendix  of  illus 
trative  documents,  some  of  which  were  printed  for 
the  first  time,  and  has  again,  in  1875,  been  recast 
in  a  centennial  History  without  the  illustrative 


1775.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  45 

documents  (see  also  his  account  in  the  New  York 
Herald,  June  8,  1875) ;  that  by  Edward  Everett ; 
and  that  by  Judge  Devens  in  1875.  A  succinct 
narrative  of  the  battle  was  also  once  or  twice 
printed  by  Alden  Bradford,  in  connection  with 
his  studies  in  the  history  of  Massachusetts.  A 
New  History  of  the  Battle,  by  W.  W.  Wheildon, 
traces  two  separate  engagements  constituting  the 
battle.  Recent  years  have  produced  condensed 
summaries,  like  that  of  Pulsifer  and  S.  A.  Drake; 
that  by  James  M.  Bugbee,  in  Osgood's  Centennial 
Memorial ;  an  article  by  H.  E.  Scudder,  in  the 
Atlantic  Monthly,  July,  1875 ;  one  by  Launce 
Poyntz,  in  the  Galaxy,  July,  1875.  The  story 
also  makes  ch.  4  of  E.  E.  Hale's  One  Hundred 
Years  Ago,  and  is  retold  in  the  Centennial  num 
bers  of  Frank  Leslie's  Pictorial,  in  the  Centennial 
Graphic,  and  in  various  other  popular  memorials 
of  1875.  It  is  gone  over  discursively  in  the  illus 
trated  paper,  by  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  Osgood,  in  the 
July  (1875)  number  of  Harper's  Monthly. 

Particular  reference  is  given  to  landmarks  in 
Lossing's  Field-Book  of  the  Revolution,  vol.  i., 
which  account  also  appeared  in  the  first  volume  of 
Harper's  Monthly;  in  S.  A.  Drake's  Historic 
Fields  and  Mansions  of  Middlesex.  Finch,  in  an 
article  in  Silliman's  Journal,  1822,  gave  an  ac 
count  of  the  traces  then  existing  of  the  works  of 
the  British  and  Americans  in  the  siege  of  Boston, 
and  this  has  been  reprinted  by  Frothingham.  The 


46  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

Report  of  the  Bunker  Hill  Monument  Associa 
tion,  1876,  gives  a  plan  showing  the  position  of 
the  monument  and  the  present  landmarks  of  the 
neighborhood,  relative  to  the  lines  of  the  old  forti 
fications.  See  also  the  section  below  on  Maps  and 
Plans. 

Accounts  in  General  Histories.  —  The  battle 
has  necessarily  given  a  subject  to  chapters  in  the 
general  histories  of  the  war  and  of  the  State.  The 
earliest  American  historian  of  the  war  was  Gordon 
(see  Loring  on  Gordon's  History  in  Historical 
Magazine,  February  and  March,  1862),  and  he 
followed  closely  the  account  of  the  Committee 
of  Safety.  Ramsay's  American  Revolution  was 
published  in  1789.  Mrs.  Mercy  Warren's  later. 
Hubley's  in  1805.  Bancroft  gives  to  it  the  38th 
chapter  of  his  seventh  volume.  It  is  described 
in  ch.  20  of  the  second  volume  of  Elliott's  New 
England ;  in  the  third  volume  of  Barry's  Massa 
chusetts  ;  and  in  ch.  15  of  Carrington's  Battles  of 
the  American  Revolution,  with  an  eclectic  map. 

In  Biographies.  —  The  biographers  of  Wash 
ington,  like  Marshall  and  Irving,  needed  to  de 
scribe  it  as  leading  to  the  consolidation  of  the  army 
of  which  he  took  command  on  the  3d  of  July  next 
following.  There  is  a  brief  account  in  Tudor's 
Life  of  Otis.  The  memoirs  of  Heath  have  already 
been  mentioned,  and  the  lives  of  other  observers 
and  participants  will  give  occasional  minor  details, 
like  the  Journals  of  Samuel  Shaw,  Boston,  1847, 


r\cc 

&V    o* 
1775.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  47 

etc.;  the  lives  of  General  Ward  and  Colonel 
Knowlton,  in  the  New  England  Historical  and 
Genealogical  Register,  July,  1851,  and  Jan.  1861 ; 
the  life  of  Deborah  Sampson,  called  "  The  Female 
Review,"  by  Herman  Mann,  1797,  edited  in  1866 
by  J.  A.  Vinton.  A  list  of  officers  who  were  in 
the  battle,  and  who  are  named  in  Frothingham,  is 
given  in  the  New  England  Historical  and  Genea 
logical  Register,  April,  1873 ;  and  in  the  number 
for  July,  1874,  there  is  an  English  list  of  the  Yan 
kee  officers  in  the  forces  about  Boston,  June,  1775. 
New  Hampshire  Troops.  —  For  the  part  borne 
by  them,  see  the  memoirs  of  Stark  by  Caleb  Stark 
and  Edward  Everett.  Stark's  report  to  the  New 
Hampshire  Congress  is  in  the  New  Hampshire 
Historical  Society's  Collections,  vol.  ii. ;  in  Ellis's 
edition  of  1843,  etc.  The  Adjutant-General  of  New 
Hampshire,  in  his  report  for  1866,  second  volume, 
rehearses  the  military  history  of  that  State,  and 
gives  some  details  regarding  the  troops  engaged. 
The  manuscripts  in  the  Adjutant-General's  office 
(New  Hampshire),  containing  the  rosters  of 
Stark's  and  Reed's  regiments,  have  never  been 
printed  in  full.  C.  C.  Coffin,  in  a  letter  in  the 
Boston  Globe,  June  23,  1875,  epitomizes  the  serv 
ice  of  New  Hampshire  troops  in  the  battle ;  and 
details  will  be  found  in  the  New  Hampshire  Pro 
vincial  Papers,  vol.  vii.;  in  the  histories  of  the 
towns  of  Hollis  (see  New  England  Historical  and 
Genealogical  Register,  Oct.  1873,  and  July,  1876, 


48  -  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775 

and  History  by  S.  T.  Worcester,  1879,  p.  146), 
whence  came  Captain  Dow's  company  of  Pres- 
cott's  regiment ;  of  Manchester,  by  Potter,  whence 
came  Captain  John  Moore's  company  of  Stark's 
regiment ;  and  of  New  Ipswich.  See  also  the 
New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Regis 
ter,  vol.  xxvii.  p.  377,  etc. ;  and  the  account  by 
E.  H.  Derby  in  the  number  for  Jan.  1877. 

Connecticut  Troops.  —  For  the  part  borne  by 
them,  see  lives  of  Putnam,  Stuart's  Life  of  Jona 
than  Trumbull,  histories  of  Connecticut,  by  Hoi- 
lister  and  others;  Hinman's  Connecticut  in  the 
Revolution. 

Who  Commanded? —  The  question  of  the  high 
est  command  in  the  battle  has  given  rise  to  much 
controversy.  In  many  of  the  unofficial  contem 
porary  accounts,  particularly  in  the  British  ones, 
Warren  is  represented  as  the  commander.  Put 
nam  is  known  to  have  been  the  adviser  of  the 
expedition  in  the  Council  of  War,  and  in  the  less 
authoritative  accounts  of  the  time  is  represented, 
as  also  in  engravings,  as  the  responsible  director. 
Gordon,  in  his  history  in  1788,  was  the  earliest, 
in  print,  to  give  the  command  to  Prescott,  follow 
ing  the  Committee  of  Safety's  account.  The 
earliest  printed  direct  mention  of  Putnam  as  com 
mander  is  in  a  note  to  the  sermon  preached  at  his 
funeral  by  Rev.  Josiah  Whitney,  in  1790,  where 
he  took  exception  to  Humphreys's  statement  in 
his  Life  of  Putnam,  1788,  published  while  Put- 


1775.]         TEE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  49 

nam  was  still  living,  in  which  no  mention  is  made 
of  Putnam  having  commanded.  Eliot,  in  his  bio 
graphical  dictionary,  in  1809,  represents  Prescott 
as  commanding  in  the  redoubt,  and  Stark  at  the 
rail  fence.  The  earliest  reflection  upon  the  con 
duct  of  Putnam  in  the  action  appeared  in  General 
Wilkinson's  Memoirs,  which  were  published  in 
1816,  and  were  reviewed  in  the  North  American 
Review,  Oct.  1817.  The  Analectic  Magazine  for 
Feb.  and  March,  1818,  had  articles  on  the  bat 
tle,  following  chiefly  the  accounts  of  Thacher  and 
Gordon,  but  with  some  important  differences,  and 
giving  documents  in  the  latter  number. 

General  Henry  Dearborn,  who  was  a  captain  in 
Stark's  regiment  at  the  rail  fence,  opened  a  con 
troversy,  not  yet  ended,  and  which  at  that  time 
soon  got  to  have  a  political  bearing,  when  he 
printed  his  communication  in  the  Portfolio  for 
March,  1818,  in  which  he  aimed  to  show  that  dur 
ing  the  battle  Putnam  remained  inactive  at  the 
rear,  and  this  paper  has  since  been  reprinted  sepa 
rately,  and  twice  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  Aug. 
1864,  and  June,  1868,  p.  402.  A  summary  of 
this  Dearborn  controversy  is  given  in  G.  W.  War 
ren's  History  of  the  Bunker  Hill  Monument  As 
sociation.  Colonel  Daniel  Putnam,  the  son  of  the 
general,  replied  to  Dearborn  in  the  May  number 
of  the  Portfolio,  and  appended  numerous  deposi 
tions,  all  of  which  have  been  reprinted  in  Daw- 
son's  Historical  Magazine,  June,  1868,  p.  407. 
4 


50  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

This  reply  of  Daniel  Putnam  led  General  Dear 
born  to  vindicate  his  former  statement  by  the  pub 
lication,  in  the  Boston  Patriot  of  June  13,  1818, 
of  various  depositions  and  confirmations  of  other 
participants,  all  of  which  may  also  be  found  in 
Dawson,  p.  414.  At  this  time  Daniel  Webster, 
in  the  North  American  Review,  July,  1818,  vindi 
cated  the  character  of  Putnam,  but,  examining 
the  evidence  judicially,  came  to  the  conclusion 
that  Prescott  commanded  the  fatigue  party  during 
the  night,  and  on  the  subsequent  day  exercised  a 
general  command  over  the  field  so  far  as  he  could, 
and  should  be  considered  the  commanding  officer, 
and  as  acting  under  the  orders  of  General  Ward, 
at  Cambridge,  only,  and  to  whom  he  made  report 
of  the  action  after  it  was  over.  See  also  the  Pro 
ceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society 
for  June,  1858. 

Judge  John  Lowell  next  reviewed  Dearborn's 
defense  of  his  attack  on  Putnam  in  the  Columbian 
Centinel  for  July  4  and  15,  1818,  and  strength 
ened  his  points  with  counter-depositions  of  actors 
in  the  struggle,  all  of  which  are  again  given  in 
Dawson,  p.  423.  Colonel  Swett  now  entered  into 
the  controversy  in  an  Historical  and  Topograph 
ical  Sketch  of  Bunker  Hill  Battle,  which,  in  Oct. 
1818,  was  appended  to  an  edition  of  Humphrevs's 
Life  of  Putnam,  and  this  sketch  was  subsequently 
published  separately  and  with  enlargements,  de 
rived  in  part  from  conversations  with  the  surviv- 


1775.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  51 

ors  who  attended  the  semi-centennial  jubilee  of 
1825,  and  this  appeared  in  1826,  and  again  in 
1827  (see  Sparks's  notice  in  the  North  American 
review,  vol.  xxii.).  Meanwhile,  Colonel  Daniel 
Putnam,  in  1825,  recapitulated  his  views  in  a 
communication  to  the  Bunker  Hill  Monument 
Association,  and  this  document  is  printed  in  the 
Connecticut  Historical  Collections,  vol.  i.  The 
account  of  Swett  has  been  substantially  followed 
in  Rand,  Avery  &  Co.'s  Bunker  Hill  Centennial. 
Swett's  first  publication  was  criticised  by  D.  L. 
Child,  in  the  Boston  Patriot,  Nov.  17,  1818,  who 
claimed  that  Putnam  was  not  in  the  battle,  and 
whose  article  was  reprinted  as  an  Enquiry  into 
the  Conduct  of  General  Putnam.  On  the  other 
hand,  Alden  Bradford,  in  his  pamphlet  in  1825, 
claimed  the  command  for  Putnam. 

In  1841  Ellis  in  his  oration,  and  subsequently 
in  his  History  of  the  Battle  in  1843,  taking  ad 
vantage  of  intercourse  with  Prescott's  descendants, 
made  the  first  extended  presentation  of  Prescott's 
claims,  to  which  Colonel  Swett  demurred  in  the 
Boston  Advertiser,  where  also  can  be  found  Ellis's 
rejoinder.  See  Judge  Prescott's  letter  to  Dr. 
Ellis  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  His 
torical  Society,  June,  1868.  Prescott  is  assigned 
the  command  in  the  narrative  of  Major  Thompson 
Maxwell,  who  was  present  in  the  fight,  which  is 
printed  in  the  Collections  of  the  Essex  Institute, 
vol.  vii.  See  also  the  New  England  Historical 


52  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

and  Genealogical  Register,  Jan.  1868.  Cf.  the 
Report  to  the  Massachusetts  Legislature  on  a 
monument  to  Colonel  Prescott,  1852. 

Again,  in  1843,  John  Fellows,  in  his  Veil  Re 
moved,  animadverted  upon  Swett's  views  regard 
ing  Putnam,  and  reproduced  Dearborn's  state 
ment  and  many  others  which  aimed  to  detract 
from  Putnam's  fame. 

When  Frothingham's  Siege  of  Boston  appeared 
in  1849,  in  which  the  question  of  the  command 
was  critically  examined,  p.  159,  etc.,  giving  that 
authority  to  Prescott,  Swett  renewed  the  contro 
versy  in  a  critique  on  that  work  in  1850,  with  a 
tract,  Who  was  the  Commander  ?  etc.,  to  which 
Frothingham  replied  in  a  pamphlet  of  fifty-six 
pages,  The  Command  in  the  Battle  of  Bunker 
Hill,  substantiating  his  position,  and  pointing  out 
the  inconsistencies  and  seeming  perversions  of 
Swett.  In  1853  Irving  in  his  Life  of  Washing 
ton  favored  Prescott.  In  1855  L.  Grosvenor  in 
an  address  before  the  descendants  of  General  Put 
nam  "  exposed  "  (as  he  claimed)  "  the  ungener 
ous  conduct  of  Colonel  Prescott  toward  General 
Putnam,  the  commander  in  the  battle."  When 
Bancroft  in  1858  published  his  seventh  volume,  he 
took  the  ground,  already  foreshadowed  in  a  lecture 
which  he  had  delivered,  that  Prescott  commanded 
the  Provincials.  In  1859  "  Selah  "  of  the  Hart 
ford  Post,  favoring  Putnam,  had  a  controversy 
with  Dawson,  who  held  Putnam  to  have  been  a 


1775.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  53 

"  blusterer  and  swaggerer,"  and  intimates  that  he 
was  also  treacherous,  and  this  was  reprinted  in  an 
unpublished  quarto,  called  Major-General  Israel 
Putnam.  Again,  in  Putnam's  favor,  the  Hon.  H. 
C.  Deming  delivered  a  discourse  before  the  Con 
necticut  Historical  Society  on  the  presentation  of 
Putnam's  sword,  and  it  was  repeated,  June  18, 
1860,  at  Putnam's  grave,  at  Pomfret,  before  the 
Putnam  Phalanx.  The  argument,  as  regards  the 
claims  of  Putnam,  was  presented  by  the  Rev.  I. 
N.  Tarbox,  in  the  New  York  Herald,  June  12 
and  14,  1875,  and  in  the  New  Englander,  April, 

1875,  and  more  at  length  in  his  Life  of  Putnam, 

1876.  S.  A.  Drake's  General  Israel  Putnam  the 
Commander  at  Bunker  Hill  argues  on  the  basis  of 
military   rule,    and    summarizes   the   authorities. 
See  also  Hollister's  History  of  Connecticut  and 
Hinman's  Connecticut  in  the  Revolution.     Judge 
Devens's  Oration   at   Bunker   Hill,  1875,  favors 
Prescott.     Wheildon's  New  History  favors  Put 
nam.      A    pamphlet,    entitled    Colonel   William 
Prescott,  by  Francis  J.  Parker,  issued  since  1875, 
presents  the  case  anew  in  favor  of  Prescott. 

Death  of  Warren.  —  In  1825,  when  General  W. 
H.  Sumner  was  Adjutant- General  of  Massachu 
setts,  and  it  devolved  upon  him  to  arrange  for  the 
appearance  of  the  veterans  in  the  celebration  of 
that  year,  he  collected  from  the  recitals  of  some  of 
them  a  few  particulars  regarding  the  appearance 
and  death  of  Warren,  and  held  some  correspond- 


54  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

ence  with  Dr.  Waterhouse  on  the  subject  in  the 
Boston  Patriot,  in  August  of  that  year.  This 
matter  he  reproduced  in  a  paper  in  the  New  Eng 
land  Historical  and  Genealogical  Register,  April 
and  July,  1858.  See  further  the  accounts  in  Lor- 
ing's  Boston  Orators ;  in  Mrs.  J.  B.  Brown's 
(Warren's  grand-daughter)  Stories  of  General 
Warren ;  in  Dr.  John  Jeffries's  (son  of  the  royal 
surgeon  on  the  field)  paper  in  the  Boston  Medical 
and  Surgical  Journal,  June  17,  1875  ;  and  in  the 
Life  of  Dr.  John  Warren,  brother  of  the  general. 
See  also  the  Eulogy  on  General  Warren  in  1776, 
by  Perez  Morton,  and  the  memorial  volume  on 
the  occasion  of  the  dedication  of  the  Warren 
statue,  and  particularly  Frothinghara's  Life  of 
Warren.  The  history  of  Warren's  sword  is  given 
in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  Sept.  1866. 

There  is  an  account  of  the  different  celebrations 
in  Charlestown  in  the  New  York  Herald  for  June 
4,  1875 ;  and  of  Ralph  Farnham,  the  last  survivor 
of  the  battle,  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  iv.  312. 

There  are  other  papers  on  the  battle  in  the  New 
England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Register,  and 
Dawson's  and  Frothingham's  notes  will  indicate 
additional  publications  of  small  importance  not 
mentioned  here. 

Plans  and  Maps.  —  The  earliest  of  the  plans  of 
the  action  seems  to  have  been  a  slight  sketch,  after 
information  from  Chaplain  John  Martin,  who  was 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  55 

in  the  battle,  drawn  by  Stiles  in  his  diary,  which 
is  reproduced  in  Dawson,  who  also,  as  does  Froth- 
in  gham,  gives  the  slight  sketch,  made  with  print 
ers'  rules,  which  accompanied  the  account  in  Riv- 
ington's  Gazette,  August  3,  1775. 

The  careful  plan  made  by  Page  of  the  British 
engineers,  based  upon  Captain  Montresor's  survey 
(which  closely  agrees  with  Felton  and  Parker's 
survey  of  Charlestown  in  1848),  is  much  the  best, 
and  it  shows  the  laying  out  of  Charlestown,  the 
position  of  the  frigates,  and  the  battery  at  Copp's 
Hill.  The  successive  positions  of  the  attacking 
force  are  indicated  by  a  superposed  sheet.  This 
was  issued  in  London  in  1776,  and  the  same  plate, 
with  few  changes,  was  used  in  Stedman's  history 
in  1794.  The  original  impression  was  reengraved 
for  Frothingham's  Siege  of  Boston,  and  is  also 
given  in  his  Centennial  Narrative. 

The  plan  by  De  Berniere,  of  the  Tenth  Royal 
Infantry,  on  much  the  same  scale  as  Page's,  dif 
fers  in  some  points  from  it,  is  not  so  correct  in  the 
ground  plan,  and  is  the  first  plan  that  appeared 
in  an  American  engraving,  in  the  Analectic  Maga 
zine,  Feb.  1818,  where  it  is  represented  as  from  a 
sketch  found  in  the  captured  baggage  of  a  British 
officer  in  1775.  General  Dearborn  made  some  re 
marks  on  this  plan  in  the  Portfolio,  March,  1818, 
which  are  reprinted  in  Dawson,  p.  438.  Dear 
born's  subsequent  plan,  as  altered  in  red  on  that 
of  De  Berniere,  was  criticised  upon  the  field  in 


56  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

June,  1818,  by  Governor  Brooks  (who  acted  as 
messenger  from  Fresco tt  to  Ward  in  the  battle), 
as  detailed  by  General  Sumner  in  the  New  Eng 
land  Historical  and  Genealogical  Register,  July, 
1858.  This  map  was  made  the  basis  of  one  en 
graved  by  Smith,  and  issued  in  Boston,  at  the 
time  of  the  completion  of  the  monument,  in  1843. 

A  map  of  Boston,  showing  Charlestown  and  the 
field,  with  Burgoyne's  letter  attached,  was  issued 
in  London,  and  has  been  reproduced  in  fac-simile 
in  F.  Moore's  Ballad  History  of  the  Revolution, 
part  2. 

There  is  also  an  English  map  of  the  eastern 
part  of  Massachusetts,  dated  London,  Sept.  2, 
1775,  in  which  the  lines  of  march  of  the  troops 
of  the  different  provinces  are  designated  as  they 
assembled  to  the  relief  of  Boston.  This  has  been 
reproduced  in  smaller  size  in  the  Centennial 
Graphic,  and  Frothingham  styles  it  "  more  curi 
ous  than  valuable."  In  a  side-sketch,  of  this  same 
sheet,  there  is  a  semi-pictorial  plan  of  the  battle, 
with  the  whole  of  Boston,  and  this  has  been  fac 
similed  in  Wheildon's,  Pulsifer's,  and  Bngbee's 
sketches,  and  in  George  A.  Coolidge's  Centennial 
Memorial.  There  is  a  map  of  New  England  at 
this  time  in  Hilliard  d'Auberteuil's  Essais  histor- 
iques,  1782. 

Colonel  Swett  made  a  plan  of  his  own,  based  on 
De  Berniere's,  of  about  the  size  of  Page's,  and  it 
was  reproduced  full  size  in  Ellis's  oration,  1841 ; 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  57 

but  the  reproductions  of  it  in  Lossing's  Field- 
Book,  in  Ellis's  New  York  Herald  article,  June  8, 
1875,  and  in  his  History  and  Centennial  History, 
in  Rand,  Avery  &  Co.'s  Bunker  Hill  Centennial, 
in  George  A.  Coolidge's  Brochure,  in  the  Bunker 
Hill  Tiroes,  June  17,  1875,  and  in  Bugbee's  sketch, 
are  reduced  in  size.  See  also  Tarbox's  Life  of 
Putnam.  Little  regard  is  paid  in  this  plan  to  the 
laying  out  of  the  town  of  Charlestown.  There  is 
a  plan  in  the  English  translation  of  Botta's  His 
tory  of  the  War  of  Independence  ;  and  lesser  plans 
are  in  Ridpath's  United  States,  and  are  other  pop 
ular  histories. 

Of  contemporary  plans  of  Boston,  that  in  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  Oct.  1775,  p.  464,  shows 
the  peninsula,  with  "  Charlestown  in  ruins."  This 
is  drawn  from  the  same  original  as  that  in  the 
Pennsylvania  Magazine,  1775,  which  in  the  June 
number  has  a  plan  of  Boston  Harbor,  with  only 
one  eminence  delineated  on  the  Charlestown  pen 
insula,  which  is  marked  "  Bunk8  H."  The  houses 
in  the  town  are  represented  as  on  fire,  and  simi 
larly  in  the  plan  in  Murray's  Impartial  History  of 
the  American  War.  There  is  a  plan  of  Boston 
in  the  Geschichte  der  Kriege  in  und  aus  Europa, 
Nuremberg,  1776.  The  London  Magazine,  April, 
1774,  has  a  chart  of  the  coast  of  New  England, 
with  a  plan  of  Boston  in  the  corner,  and  this  plan 
was  inserted,  enlarged,  in  Jeffery's  Map  of  New 
England,  Nov.  1774,  with  also  a  plan  of  Boston 


58  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

Harbor,  and  was  again  copied  in  Jeffery's  Ameri 
can  Atlas,  1776,  and  a  French  reproduction  of  it 
was  published  at  Paris  in  1778,  in  the  Atlas 
Ameriquain  septentrional.  Another  chart  of  the 
harbor  arid  plan  of  the  town  is  in  the  Political 
Magazine,  Nov.  1782. 

Views,  etc.  —  There  are  rude  contemporary 
views  of  the  action,  one  of  which  appeared  in 
1775,  known  as  Roman's,  representing  Putnam  on 
horseback,  as  in  command,  and  was  reduced  in  the 
Pennsylvania  Magazine,  Sept.  1775,  and  this  has 
been  heliotyped  in  Frothingham's  Centennial 
sketch,  in  Rand,  Avery  &  Co.'s,  and  in  Coolidge's 
memorials,  and  is  also  reproduced  in  Moore's  Bal 
lad  History,  and  in  the  Bunker  Hill  Times,  June 
17,  1875.  In  Cooking's  poem,  The  American 
War,  published  in  London,  1781,  is  a  somewhat 
extraordinary  picture,  which,  with  extracts  from 
the  poem,  has  been  reproduced  in  S.  A.  Drake's 
monograph ;  and  the  picture  is  also  given  in  Bug- 
bee's  sketch,  and  in  Coolidge's  Brochure.  In  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  Feb.  1790,  there  is  a  view 
of  Charlestown  and  Howe's  encampment  on  the 
hill,  taken  after  the  battle ;  and  in  the  Massachu 
setts  Magazine,  Sept.  1789,  is  a  view  of  Charles 
River  Bridge,  showing  the  configuration  of  Bun 
ker's  and  Breed's  hills. 

The  well-known  picture  which  Colonel  Trum- 
bull,  in  1786,  painted  of  the  battle,  and  of  which 
a  key  will  be  found  in  the  New  England  Historical 


1775.J          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  59 

and  Genealogical  Register,  vol.  xv.,  and  of  which 
there  is  a  description  in  Trumbull's  Autobiogra 
phy,  gave  the  command  in  the  redoubt  to  Putnam, 
and  a  subordinate  position  to  Prescott,  which  the 
painter  is  said  afterwards  to  have  regretted,  as  in 
dicating  views  on  the  question  of  command  at 
variance  with  the  truth.  A  picture  by  D.  M. 
Carter  represents  Prescott  in  command,  and  this 
is  reproduced  in  Coolidge's  Brochure.  Chappel's 
picture  of  the  battle  is  given  in  W.  L.  Stone's 
History  of  New  York  City.  There  is  a  curious 
engraving  of  a  group  where  an  eulogy  is  being 
pronounced  over  Warren's  body,  in  Hilliard  d'Au- 
bertenil'a  Essais  historiques,  1782. 

The  Monument.  —  For  accounts  of  the  monu 
ment,  see  Ellis's  ed.  of  1843;  Frothingham's  Siege 
of  Boston,  and  Wheildon's  Life  of  Solomon  Wil- 
lard.  A  History  of  the  Bunker  Hill  Monument 
Association  has  been  written  by  G.  W.  Warren, 
1877.  See,  also,  A.  S.  Packard's  account  in  the 
Collections  of  the  Maine  Historical  Society,  vol.  iii. 

In  Fiction.  —  Dr.  O.  W.  Holmes,  in  his  Grand 
mother's  Story  of  Bunker  Hill  Battle,  rehearses 
the  events  of  the  day  in  verse ;  and  the  battle  is 
described  in  Cooper's  novel  of  Lionel  Lincoln. 

The  Siege  of  Boston,  June,  1775  —  March,  1776. 

The  siege  of  Boston  began  with  the  return  of 
the  British  troops  from  Concord  on  the  evening  of 
April  19,  1775 ;  and  Putnam  fortified  Prospect 


60  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

Hill  (now  Somerville)  immediately  after  tlie  bat 
tle  of  Bunker  Hill ;  and  after  Washington's  tak 
ing  the  command,  July  3,  1775,  the  work  of  com 
pleting  the  lines  about  the  town  was  begun. 

The  fullest  accounts  of  the  events  succeeding 
the  17th  of  June  will  be  found  in  Frothingham's 
Siege  of  Boston,  and  in  the  memorial  volume  of 
the  Centennial  Celebration,  printed  by  the  City  of 
Boston,  in  1876,  including  an  historical  address 
by  Geo.  E.  Ellis,  to  which  is  appended  a  chronicle 
of  the  siege  by  the  same  hand.  A  general  survey 
of  the  events  will  be  found  in  Bancroft's  United 
States,  vol.  viii. ;  and  Barry's  Massachusetts,  vol. 
iii. ;  in  Paige's  History  of  Cambridge ;  in  the  Me 
moirs  of  Gen.  Heath  ;  the  Memoirs  of  Gen.  Wil 
kinson  ;  Greene's  Life  of  Greene,  i.  88,  and  other 
accounts  of  the  Rhode  Island  troops  in  the  Rhode 
Island  Historical  Society's  Collections,  vi. 

Popular  accounts  can  be  followed  in  Dawson's 
Battles  of  the  United  States;  in  E.  E.  Hale's 
One  Hundred  Years  Ago ;  in  H.  E.  Scudder's 
paper  on  the  Siege  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly, 
April,  1876,  and  in  the  general  histories. 

Gordon,  vol.  ii.,  gives  details  from  diaries  of  the 
times ;  and  illustrative  matter  of  contemporary 
origin  is  given  in  Almon's  Remembrancer ;  in 
Force's  American  Archives ;  in  Moore's  Diary  of 
the  American  Revolution ;  in  the  Collections  of 
the  Essex  Institute,  vol.  iii. ;  in  the  diary  of  Gen 
eral  Heath  in  the  camps  at  Roxbury  and  Cam- 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  61 

bridge,  in  the  Proceedings,  May,  1859,  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  which  contains 
matter  not  in  his  Memoirs ;  and  the  accounts  in 
Niles's  Principles  and  Acts  of  the  Revolution. 
Cf.  also  F.  S.  Drake's  History  of  Roxbury. 

The  letters  of  Washington,  in  Sparks's  edition, 
vol.  iii.,  during  his  stay  at  Cambridge,  are  of  the 
utmost  importance,  as  are  those  of  Joseph  Reed, 
his  military  secretary.  The  Life  of  Reed  con 
tains  some  of  Washington's  letters  which  Sparks 
did  not  print ;  others  are  in  the  Rhode  Island  Co 
lonial  Records,  vii.  Consult  the  autobiography 
of  Col.  John  Trumbull,  who  was  at  this  time 
of  Washington's  military  family ;  the  Revolution 
ary  Services  of  Gen.  William  Hull,  ch.  2 ;  and 
the  Life  of  Dr.  John  Warren,  brother  of  General 
Joseph  Warren,  and  of  the  medical  staff.  A  jour 
nal  of  Knox's  expedition  in  Nov.  1775,  to  Ticon- 
deroga  to  get  cannon  for  conducting  the  siege  of 
Boston,  is  given  in  the  New  England  Historical 
and  Genealogical  Register,  July,  1876.  Drake's 
Life  of  Knox. 

Of  the  associations  of  Washington  with  his 
head-quarters  at  Cambridge,  see  Alexander  Mc- 
Kenzie's  article  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  July, 
1875  ;  and  Charles  Deane's  paper  in  the  Proceed 
ings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  Sept. 
1872, —  see  also  June,  1858.  In  the  Harvard 
Book  are  chapters  on  the  Old  President's  House, 
by  Chas.  Deane ;  on  the  Cragie  House,  by  George 


62  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

Dexter,  and  on  the  Washington  Elm,  by  Alex 
ander  McKenzie.  Cf.  T.  C.  Amory's  Old  and 
New  Cambridge.  In  this  connection  see  the 
Centennial  volume  published  by  the  City  of  Cam 
bridge,  1875,  which  includes  Rev.  Dr.  Peabody's 
oration  at  Cambridge,  July  3,  1875.  There  is 
a  poem,  Under  the  Great  Elm,  in  the  Atlantic 
Monthly,  Aug.  1875,  by  James  Russell  Lowell. 
A  letter  of  Washington  is  in  the  Magazine  of 
American  History,  Feb.  1879,  p.  113.  Much  con 
nected  with  the  Cambridge  centre,  and  the  left 
wing  can  be  learned  from  Drake's  Middlesex; 
and  for  the  whole  line,  from  Lossing's  Field-Book. 

The  Rules  and  Regulations  for  the  Massachu 
setts  army  were  published  by  order  at  Salem  in 
1775. 

Various  orderly  books,  contemporary  letters, 
and  diaries,  etc.,  have  been  printed,  covering  the 
American  camp  life,  and  the  experiences  of  the 
troops  and  prisoners  in  Boston :  — 

American  Camp.  —  Thacher's  Military  Journal, 
the  author  being  a  surgeon  in  the  forces  on  Pros 
pect  Hill,  and  in  Boston  after  the  evacuation. 
Dr.  Belknap's  diary,  Oct.  1775,  at  Cambridge,  in 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society,  June,  1858.  Paul  Lunt's  diary,  Cam 
bridge,  May  10  to  Dec.  23,  1775,  in  the  same, 
Feb.  1872.  Ezekiel  Price's  diary,  along  the 
American  lines,  in  the  same,  Nov.  1863.  Crafts's 
journal,  beginning  at  Cambridge,  June  15,  1775, 


1775.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  63 

in  Collections  of  the  Essex  Institute,  vol.  iii.  p. 
51.  The  letters  written  by  Abigail  Adams  to  her 
husband,  John  Adams.  A  MS.  orderly-book, 
Cambridge,  July  3  to  Sept.  21, 1775,  is  in  the  cab 
inet  of  the  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society.  Dan 
iel  McCurlin's  journal  in  Thomas  Balch's  Mary 
land  Line  during  the  Revolution.  David  How's 
diary,  a  soldier  in  Col.  Sargent's  regiment  of  the 
Massachusetts  line,  printed  with  notes  by  H.  B. 
Dawson,  New  York,  1865.  William  Henshaw's 
orderly-book,  April  to  Sept.  1775,  with  notes  by 
C.  C.  Smith,  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Massa 
chusetts  Historical  Society,  Oct.  1876,  and  re 
printed.  Glover's  orderly-book,  in  Collections  of 
the  Essex  Institute,  vol.  v.  p.  112.  Col.  Israel 
Hutchinson's  orderly-book,  Aug.  13,  1775  to  July 
8,  1776,  in  Proceedings  of  Massachusetts  Histori 
cal  Society,  Oct.  1878,  with  notes  by  C.  C.  Smith, 
and  an  introduction  by  Lucius  R.  Paige,  also 
printed  separately.  Jeremiah  Fogg's  orderly- 
book,  Winter  Hill,  Oct.  28,  1775  to  Jan.  12, 
1776,  is  preserved  in  Harvard  College  library. 
Major  William  Lee's  orderly-book  is  still  in  MS. 
in  the  cabinet  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society.  Aaron  Wright's  diary,  in  Boston  Tran 
script,  April  11,  1862.  A  Diary  in  the  Histori 
cal  Magazine,  Oct.  1864.  Letters  during  Oct. 
1775  of  William  Thompson  of  the  Pennsylvania 
line  in  Read's  Life  of  George  Read,  pp.  112, 
128.  For  the  camp  on  Winter  Hill  see  Amory's 
Sullivan,  p.  15. 


64  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775 

In  Boston.  —  The  Andrews  papers  in  the  Pro 
ceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 
July,  1865.  Letters,  which  had  been  used  by 
Frothinghain,  but  were  not  printed  in  full  till 
they  appeared  in  the  New  England  Historical  and 
Genealogical  Register,  April,  1857.  Letters  in 
the  American  Historical  Record,  Dec.  1872. 
Ne well's  diary  in  Boston,  in  the  Collections  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  4th  series,  vol.  i. 
Letters  during  the  occupation  of  Boston,  edited 
by  W.  P.  Upham,  in  the  Collections  of  the  Essex 
Institute,  vol.  xiii.,  July,  1876;  and  see  in  this 
connection  Mr.  Upham's  paper  on  the  occupation 
of  Boston,  in  the  Institute's  Bulletin,  March,  1876. 
Letters  written  from  Boston,  by  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Eliot,  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society,  Sept.  1878.  Letters  written 
from  Boston  to  Gardiner  Greene,  in  the  Proceed 
ings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  June, 
1873.  Samuel  Paine's  Letter,  Oct.  1775,  in  the 
New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Regis 
ter,  July,  1876.  John  Leach's  diary  during  his 
confinement  in  Boston  as  a  prisoner,  June  29  to 
Oct.  4,  1775,  in  the  same,  July,  1865,  —  also  see 
Oct.  1865.  Peter  Edes's  diary  during  his  con 
finement  in  Boston,  printed  at  Bangor,  1837. 
The  journal  of  a  British  officer  in  Boston,  edited 
by  R.  H.  Dana,  Jr.,  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly, 
April,  1877.  Fonblanque's  Life  of  Burgoyne, 
ch.  4.  Adjutant  Waller's  orderly-book,  with  the 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  65 

British  in  Boston,  never  printed,  in  the  cabinet 
of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society.  See 
their  Proceedings,  i.  481.  The  log-book  of  the 
British  ship  Preston,  in  Boston  Harbor,  April  to 
Sept.  1775,  in  the  Maine  Historical  Society's  Col 
lections,  Aug.  1860.  An  account  of  the  contribu 
tions  sent  by  the  Friends  in  Philadelphia  to  the 
sufferers  in  Boston  is  given  in  the  Pennsylvania 
Magazine  of  American  History,  i.  168. 

On  the  evacuation  in  March,  1776,  there  are 
letters  by  Eldad  Taylor,  in  the  New  England 
Historical  and  Genealogical  Register,  Juty,  1854 ; 
and  others  by  Edmund  Quincy,  in  the  Proceed 
ings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  April, 
1858.  Cf.  Force's  American  Archives,  4th  series, 
v.  and  vi. ;  Reed's  Joseph  Reed,  i.  ch.  8 ;  Hollis- 
ter's  Connecticut,  ch.  10.  Dawson  in  his  Battles 
gives  Howe's  dispatch  from  Nantasket  Roads, 
March  21,  1776,  and  Washington's  dispatch  of 
March  19,  1776.  Washington's  instructions  to 
Gen.  Ward  on  leaving  Boston  for  New  York,  are 
given  in  the  Heath  Papers,  Massachusetts  His 
torical  Society's  Collections,  5th  series,  iv.  4 ;  and 
p.  296  there  is  a  letter  of  John  Winthrop  to  John 
Adams,  after  the  evacuation. 

Landmarks  and  Memorials.  —  The  appearance 
of  Boston  at  this  time  can  be  judged  of  from  a 
plate  representing  the  landing  of  the  British 
troops  to  garrison  the  place  in  1768,  by  Paul 
Revere,  which  is  reproduced  in  Rand,  Avery  & 


66  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

Co.'s  Bunker  Hill  Centennial,  and  in  the  Boston 
Evacuation  Memorial,  1876.  There  is  a  view  of 
the  harbor  and  town  in  the  Pennsylvania  Maga 
zine,  June,  1773 ;  a  description  with  a  view  in 
the  Columbian  Magazine,  Dec.  1787  ;  and  one  of 
the  town  from  Breed's  Hill  in  the  Massachusetts 
Magazine,  June,  1791,  and  in  July,  1793,  a  large 
view  of  the  Old  State  House,  and  for  another  see 
Aug.  1791;  in  July,  1789,  one  of  the  Hancock 
House  ;  in  March,  1789,  one  of  Faneuil  Hall,  — 
all  showing  the  aspects  of  revolutionary  Boston. 
Several  of  these  are  reproduced  in  the  Boston 
Evacuation  Memorial.  A  view  showing  Dorches 
ter  Heights  is  in  the  number  for  Nov.  1790,  and 
another  of  Boston  from  those  heights  in  1774,  is 
copied  from  a  contemporary  English  print  in 
Lossing's  Field-Book,  i.  512 ;  a  view  of  Charles- 
town,  with  the  north  battery  in  Boston  in  the 
foreground,  engraved  by  Paul  Revere,  is  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  So 
ciety,  Oct.  1877. 

Descriptions  of  the  town  and  its  society  at  a 
little  later  date  will  be  found  in  the  letters  of  An- 
burey,  who  was  one  of  Burgoyne's  officers  quar 
tered  at  Cambridge  in  1777  ;  in  Abb£  Robin,  a 
chaplain  of  Rochambeau  in  1781,  whose  account 
is  quoted  by  Shurtleff,  and  translated  in  the  His 
torical  Magazine,  Aug.  1862  ;  and  in  Chastellux, 
1782,  vol.  ii.,  also  quoted  in  Shurtleff's  Descrip 
tion  of  Boston. 


1775.]          :r#£  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION. 

There  is  a  view  of  Gage's  lines  on  Boston 
in  Frothingham,  from  a  print  published  in  1777, 
and  a  plan  of  them  in  Force's  American  Archives, 
vol.  iii. ;  another  original  plan  is  reproduced  in 
the  Centennial  Graphic.  An  original  plan  of  the 
Neck  defenses  of  the  British,  made  within  the 
American  lines,  largely  from  information  of  a  de 
serter,  with  all  the  guns  marked,  their  calibre  and 
quantity  of  shot  given,  is  preserved  among  the 
Lee  papers  in  the  library  of  the  American  Philo 
sophical  Society  in  Philadelphia.  See  also  Penn 
sylvania  Magazine,  Aug.  1775,  for  Gage's  lines. 
A  plan  of  the  fort  erected  by  the  British  on 
Bunker  Hill  proper  is  given  in  Frothingharn's 
Siege,  from  one  published  in  London  in  1781. 
William  Carter's  Genuine  Detail  of  the  Several 
Engagements,  etc.,  London,  1784,  gives  a  plan  of 
these  works  at  the  time  of  their  evacuation. 

A  gold  medal  given  by  Congress  to  Washing 
ton  to  commemorate  the  Siege  of  Boston  is  pre 
served  in  the  Boston  Public  Library,  and  an  ac 
count  of  it  is  given  in  the  Boston  Evacuation 
Memorial,  1876.  See  also  Snowden's  Medals  of 
Washington  and  Loubat's  Medallic  History  of  the 
United  States.  Washington's  letter  to  Congress 
is  given  in  fac-simile  in  Force's  American  Ar 
chives,  4th  series,  v.  977. 

Fiction.  —  The  events  of  the  siege  are  worked 
into  the  story  of  Cooper's  Lionel  Lincoln,  and  of 
Scribe's  play  La  Bohemienne. 


68  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

Maps,  Plans,  etc.  —  Shurtleff,  in  his  Descrip 
tion  of  Boston,  ch.  6,  gives  a  section  to  the 
enumeration  of  maps  of  the  town  and  its  harbor, 
some  of  which  are  of  interest  in  understanding 
the  circuit  of  fortifications  erected  by  the  provin 
cial  forces  at  this  time.  The  best  for  ordinary 
consultation  is  the  eclectic  map  given  by  Froth- 
inghani  in  his  Siege  of  Boston,  p.  91.  See  also 
that  in  Force,  vol.  iii.,  and  the  military  maps  in 
Marshall's  Washington,  Sparks's  Washington,  re 
peated  in  the  Evacuation  Memorial,  and  repro 
duced  by  Guizot,  in  his  Washington ;  Carring- 
ton's  Battles  of  the  American  Revolution,  p.  155; 
Lossing's  Field-Book,  etc. 

For  contemporary  maps,  that  in  vol.  i.  of  Al- 
mon's  Remembrancer,  drawn  at  Boston  in  June, 
1775,  and  published  in  London,  Aug.  28,  1775, 
shows  for  the  field  of  battle  the  words  "  Breed's 
pasture,"  which  accords  with  the  belief  that  that 
eminence  was  not  known  as  Breed's  Hill  till  after 
the  battle.  It  is  not  otherwise  very  accurate. 

The  Gentleman's  Magazine,  Jan.  1775,  gave  a 
chart  of  the  town  and  harbor. 

The  Pennsylvania  Magazine,  July,  1775,  gave 
a  plan  of  Boston,  with  a  side-sketch  of  the  lines 
about  the  town,  which  has  been  reproduced  in 
Moore's  Ballad  History,  and  in  the  Centennial 
Memorials  of  Rand,  Avery  &  Co.,  of  George  A. 
Coolidge,  etc.  Col.  Trumbull,  in  his  autobi 
ography,  gave  a  map  of  the  lines  made  by  himself 


1775.1          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  69 

in  Sept.  1775.  A  plan  of  the  works  on  Winter 
Hill  is  among  the  Washington  maps  in  the  Sparks 
Collection. 

A  large  map  of  the  town,  with  surrounding 
country  and  harbor,  after  Samuel  Holland's  sur 
veys,  was  published  by  Des  Barres  in  London, 
Aug.  5,  1775.  It  shows  no  fortifications  except 
those  at  Copp's  Hill  and  on  the  Neck.  A  colored 
copy  of  this  is  in  the  Boston  Public  Library,  as  is 
also  a  French  map,  1780,  Carte  particuli^re  du 
Havre  de  Boston,  r^duite  de  la  carte  anglaise  de 
Des  Barres.  The  1775  plate  of  Des  Barres,  with 
out  change  of  date,  but  nevertheless  with  changes 
in  some  parts,  and  with  the  various  fortifications 
of  the  siege  delineated,  was  published  again  in 
1780-83  in  the  Atlantic  Neptune,  and  it  was 
from  Frothingham's  copy  of  this  that  the  repro 
duction  in  Shurtleff's  Description  of  Boston  was 
made  in  1870. 

Faden's  map  of  Boston,  with  the  intrenchments 
of  1775,  based  on  the  observations  of  Page  in 
1775,  was  published,  London,  Oct.  1,  1777,  and 
in  a  later  edition,  Oct.  1778,  and  it  has  been  fac 
similed  in  Frothingham's  Siege. 

Roman's  map  of  The  Seat  of  Civil  War  in 
America,  1775,  has  a  rude  view  of  the  lines  on 
Boston  Neck,  and  a  plan  of  Boston  and  its  envi 
rons. 

In  1776  there  was  published  by  Beaurain,  at 
Paris,  a  Carte  du  Porte  et  Havre  de  Boston, 


70  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

which  is  copied  from  a  British  plan,  and  has  in  a 
vignette  the  earliest  known  printed  representation 
of  the  Pine-tree  banner  (this  vignette  is  copied 
by  Frothingham,  who  calls  the  map  "curious  but 
not  correct").  There  is  also  a  German  edition 
of  the  same,  published  in  the  first  part  of  the 
Geographische  Belustigungen,  Leipsic,  1776,  by 
J.  C.  Muller,  "  von  dein  Cheval.  de  Beaurin  nach 
dem  Pariser  original  von  1776." 

Henry  Pelham's  map  of  Boston  and  environs, 
which  is  called  "  the  most  accurate  "  of  all,  was 
published  in  London,  June  2,  1777,  shows  the 
military  lines,  and  has  been  reproduced,  much  re 
duced,  in  Moore's  Diary  of  the  Revolution  and  in 
Drake's  Landmarks,  but  is  fac-similed  full  size  in 
the  Evacuation  Memorial  of  the  City  of  Boston, 
1876. 

In  1777  Faden  published  in  London  a  plan  of 
Boston  and  vicinity,  showing  the  "  Rebel  works," 
and  based  on  Page's  and  Montresor's  observa 
tions. 

The  Impartial  History  of  the  War  in  America, 
published  in  Boston,  1781-1785,  has  a  plan  of  Bos 
ton  with  Charlestown  (represented  in  flames)  and 
the  attack  on  Bunker  Hill.  The  engraving  is 
marked  "  J.  Norman,  So." 

The  earliest  of  the  eclectic  maps,  and  the  one 
followed  by  later  authorities  in  assigning  the  lo 
cation  of  the  military  lines,  was  that  given  by 
Gordon  in  his  History,  vol.  ii.,  who  took  Page's 
for  the  town,  and  Pelham's  for  the  country. 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  71 

The  contemporary  American  Atlas,  London, 
contains  various  maps  of  interest  in  this  connec 
tion,  namely :  Plan  of  Boston  and  vicinity,  made 
by  English  engineers,  Oct.  1775  (No.  16) ;  maps 
of  New  England  (Nos.  13  and  14),  and  small 
plans  of  Boston  (Nos.  13  and  15). 

See  Josiah  Quincy's  descriptions  of  a  map  of 
Boston  and  harbor,  1775,  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  May,  1860,  and 
other  accounts  in  the  Proceedings  for  1864,  pp. 
361,  474. 

Burning  of  Falmouth,  Maine,  October,  1775. 

Contemporary  accounts  are  given  in  the  Gen 
tleman's  Magazine,  London ;  in  the  Historical 
Magazine,  March,  1869 ;  in  Bailey's  letter  printed 
in  the  Maine  Historical  Society's  Collections,  vol. 
v.  p.  437.  See  also  Williamson's,  ii.  422,  and 
other  histories  of  Maine,  Willis's  Portland,  ch. 
19  and  App.  17  to  20,  Sparks's  Washington,  iii. 
App.,  and  the  New  England  Historical  and  Ge 
nealogical  Register,  July,  1873.  The  act  was 
disowned  by  the  British  government.  Stan 
hope's  England,  vi.  75,  and  Sparks's  Washington, 
iii.  520. 

A  plan  of  Falmouth  is  given  in  a  Boston  edition 
of  the  Impartial  History,  vol.  ii. ;  and  in  Smith 
and  Deane's  Journal  of  Portland,  showing  the 
burnt  section. 


72  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

The  Second  Continental  Congress,  1775. 

This  assembly  came  together  at  Philadelphia 
May  10th,  and  their  proceedings  are  given  in 
Journals  of  Congress,  ii. 

Illustrative  accounts  will  be  found  in  histories  of 
the  United  States,  by  Banqroft,  vii.  353,  viii.  25, 
51 ;  by  Grahame,  iv.  407  ;  by  Pitkin,  i.  ch.  9  ;  by 
Hildreth,  iii.  ch.  31 ;  in  Frothingham's  Rise  of  the 
Republic,  p.  419 ;  in  Thaddeus  Allen's  Origina 
tion  of  the  American  Union ;  in  histories  of  states, 
like  Barry's  Massachusetts,  Mulford's  New  Jer 
sey,  etc. ;  in  Gordon's  Revolution.  Documents 
are  in  Force's  Archives. 

Compare  the  lives  of  its  members,  etc.,  like 
those  of  Franklin  by  Sparks,  i.  393,  by  Bigelow 
and  by  Parton ;  of  Washington  by  Marshall, 
Sparks,  and  Irving ;  of  Samuel  Adams  by  Wells, 
ii.  ch.  37 ;  of  John  Adams  by  C.  F.  Adams,  i., 
with  Adams's  diary  in  vol.  ii.  p.  408 ;  of  Richard 
H.  Lee,  i.  140 ;  of  Schuyler  by  Lossing,  i.  316  ;  of 
Jefferson,  by  Randall,  i.  ch.  4,  and  by  Parton,  ch. 
19 ;  of  Jay  by  Jay ;  of  Rutledge  by  Flanders,  ch. 
8 ;  of  George  Read  by  Read,  p.  105. 

For  commentary  on  events  see  the  letters  of 
John  Adams  to  Abigail  Adams ;  the  letters  of 
Silas  Deane  in  the  Connecticut  Historical  Soci 
ety's  Collections,  ii.  129 ;  the  Diary  of  Christo 
pher  Marshall ;  Frothingham's  Rise  of  the  Re 
public,  ch.  ii. ;  and,  for  the  composition  of  parties, 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  73 

the  Life  of  John  Adams,  i.  212;  also  Magazine  of 
American  History,  April,  1878. 

John  Hancock  was  chosen  President  May  24th. 
For  the  character  of  Hancock,  not  favorably  drawn, 
see  Wells's  Samuel  Adams  ;  also  compare  Sander 
son's  Lives  of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  Loring's  Hundred  Boston  Orators, 
and  C.  W.  Upham's  Speech  in  the  Massachusetts 
Legislature,  March  17,  1859,  on  the  bill  for  pre 
serving  the  Hancock  House.  Sparks's  Washing 
ton,  iii.  37.  For  Hancock's  correspondence  as 
President  of  Congress,  see  Force's  American  Ar 
chives,  4th  series,  v.,  and  5th  series,  i.,  ii,,  and  iii. 
An  account  of  the  Hancock  Papers  in  the  cabinet 
of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society  is  given 
in  their  Proceedings,  i.  271. 

The  address  to  the  inhabitants  of  Great  Britain 
was  drafted  by  R.  H.  Lee.  Cf.  his  Life,  i.  143. 

For  action  on  the  nomination  of  Washington  to 
the  command  of  the  army,  see  Bancroft,  vii.  ch. 
37  ;  J.  C.  Hamilton's  Alexander  Hamilton,  i.  110 ; 
John  Adams's  Diary,  in  Works  ii.  415  ;  Frothing- 
ham's  Rise  of  the  Republic,  p.  430.  Cf.  also  C.  F. 
Adams's  paper  in  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society's  Proceedings,  June,  1858. 

The  petition  to  the  King,  which  was  adopted 
July  8th,  is  given  in  Force's  American  Archives, 
4th  series,  iv.  607. 

November  9th  an  agreement  to  keep  all  the 
proceedings  secret  was  signed  by  the  members, 


74  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

and  a  fac-simile  of  this  paper  is  given  in  Force's 
American  Archives,  4th  series,  iii.  1918. 

November  29th  Congress  established  a  Com 
mittee  of  Secret  Correspondence  for  keeping  up 
intercourse  with  sympathizers  in  Europe.  Cf.  C. 
W.  F.  Dumas's  letters  in  Diplomatic  Correspond 
ence,  ix. ;  and  Force's  American  Archives,  5th 
series,  ii.  and  iii.,  index^  under  Dumas  and  Secret. 

Political  Effects,  1775. 

Sabine  in  his  American  Loyalists,  i.  ch.  2,  3, 
and  4,  gives  the  condition  of  parties,  as  does 
Frothingham  in  his  Rise  of  the  Republic.  The 
effect  of  the  Lexington  fight  is  traced  in  the  gen 
eral  histories,  and  for  distant  responses  in  feeling 
see  Lossing's  Schuyler,  i.  307  ;  W.  B.  Stevens's 
Georgia,  ii.  100  ;  and  other  local  histories  and  bi 
ographies. 

In  Massachusetts,  Warren's  oration  on  the  an 
niversary  of  the  Massacre  in  March  shows  the 
strong  patriotic  impulses  of  the  time.  Cf.  Froth- 
ingham's  Warren,  ch.  13  ;  Magoon's  Orators  of 
the  Revolution  ;  Loring's  Hundred  Boston  Ora 
tors.  The  Provincial  Congress  met  at  Water- 
town,  in  February  (see  Force's  Archives,  4th 
series,  iii.,  for  proceedings,  and  Amory's  James 
Sullivan,  ch.  3),  and  President  Langdon's  ser 
mon  before  it  in  May  was  the  first  public  com 
memoration  of  the  Lexington  fight.  Cf.  Thorn 
ton's  Pulpit  of  the  Revolution. 


1776.J          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  75 

The  Proceedings  of  the  New  York  Provincial 
Congress  are  also  given  in  Force ;  but  compare 
J.  C.  Hamilton's  Republic  of  the  United  States, 
i.  ch.  3  ;  and  the  letters  of  Joseph  Reed  in  his 
Life  by  W.  B.  Reed,  i.  93. 

As  indicative  of  Southern  feeling,  see  the  prog 
ress  of  events  in  Virginia  as  given  in  Girardin's 
continuation  of  Burk's  Virginia,  written  with  the 
cognizance  of  Jefferson  ;  'Rives's  Madison,  i.  ch. 
4 ;  and  Wirt's  Patrick  Henry,  which  shows  the 
somewhat  exuberant  pride  of  an  ardent  Virginian. 
Cf.  also  under  Dunmore  and  Virginia  in  the  index 
of  Force's  American  Archives,  4th  series,  iii.-vi. 

Late  in  the  year  the  feelings  engendered  by  the 
refusal  of  the  King  to  recognize  the  petitions  of 
Congress,  and  the  burning  of  Falmouth,  wrought 
changes  which  are  depicted  in  Frothingham's  Rise 
of  the  Republic,  p.  447,  and  in  Wells's  Samuel 
Adams. 

Relations  with  the  Indians,  1768-1776. 

In  1768  a  treaty  had  been  made  at  Fort  Stan- 
wix,  defining  the  line  between  the  settlements  and 
the  Indian  territory.  Accounts,  with  map,  may 
be  found  in  the  Documentary  History  of  New 
York,  i.  587 ;  in  Documents  relative  to  the  Colo 
nial  History  of  New  York,  viii.  136.  A  map  of 
1771,  showing  the  country  of  the  Six  Nations,  is  in 
the  Documentary  History  of  New  York,  iv.  661. 

In  April,  1775,  the  Provincial  Congress  of  Mas- 


76  READER'S  'HANDBOOK  OF  [1768- 

sachusetts  had  sought  to  establish  friendly  rela 
tions  with  the  Indians  of  the  Mohawk  Valley. 
Stone's  Life  of  Brant,  i.  55.  Amory's  Life  of 
James  Sullivan,  p.  48,  gives  the  letter  to  the  Indi 
ans  to  induce  enlistments  under  an  order  of  the 
Provincial  Congress,  May  12,  1775.  In  May  and 
June  Congress  had  passed  orders  for  the  employ 
ment  of  Indians  in  certain  ways.  Secret  Journals, 
i.  44—46.  Adolphus  thinks  that  Ramsay  (ii.  ch. 
18)  gives  a  candid  account  of  the  efforts  made  by 
both  sides  to  secure  the  assistance  of  the  Indians. 
Cf.  Stone's  Life  of  Brant,  ch.  9.  Sparks  (Wash 
ington,  iii.  494)  thinks  the  Americans  equally  cul 
pable  in  intentions,  though  in  effect  the  British 
caused  most  misery  to  ensue  from  the  policy.  See 
also  v.  274. 

Congress  also  arranged  (Journals,  1775,  p.  162) 
for  commissioners  to  meet  the  chiefs  of  the  Six 
Nations,  to  fix,  by  treaty,  their  neutrality.  They 
met  at  German  Flats  Aug.  15th.  Cf.  Force's  Ar 
chives,  4th  series,  iii.  473,  and  5th  series,  i. ;  Mas 
sachusetts  Historical  Society's  Collections,  3d  se 
ries,  v.  75  ;  Colonial  History  of  New  York,  viii. 
605.  A  loyalist's  view  is  given  in  Jones's  New 
York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  i.  71. 

This  was  followed  by  a  conference  at  Albany. 
Cf.  Lossing's  Schuyler,  i.  ch.  22. 

Force's  American  Archives  contain  many  docu 
ments.  Cf.  4th  series,  iv.,  under  Indians  and  Six 
Nations  in  the  index  ;  v.,  under  Indians  ;  vi.,  un- 


1776.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  77 

der  Six  Nations  and  Indians ;  5th  series,  i.  and  ii., 
under  Indians. 

Sir  John  Johnson's  leaguing  with  the  Indians 
against  the  Americans  is  set  forth  in  Force,  4th 
series,  vi. ;  5th  series,  ii.  and  iii. ;  and  in  Lossing's 
Schuyler,  i. 

In  January,  1776,  Schuyler  led  an  expedition  to 
Johnstown  to  disarm  the  tories  and  intimidate  the 
Indians.  Cf.  Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii.  ch.  1 ;  Dun- 
lap's  New  York,  ii.  ch.  2 ;  Stone's  Life  of  Brant, 
i. ;  Documents  relative  to  the  Colonial  History  of 
New  York,  viii. ;  and  a  tory  view  in  Jones's  New 
York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  i.  71,  578,  583. 
Accounts  of  Indian  and  tory  alliances  in  Central 
New  York  are  given  in  Simms's  Schoharie  County 
and  in  Campbell's  Tryon  County. 

Accounts  of  the  expedition  against  the  Chero- 
kees  beyond  the  Blue  Ridge  are  given  in  a  paper 
by  D.  L.  Swain  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  Nov. 
1867 ;  in  the  Chapel  Hill  University  Magazine, 
May,  1852 ;  and  in  a  journal  in  the  Historical 
Magazine,  Oct.  1867. 

Loyalists. 

The  chief  contemporary  authorities  for  the  con 
dition  and  vicissitudes  of  the  loyalists  are  these  :  — 

New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  by  Judge 
Jones  of  Long  Island,  who  was  at  one  time  a 
prisoner  in  Connecticut,  and  who  wrote  his  history 
in  England,  just  after  the  close  of  the  war.  He  is 


78  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

equally  severe,  both  upon  the  British  Ministry, 
their  generals,  and  upon  the  Congress  and  its 
generals.  The  MS.  was  printed  for  the  first  time 
/  in  1879,  edited  by  De  Lancey,  and  issued  by  the 
New  York  Historical  Society. 

The  posthumous  volume  of  Hutchinson's  His 
tory  of  Massachusett's  Bay. 

The  examination  of  Joseph  Galloway  before  the 
House  of  Commons  was  printed,  and  has  been 
edited  by  Thomas  Balch  for  the  Seventy-Six  So 
ciety. 

^The  Life  of  Peter  van  Schaack  has  been  writ 
ten  by  H.  C.  van  Schaack. 

Curwen's  Journal  is  that  of  a  refugee  in  Eng 
land,  1775-1784,  recording  current  news  and  pass 
ing  judgment  on  it,  and  there  are  reviews  of  it  in 
the  Southern  Review,  July,  1843 ;  North  Ameri 
can  Review,  Jan.  1843,  and  Oct.  1844. 

Much  of  contemporary  record  will  be  found  by 
the  index  under  Disaffected  or  Suspected  persons 
and  Tories,  in  Force's  American  Archives,  4th  se 
ries,  iv.,  v.,  and  vi. ;  5th  series,  i.,  ii.,  and  iii. 

The  most  important  of  later  works  is  Sabine's 
American  Loyalists,  which  has  an  historical  intro 
duction,  and  consists  of  an  alphabetical  list  of 
such  persons,  with  brief  accounts  of  them  indi 
vidually.  It  was  reviewed  by  C.  C.  Smith  in  the 
North  American  Review,  xcix.  Winthrop  Sar 
gent  made  a  collection  of  Loyalist  Poetry.  Long 
Island  was  a  stronghold  of  this  class,  and  there 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  79 

is  illustrative  matter  in  the  histories  of  Long 
Island  by  SilaarWood,  1826 ;  by  B.  T.  Thomp- 
son,  1843 ;  by  N.  S.  Prime,  1845  ;  and  in  Onder- 
donk's  Queens  and  Suffolk  County.  Sabine  in 
ch.  8  of  his  introduction  gives  an  account  of  the 
loyalists  in  arms,  and  Sparks's  Washington,  iv. 
519,  has  a  note  on  their  service  in  the  British 
army.  See  also  Massachusetts  Historical  Society's 
Proceedings,  1878  ;  Ellis's  Life  of  Count  Rum- 
ford,  p.  112  ;  Huntington's  Stamford,  Connecticut, 
ch.  17  ;  and  other  local  histories. 

Capture  of  Ticonderoga,  May  10,  1775. 

This  expedition,  planned  in  Connecticut  (J.  H. 
Trumbull's  paper  in  the  Hartford  Daily  Courant, 
Jan.  9,  1869,  subsequently  privately  reprinted ; 
the  documents,  including  the  diary  of  Mott,  edited 
by  Trumbull  in  the  Connecticut  Historical  Collec 
tions,  i.  163,  and  Mott's  letter  to  the  Provincial 
Congress  of  Massachusetts,  printed  in  their  jour 
nal,  with  other  papers),  was  strengthened  in 
Berkshire  (Holland's  Western  Massachusetts ; 
Barry's  Massachusetts ;  Smith's  History  of  Pitts- 
field,  i.  ch.  12),  and  at  Bennington  was  joined  by 
Ethan  Allen  and  his  Green  Mountain  Boys,  and 
the  whole  placed  under  Allen's  command. 

Meanwhile  Benedict  Arnold,  with  a  commis 
sion  from  Massachusetts,  went  to  Berkshire  to 
raise  a  force  for  the  same  purpose,  but  finding  the 
other  expedition  afoot,  joined  it,  and  after  some 


80  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775- 

dispute  about  the  command,  went  on  as  a  volun 
teer.  Lossing's  Schuyler,  i.  310;  De  Laucey's 
notes  to  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,  i.  546,  for  Allen's  commission,  and  a  letter, 
May  14th ;  Force's  American  Archives,  4th  series, 
iii. 

Details  of  the  capture  and  of  events  closely  fol 
lowing  will  be  found  in  the  following  works :  — 

Sparks's  Life  of  Benedict  Arnold.  Schuyler's 
letters  in  Sparks's  Correspondence  of  the  Ameri 
can  Revolution.  Sparks's  Life  of  Gouverneur  Mor 
ris,  i.  ch.  4.  The  Lives  of  Ethan  Allen  by  Sparks 
and  Hugh  Moore,  with  De  Puy's  Ethan  Allen  and 
the  Green  Mountain  Heroes.  Lossing's  Life  of 
Schuyler,  i.  311 ;  his  Field-Book,  and  his  article 
in  Harper's  Monthly,  vol.  xvii.  Irving's  Wash 
ington.  Historical  Magazine,  Feb.  1869,  p.  126. 
Watson's  Essex  County,  N.  Y.,  ch.  9.  Palmer's 
Lake  Champlain,  ch.  6.  De  Costa  in  the  Galaxy, 
Dec.  1868,  and  his  Fort  George,  with  Hiland 
Hall's  pamphlet  in  reply  to  De  Costa,  Montpelier, 
1869.  Hollister's  History  of  Connecticut,  ii.  ch. 
7.  Connecticut  Historical  Collections,  vol.  i. 
Elmer's  journal  of  the  Expedition,  in  the  New 
Jersey  Historical  Society's  Proceedings,  ii.  and  iii. 
Force's  American  Archives,  ii.  Beman's  ques 
tionable  account  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  May, 
1868 ;  and  Col.  Caldwell's  narrative  in  the  num 
ber  for  Aug.  1867.  L.  E.  Chittenden's  address, 
1872,  at  the  unveiling  of  Allen's  statue  at  Bur 
lington,  Vt.,  July  4,  1873. 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  81 

A  loyalist  view  of  these  transactions  is  given 
in  Judge  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,  i.  47. 

A  plan  of  Ticonderoga,  with  its  dependencies, 
is  given  in  John  Trumbull's  Memoirs,  p.  33.  For 
the  ruins  of  the  fort  see  Harper's  Monthly,  vii. 
170,  and  Lossing's  Field-Book. 

Allen  figures  in  Thompson's  Green  Mountain 
Boys,  a  fiction. 

The  Advance  into  Canada,  1775. 

Washington  in  New  York,  June  25th,  intrusted 
Schuyler  with  the  command  in  the  North.  Los- 
sing's  Schuyler,  i.  330.  Notes  of  the  preparations 
Schuyler  made  are  in  Jones's  New  York  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  p.  58. 

Congress  put  forth  an  Address  to  the  Canadi 
ans.  Journals  of  Congress,  and  Pitkin's  United 
States,  i.  App.  19. 

The  movements  of  Benedict  Arnold  and  Ethan 
Allen,  and  the  action  of  Connecticut  in  dispatch 
ing  more  troops  (Lives  of  Arnold,  Allen,  Gov. 
Trumbull ;  Hollister's  Connecticut,  Lossing's 
Schuyler),  took  place  before  Schuyler  reached 
Ticonderoga,  July  18th,  after  which  events  can  be 
followed  in  Lossing's  Schuyler,  i.  ch.  21 ;  Pal 
mer's  Lake  Champlain,  ch.  6 ;  Irving's  Washing 
ton,  ii. 

A  Journal  by  Gen.  Irvine,  beginning  in  May, 
is  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  April,  1862;  a 


82  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

plan  of  cooperation  in  the  New  York  State  Calen 
dar,  i. 

Schuyler  and  Montgomery  pushed  to  the  foot 
of  Lake  Champlain  in  Sept.  Lossing's  Schuyler, 
i.  ch.  23.  Montgomery,  Sept.  18th,  advanced  to 
the  siege  of  St.  John's. 

Meanwhile  Ethan  Allen,  instead  of  joining 
Montgomery,  started  to  capture  Montreal  by  a 
surprise,  but  was  himself  taken  prisoner  Sept. 
25th.  Moore's  Diary  of  the  American  Revolu 
tion,  pp.  152—159;  Allen's  Narrative  of  his  Cap 
tivity;  Lossing  in  Harper's  Monthly,  xvii.  721. 

The  juncture  of  Gen.  Wooster  and  his  Connect 
icut  troops  with  the  invading  army  perplexed 
Schuyler  with  the  question  of  Wooster's  rank 
ing  officers  already  in  the  field.  Cf.  Lossing's 
Schuyler  and  Hollister's  Connecticut.  Much 
about  the  proceedings  of  Wooster  in  Canada  will 
be  found  in  Force's  American  Archives,  4th  series, 
iv.,  v.,  vi. ;  5th  series,  i. 

St.  John's  surrendered  to  Montgomery  Nov. 
2d.  Lossing's  Schuyler,  i.  444 ;  Sargent's  Major 
Andre*,  p.  79 ;  Armstrong's  Life  of  Montgomery. 

The  Advance  by  the  Kennebec,  September,  1775. 

Arnold,  having  returned  to  Cambridge,  was 
put  in  command  of  a  force,  and  Washington  in 
structed  him  (Sparks's  Washington,  iii.  86)  to 
proceed  by  the  Kennebec  valley,  and  effect  a  junc 
tion  with  Montgomery  before  Quebec.  Arnold's 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  83 

reports  to  Washington  are  in  Sparks's  Correspond 
ence  of  the  Revolution,  i. 

Accounts  are  given  in  Lossing's  Field-Book  of 
the  Revolution,  i. ;  his  Schuyler,  i.  ch.  26  ;  Ban 
croft,  viii. ;  Sparks's  Arnold,  ch.  3  and  4 ;  Que 
bec  Literary  and  Historical  Society's  Transactions, 
1871-1872,  1872-1873,  1876-1877;  Historical 
Magazine,  ii.  ;  New  England  Historical  and 
Genealogical  Register,  April,  1857 ;  Graham's 
Life  of  Gen.  Morgan,  ch.  4  ;  Potter's  American 
Monthly,  Dec.  1875. 

The  following  journals  of  this  march  and  the 
sequel  have  been  printed :  — 

Melvin's,  separately,  and  in  part  in  the  Appen 
dix  to  Parton's  Aaron  Burr.  Henry's,  1812,  also 
reprinted  in  1877.  Ware's,  in  the  New  England 
Historical  and  Genealogical  Register,  April,  1852. 
Allen's,  in  the  Maine  Historical  Society's  Collec 
tions,  1831,  pp.  341,  387,  where  are  given  Ar 
nold's  letters  and  Montresor's  journal  of  the  sur 
vey  of  the  route  in  1760,  which  suggested  this 
present  expedition.  Meigs's,  separately,  and  in 
the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society's  Collections, 
2d  series,  vol.  ii.  See  Jones's  account  of  Meigs  in 
his  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  i.  180, 
and  the  correction  in  note,  p.  668.  Senter's,  in 
Bulletin  No.  1,  1845-1847,  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Historical  Society.  Thayer's,  in  E.  M.  Stone's  In 
vasion  of  Canada  in  1775,  privately  printed  with 
introduction  and  notes,  Providence,  1867.  This 


84  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

book  contains  a  full  bibliography  of  the  subject. 
The  volume  makes  part  of  the  Rhode  Island  His 
torical  Collections,  vi.  See  B.  Cowell's  Spirit  of 
Seventy-Six  in  Rhode  Island.  A  contemporary 
map  of  the  Kennebec  region  is  given  in  the  At 
lantic  Neptune. 

Montreal  and  Quebec,  November  and  December,  1775. 

Montgomery  reached  Montreal  Nov.  12th,  and 
sent  a  letter  to  the  inhabitants,  which  is  fac-similed 
in  Force's  American  Archives,  4th  series,  iii.  1596  ; 
and  another  for  the  surrender,  v.  312.  Mont 
gomery's  letters  to  Schuyler  as  the  campaign 
went  on  are  given  in  Sparks's  Correspondence  of 
the  Revolution,  i.  App.,  and  in  the  same  volume 
are  Schuyler's  letters  to  Washington,  repeating 
the  intelligence.  The  diligence  and  cooperation 
of  Schuyler  is  shown  in  Lossing's  Life  of  Schuyler, 
and  in  Force's  American  Archives,  4th  series,  iii. 
and  iv.  and  subsequent  volumes,  index. 

Arnold  crossed  the  St.  Lawrence  on  Nov.  13th, 
and  finally  retired  up  the  river  to  await  Mont 
gomery.  The  two,  joining,  advanced  to  Quebec 
Dec.  5th  ;  and  on  the  30th  attempted  to  carry  the 
place  by  storm.  Cf.  Force's  American  Archives, 
4th  series,  iv.,  v.,  vi.  ;  Remembrancer,  ii.  368  ; 
Documents  relative  to  the  Colonial  History  of 
New  York,  viii.  663;  Lossing's  Schuyler,  i.  ch. 
28,  29  ;  Leake's  Life  of  Gen.  Lamb,  ch.  7  and  8 ; 
Bancroft's  United  States,  viii.  ch.  52-54 ;  Irving's 
Washington,  ii.  ch.  12  and  13. 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  85 

For  the  death  of  Montgomery,  see  Moore's 
Diary  of  the  American  Revolution,  i.  185  ;  Force's 
Archives,  4th  series,  iv.,  index;  Marshall's  Wash 
ington,  i.  329 ;  Read's  Life  of  George  Read,  p.  141; 
Bisset's  George  the  Third,  i.  ch.  15  ;  Armstrong's 
Life  of  Montgomery ;  Geo.  W.  Cullum's  Sketch 
of  Montgomery,  1876  ;  Wm.  Smith's  oration  be 
fore  Congress,  Feb.  19,  1776  ;  Miss  L.  L.  Hunt's 
Notes  on  Montgomery ;  Historical  Magazine,  Nov. 
1873.  An  account  of  the  sword  taken  from  his 
body  is  given  in  the  Living  Age,  No.  1017,  p.  428. 

Arnold's  letter  describing  the  attack  is  in 
Sparks's  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  i.  116. 
Force,  4th  series,  v.  and  vi.,  gives  reference  under 
Arnold  in  the  index.  For  other  accounts  of  these 
events,  see  the  letters  in  the  Appendix  of  Sparks's 
Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  i. ;  Sparks's 
Life  of  Arnold ;  Lossing  on  Arnold  in  Harper's 
Monthly,  xxiii.  721 ;  Ramsay's  American  Revo 
lution,  where  the  insubordinate  spirit  of  the 
Americans  is  emphasized;  Irving's  Washington, 
ii.  ch.  8  and  23  ;  Graham's  Life  of  Morgan,  ch.  5  ; 
Dawson's  Battles  of  the  United  States,  ch.  7  ; 
Carrington's  Battles  of  the  Revolution,  ch.  20- 
21  ;  Hollister's  History  of  Connecticut,  ii.  ch.  9 ; 
Garneau's  Histoire  du  Canada,  and  Bell's  trans 
lation  of  the  same,  iii. 

A  journal  of  Col.  Ritzema  is  in  the  Magazine  of 
American  History,  Feb.  1877.  A  paper  on  Que 
bec,  by  Lossing,  is  in  Harper's  Monthly,  xviii.  176. 


86  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

Gen.  Carleton  had  arrived  in  Canada  in  Sept. 
1774,  and  his  movements  in  contesting  the  Ameri 
can  advance  can  be  followed  in  Force's  Archives. 
His  account  of  the  repulse  of  Montgomery  and 
Arnold,  as  gazetted  in  London,  is  given  in  the 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  June,  1776. 

See,  further,  Stedman's  American  War,  ch.  2 
and  10  ;  Andrews's  Late  War,  ch.  19  and  20  ; 
Annual  Register,  xix.  ch.  1  and  5,  and  xx.  ch.  1 ; 
a  Journal  of  the  Siege,  London,  1824,  with  notes  by 
W.  T.  P.  Short ;  histories  of  England,  by  Adol- 
phus,  ii.  237,  and  Stanhope,  vi.  76. 

There  are  deposited  with  the  Literary  and  His 
torical  Society  of  Quebec  the  following  MS. :  — 

1.  Le  te'moin  oculaire  de  la  guerre  des  Baston- 
nais  durant   les   ann£es   1775   et   1776,   par   M. 
Simon  Sanguinet. 

2.  Journal  con  tenant  le  re*cit  de  1'  invasion  du 
Canada   en   1775-1776,  redige    par  M.  Jean   B. 
Badeaux,  printed  in  their  Historical  Documents, 
3d  series. 

3.  Journal   of   the   siege  of    Quebec,   kept   by 
Hugh  Finlay,  printed  in  their  Historical   Docu 
ments,  4th  series. 

4.  Journal  tenu  pendant  le   sie"ge  du  fort  St. 
Jean  en  1776  par  M.  Antoine  Foucher. 

5.  Letter  from  Col.  Henry  Caldwell,  15  June, 
1776,  on  the  Siege  of  Quebec,  1775-1776. 

Maps  and  Plans.  —  Contemporary  maps  of 
Canada  are  in  the  American  Atlas,  Carver's  map, 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  87 

with  plan  of  Quebec,  No.  4  ;  and  in  Hilliard 
d'Auberteuil's  Essais  historiques,  1782.  Carver's 
map  was  reengraved  in  Paris,  1777. 

Plans  of  the  attack  on  Quebec  are  in  Stone's 
Invasion  of  Canada ;  in  Lamb's  Life  and  Times, 
by  Leake ;  in  the  Atlas  to  Marshall's  Washing 
ton  ;  in  Carrington's  Battles.  A  manuscript  plan, 
by  a  British  officer,  is  in  the  Faden  Collection  in 
the  Library  of  Congress,  and  a  plan  engraved  by 
Faden  was  published  in  London.  Another  plan 
is  in  the  Sparks  Collection  in  Harvard  College 
Library. 

Commission  to  Canada,  Spring  of  1776. 

Franklin,  Samuel  Chase,  Charles  Carroll,  and 
the  Rev.  John  Carroll  were  sent  by  Congress  to 
secure,  if  possible,  the  sympathy  of  the  Canadians. 
See  Lives  of  Franklin  by  Sparks,  Parton,  and 
Bigelow.  Charles  Carroll's  Diary  is  given  in  the 
Maryland  Historical  Society's  Transactions,  i. 
Sparks's  Washington,  iii.  390.  Sparks's  Corre 
spondence  of  the  American  Revolution,  i.  App. 
Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii.  Their  instructions  are  in 
the  Journals  of  Congress,  1776,  p.  100.  Cf. 
papers  in  Force's  Archives,  4th  series,  iv.  and  v. 

Beginnings  of  the  Navy. 

Most  of  the  early  documentary  evidence  will  be 
found  in  the  several  volumes  of  Force's  American 
Archives,  under  the  index  heads  of  Armed  Ves- 


88  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1775. 

sels,  Biddle,  Fleet,  Hopkins,  Jones  (Paul),  Man- 
ley,  Massachusetts  Armed  Vessels,  Marine  Com 
mittee,  Navy,  Privateers,  Prizes,  Row  Galleys, 
Seamen,  Vessels. 

Sabine's  Report  on  the  Fisheries  of  the  United 
States,  p.  198,  represents  the  fisheries  as  a  school 
for  the  navy.  Cf.  Babson's  Gloucester. 

John  Adams  (Works,  iii.  7)  names  the  proceed 
ings  in  Congress,  Nov.  25,  1775,  as  "the  true 
origin  and  formation  of  the  American  navy."  Cf. 
Journals  of  Congress.  The  Act  of  Massachusetts 
authorizing  the  fitting  out  of  armed  vessels  will  be 
found  in  the  Provincial  laws,  and  in  the  Gentle 
man's  Magazine,  Jan.  1776.  See  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society's  Proceedings,  Jan.  1809,  p. 
203,  and  Austin's  Gerry,  ch.  9. 

The  most  considerable  of  the  histories  of  the 
navy  is  Cooper's.  Consult  also  the  lives  of  the 
early  naval  heroes,  like  H.  T.  Tuckerman's  Life 
of  Talbot ;  Mary  Barney's  Memoirs  of  Com. 
Barney ;  Life  of  Capt.  Manly ;  Sheppard's  Life 
of  Samuel  Tucker,  etc. 

Incidental  accounts  of  the  early  naval  operations 
will  be  found  in  Sparks's  Washington,  iii.  App. 
516 ;  Arnold's  Rhode  Island,  ii.  351,  363,  369, 
etc.  ;  Letters  in  the  Revolutionary  Correspond 
ence,  Rhode  Island  Historical  Collections,  vi. ; 
Gammel's  Life  of  Samuel  Ward  ;  Stevens's  His 
tory  of  Georgia,  ii.  134,  and  the  histories  of  Mas 
sachusetts.  Particulars  of  private  armed  ships  are 


1775.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  89 

given  in  Lossing's  Field-Book,  i.  ;  Caulkin's  New 
London  ;  Mrs.  E.  V.  Smith's  History  of  New- 
buryport ;  Felt's  Annals  of  Salem;  life  of  E.  H. 
Derby  in  Hunt's  American  Merchants,  ii. 

Com.  Hopkins's  likeness  is  more  common  in  con- 
temporary  engravings  than  those  of  the  other  of 
ficers.  A  portrait  of  him  engraved  in  1776  is  re 
produced  in  Preble's  History  of  the  Flag  of  the 
United  States.  Cf.  An  Important  History  of  the 
War,  London,  1780 ;  Geschichte  der  Kriege  in 
und  aus  Europa,  Nuremberg,  1776. 

Maps  of  the  coast  are  given  in  the  Atlantic 
Neptune. 

Ithiel  Town's  Particular  Services,  etc.,  gives 
the  journal  of  a  British  naval  officer. 


90  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1776. 


EVENTS  OF  1776. 

The  Retreat  from  Canada. 

ARNOLD  continued  for  a  while  before  Quebec, 
and  was  joined  by  Wooster,  from  Montreal,  April 
1st,  who  took  command,  while  Arnold  retired  to 
Montreal.  Cf.  Force's  Archives,  5th  series,  i.  ; 
Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii.  ch.  1  and  2 ;  Read's  Life  of 
George  Read,  150. 

Gen.  Thomas  had  been  appointed  to  the  com 
mand  in  Canada,  and  reached  the  camp  before 
Quebec  May  1st,  but  a  British  fleet  with  rein 
forcements  arriving,  Carleton  attacked  the  Ameri 
can  camp,  and  Thomas  began  his  retreat.  Los- 
sing's  Schuyler,  ii.  60 ;  Force's  American  Archives, 
4th  series,  iv.,  vi. ;  5th,  i.  ;  Bancroft's  United 
States,  viii.  ch.  67;  Irving's  Washington,  ii.  ch. 
20,  22. 

Carleton's  account  of  the  retreat  is  in  the  Gen 
tleman's  Magazine,  July,  1776.  Burgoyne  with 
the  Brunswick  troops  reached  Quebec  in  June. 
Cf.  Fonblanque's  Burgoyne,  p.  211. 

Subsequent  events  are  best  followed  in  Lossing's 
Schuyler  and  Stone's  Life  of  Brant,  i.  154 ;  with 
illustrative  documents,  particularly  for  the  affair 
at  the  Cedars,  in  Force,  4th  series,  vi.,  and  5th 
series,  i. 


1776.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  91 

Gen.  Thomas  having  retreated  to  Chamblde, 
died  there  June  2d,  and  was  succeeded  by  Sulli 
van.  Cf.  Amory's  Sullivan ;  Lossing's  Schuy 
ler,  ii. 

For  the  failure  of  Gen.  Thompson  at  Three 
Kivers  in  June,  see  Force's  Archives,  4th  series, 
vi. ;  Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii.  85 ;  Read's  George 
Read,  p.  155  ;  Marshall's  Washington,  ii.  362. 

In  July  Sullivan  had  reached  Crown  Point. 
Cf.  Force,  4th  series,  vi.,  and  5th,  i.  and  ii. 

In  general  on  the  campaign,  see  Schuyler's, 
Sullivan's,  and  Arnold's  letters  on  the  retreat  in 
Sparks's  Correspondence  of  the  American  Revolu 
tion,  i. ;  Watson's  Essex  County,  ch.  10  ;  Dunlap's 
New  York,  ii.  ch.  1,  4 ;  Mrs.  Bonney's  Historical 
Gleanings,  i.  ;  Marshall's  Washington,  ii.  ch.  5  ; 
Irving's  Washington,  ii.  ch.  23 ;  Davis's  Life  of 
Burr,  i.  ;  Sparks's  Life  of  Arnold ;  Smith's  His 
tory  of  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  i.  ch.  15  ;  Temple  and 
Sheldon's  History  of  Northfield,  Mass. ;  and  other 
local  histories. 

In  July  Gates  was  sent  to  command  the  troops 
"  in  Canada,"  and  as  the  retreat  had  brought  the 
forces  into  New  York  State,  there  arose  a  question 
of  command  between  him  and  Schuyler.  Cf. 
Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii.  ;  Life  of  Gates;  Force's 
Archives,  4th  series,  vi.,  5th  series,  i.,  ii.,  iii. 


92  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1776. 

The  Campaign  for  the  Hudson,  1776. 

The  Americans  had  early  been  warned  of  the 
British  plan  to  secure  the  line  of  the  Hudson  and 
Lake  Champlain.  Journal  of  Provincial  Congress 
of  New  York,  p.  172  ;  Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii.  16. 

As  early  as  Sept.  1775,  plans  of  intended  forti 
fications  in  the  river  passes  had  been  made. 
Force's  American  Archives,  4th  series,  iii.  735. 
Washington  had  intrusted  an  examination  of 
plans  to  Stirling.  Force,  vi.  672 ;  Boynton's  West 
Point,  p.  29.  Many  documents  can  be  found  re 
ferred  to  under  Highlands  and  Hudson  River  in 
the  index  of  Force,  4th  series,  iv.,  and  subsequent 
volumes.  See  also  for  the  efforts  at  different 
times  to  place  obstructions  in  the  river,  Lossing's 
Schuyler,  ii.  150  ;  Boynton's  West  Point,  ch.  i.  ; 
and  Ruttenber's  Obstructions  of  the  Hudson 
River. 

There  is  an  account  of  the  attempts  to  destroy 
the  British  frigates  threatening  the  ascent  in 
July,  1776,  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  1866, 
supplement,  p.  84. 

Washington,  after  the  evacuation  of  Boston, 
had  suspected  that  New  York  would  be  the  next 
point  of  attack,  and  sent  Putnam  ahead  to  take 
the  command  there,  with  instructions,  given  in 
Sparks's  Washington,  iii.  337.  Putnam  reached 
New  York  April  2d.  For  the  period  of  his  con 
trol,  before  the  arrival  of  Washington,  see  Force, 


1776.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  98 

4th  series,  v.,  index;  the  Lives  of  Putnam; 
Heath's  Memoirs,  44 ;  Sparks's  Gouverneur  Mor 
ris,  i.  ch.  5;  Histories  of  New  York;  Almon's 
Remembrancer. 

Jones  (New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  i. 
ch.  6,  and  notes)  depicts  the  trials  of  the  tories. 

Washington  arrived  April  13th.  Cf.  living's 
Washington,  ii.  ch.  24  ;  Quincy's  Journals  of  S. 
Shaw  ;  Joseph  Reed's  letters  during  the  summer, 
in  Reed's  Reed,  i. 

For  details  of  the  tory  plot  in  June,  see  Eustis's 
letter  in  the  New  England  Historical  and  Genea 
logical  Register,  1869,  and  papers  in  Force,  4th 
series,  vi. 

On  the  campaign  which  ensued  from  the  bat 
tle  on  Long  Island  to  the  retreat  of  Washington 
through  the  Jerseys,  there  is  an  elaborate  mono 
graph,  Campaign  of  1776  around  New  York  and 
Brooklyn,  by  H.  P.  Johnston,  which  enters  into 
details,  and  prints  original  documents.  Other 
works,  covering  with  more  or  less  fullness  all  the 
military  events  of  this  interval,  are  Dunlap's  New 
York,  ii.  ch.  6  ;  the  histories  of  the  City  of  New 
York;  Stiles's  History  of  Brooklyn;  J.  C.  Ham 
ilton's  Republic  of  the  United  States,  i.  ch.  5, 
and  other  general  histories  like  Gordon,  Botta, 
Bancroft,  etc. ;  Allen's  Origination  of  the  Ameri 
can  Union;  Sparks's  Washington,  iv.,  and  the 
Lives  by  Marshall,  Sparks,  and  Irving ;  Greene's 
Life  of  Greene ;  Memoirs  of  Colonel  B.  Tal- 


94  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1776. 

madge ;  Quincy's  Shaw ;  Read's  Life  of  George 
Read,  p.  170  ;  histories  of  states  for  the  part  borne 
by  their  troops,  like  McSherry's  Maryland,  ch.  9. 
There  are  maps  in  Gordon,  ii.,  Stiles's  Brook 
lyn,  and  in  Johnston's  work. 

North  Carolina,  1776. 

The  British  invasion  of  this  year  is  the  subject 
of  a  lecture  by  Swain,  which  is  included  in  W.  D. 
Cooke's  Revolutionary  History  of  North  Carolina. 
Cf.  Frothingham's  Rise  of  the  Republic,  p.  502  ; 
Sparks's  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  ii. 
App.,  as  well  as  for  other  southern  movements 
during  the  spring  and  summer  of  1776. 

Fort  Moultrie,  Sullivan's  Island,  June  28,  1776. 

This  was  an  attempt  by  the  British  fleet  and 
troops,  under  Sir  Peter  Parker  and  Sir  Henry 
Clinton,  respectively,  to  force  an  entrance  to 
Charleston  harbor,  and  reduce  South  Carolina. 

Various  contemporary  documents  will  be  found 
in  Force's  American  Archives,  4th  series,  iv.,  v., 
vi. ;  5th,  i.,  ii.,  iii.,  under  Charleston,  Fort  Moul 
trie,  Lee,  and  Sullivan's  Island  in  the  index. 
Gen.  Lee's  report  to  Washington  is  in  Sparks's 
Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  i.  244.  A  let 
ter  of  Gen.  Morris  in  the  New  York  Historical 
Society's  Collections,  1875,  p.  435.  Moultrie's 
Memoirs  of  the  American  War;  Bancroft's  United 
States,  viii.  ch.  66 ;  Irving's  Washington,  ii.  ch. 


1776.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  95 

29 ;  Simms's  South  Carolina ;  Garden's  Anecdotes 
of  the  Revolution;  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii. ;  Daw- 
son's  Battles,  ch.  10;  Carrington's  Battles,  ch.  28; 
Memoirs  of  Elkanah  Watson  ;  Harper's  Monthly, 
xxi.  70,  by  T.  D.  English ;  Flander's  Life  of  Rut- 
ledge,  in  his  Chief  Justices  ;  Wm.  Crafts's  Ad 
dress  in  1825,  reprinted  in  his  Miscellanies;  C.  C. 
Jones's  Address  on  Sergeant  William  Jasper, 
1876,  and  an  account  of  the  Fort  Moultrie  Cen 
tennial  Celebration,  Charleston,  1876. 

For  British  accounts,  see  Gentleman's  Magazine, 
Oct.  1776  ;  Annual  Register  ;  History  of  the  Civil 
War  in  America,  Dublin,  1779  ;  Adolphus  (His 
tory  of  England,  ii.  346)  bases  his  narrative  in 
part  on  unpublished  documents.  A  loyalist  view 
is  given  in  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolu 
tionary  War,  i.  98. 

Maps.  —  American  plans  of  the  attack  are  in 
Johnson's  Traditions  and  Reminiscences  of  the 
American  Revolution  in  the  South,  and  in  Dray- 
ton's  Memoirs  of  the  American  Revolution  in  the 
South,  ii.  290. 

A  British  plan  was  published  by  Wm.  Faden, 
Aug.  10,  1776,  and  is  No.  37  in  the  American 
Atlas.  Col.  James's  MS.  plan  is  in  the  Faden 
Collection,  Library  of  Congress.  The  Political 
Magazine,  London,  1780,  has  a  map. 


96  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1776. 

In  England,  1775-1776. 

Bancroft  (United  States,  viii.)  follows  the  po 
litical  aspects,  and  traces  the  movements  of  the 
opposition  in  Parliament,  before  they  became 
estranged  by  the  declaration  of  independence. 
Smyth,  Modern  History,  lectures  31  and  32,  sets 
forth  the  condition  of  parties,  and  in  33  he  com 
pares  the  American  and  English  views  as  exem 
plified  in  Ramsay's  American  Revolution,  and  in 
the  Annual  Register,  whose  successive  volumes 
were  "  the  very  mirror  of  public  sentiment." 

For  the  movements  in  Parliament,  see  the 
Parliamentary  History,  and  Force's  American 
Archives.  Lord  North  had  introduced  a  concilia 
tory  plan,  Feb.  20,  1775.  Force,  4th  series,  i. 
1597,  and  later,  vi.  March  22d  Burke  brought 
forward  a  plan,  and  again  in  Nov.  His  March 
speech  is  in  his  works,  Boston  edition,  ii.  99. 
Force,  4th  series,  i.  1745,  and  vi.  178.  Mac- 
Knight's  Life  of  Burke,  ii.  127.  The  index  to 
Force,  vi.,  will  show  the  debates  of  Barre*,  Fox, 
Cainden,  and  Chatham ;  and  later  debates,  Oct. 
and  Nov.  1776,  are  in  Force,  5th  series,  iii.  961- 
1020.  Stanhope  says  that  "  in  the  reports  of 
Chatham's  speeches  in  Alrnon's  Register,  the 
whole  spirit  evaporates."  Cf.  Russell's  Memoir, 
and  Correspondence  of  Fox,  i.  157 ;  Walpole's 
Last  Journals,  ii.  7,  22 ;  Campbell's  Lives  of  the 
Chancellors. 


1776.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  97 

Political  Movements,  1776. 

We  have  the  doings  of  Congress  in  the  Journals 
and  in  Force's  Archives,  4th  series,  iv.  1625. 
Events  can  also  be  followed  in  the  Correspondence 
of  John  Adams,  Works,  ix.  372 ;  Frothingham's 
Rise  of  the  Republic ;  Lee?s  Life  of  R.  H.  Lee,  i. 
161 ;  Wells's  Samuel  Adams  ;  Bancroft's  United 
States,  viii.  ch.  60,  63  ;  letters  in  W.  B.  Reed's 
Life  of  Joseph  Reed,  i.  241,  271 ;  Flanders's  Life 
of  Rutledge,  ch.  7,  in  his  Chief  Justices.  In 
Greene's  Life  of  Nathanael  Greene  we  see  the 
weakness  of  Congress  in  its  executive  work. 

Sir  William  Howe,  on  his  arrival  off  Sandy 
Hook,  July  12th,  issued  a  declaration  of  pardon  for 
such  as  would  return  to  their  allegiance.  For  its 
failure,  see  Parton's  Franklin,  ii.  136.  He  also 
sent  a  letter  which  he  had  brought  from  an  Eng 
lish  friend  to  Joseph  Reed,  and  made  other  ad 
vances  in  the  character  of  a  commissioner  to 
restore  harmony.  Reed  sent  the  letter  to  Con 
gress.  Cf.  Reed's  Joseph  Reed,  i.  197  ;  Sparks's 
Washington. 

The  feeling  in  Massachusetts  can  be  traced  in 
Perez  Morton's  Eulogy  over  Warren's  body,  April 
8th  (Loring's  Boston  Orators,  p.  127)  ;  in  Sam 
uel  West's  Election  Sermon  May  29th  (Thorn 
ton's  Pulpit  of  the  Revolution)  ;  in  the  statement 
of  the  principles  of  the  Revolution  as  given  in  a 
letter  of  John  Adams  to  Mercy  Warren,  in  1807 


98  HEADER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1776. 

(Massachusetts  Historical  Society's  Collections, 
5th  series,  iv.  338)  ;  in  the  records  of  the  Boston 
Committee  of  Correspondence,  May  to  Nov.  (in 
the  New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical 
Register,  July,  1876).  Cf.  Dawson's  paper  on 
the  act  of  Massachusetts  assuming  sovereign  power 
May  1st,  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  May,  1862, 
and  Barry's  Massachusetts. 

Bancroft  devotes  a  chapter  (ix.  ch.  15)  to  the 
Constitutions  which  the  states  severally  adopted, 
beginning  in  1776.  On  the  Constitution  of  New 
York,  see  the  histories  of  that  state,  and  Flan- 
ders's  Life  of  Jay,  ch.  8,  and  Sparks's  Life  of 
Gouverneur  Morris.  The  movements  for  politi 
cal  consolidation  in  1776  in  Pennsylvania  are  de 
scribed  in  Reed's  Joseph  Reed,  i.  ch.  7.  For  the 
Declaration  of  Rights  in  Virginia  in  1776,  see 
Rives's  Madison,  i.  ch.  5 ;  Madison's  Writings,  i. 
21.  Randall's  Jefferson,  i.  ch.  6,  gives  an  account 
of  the  convention,  and  so  does  Grigby's  commem 
orative  discourse  in  1855. 

Thomas  Paine's  Common  Sense,  published  in 
Jan.  1776,  affected  sensibly  the  current  of  politi 
cal  feeling  through  the  year.  Cf .  Frothingham's 
Rise  of  the  Republic,  pp.  476,  479;  Barry's  Massa 
chusetts,  iii.  89 ;  Life  of  John  Adams,  i.  204 ; 
Randall's  Jefferson,  i.  137 ;  Bancroft's  United 
States,  ch.  56  ;  Parton's  Franklin,  iii.  108  ;  and 
the  papers  in  Force's  American  Archives,  4th 
series,  iv.  index.  For  an  English  view,  see 


1776.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  99 

Smyth's  Modern  History,  33d  lecture  ;  and  for  a 
tory  one,  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,  i.  63. 

Foreign  Relations,  1776. 

As  early  as  Feb.  1776,  an  agent  of  the  French 
government  was  secretly  communing  with  Con 
gress.  Cf.  Bancroft's  United  States,  viii.  ch.  61 ; 
De  Witt's  Jefferson  and  the  American  Democ 
racy  ;  and  documents  in  Force's  Archives,  4th 
series,  vi.,  and  5th,  i.,  ii.,  iii. 

Arthur  Lee  was  now  in  London,  having  been 
appointed  agent  of  Congress,  and  was  holding 
correspondence  with  the  Secret  Committee  of 
Congress.  Sparks's  Diplomatic  Correspondence, 
ii.,  gives  his  instructions,  Dec.  12,  1775,  and  let 
ters  ;  also  in  Force's  Archives,  4th  series,  iv. 
Cf.  Lee's  Life  of  Arthur  Lee. 

The  correspondence  of  William  Carmichael  is 
in  the  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  ix. 

Silas  Deane  had  been  a  member  from  Connecti 
cut  of  this  and  the  1774  Congress.  (See  his  Cor 
respondence,  in  the  Connecticut  Historical  Collec 
tions,  ii.  129.)  He  was  now  sent  to  Paris.  His 
instructions,  dated  March  3,  1776,  are  in  the 
Diplomatic  Correspondence,  i.  5,  and  in  Pitkin's 
United  States,  App.  23.  He  reached  there  in 
June.  See  Pitkin's  United  States,  i.  384,  and 
App.  24,  for  Deane's  first  letter.  It  was  arranged 
that  the  secret  dispatches  should  be  written  in 


100  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1776. 

invisible  ink.  Jay's  Life  of  Jay,  64.  Deane's 
letters  are  in  the  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  i. : 
Force's  Archives,  5th  series,  ii. 

For  Deane's  proceedings  in  Paris  see  Papers  in 
Relation  to  the  Case  of  Silas  Deane,  published 
in  1855  by  the  Seventy-Six  Society,  in  which  he 
goes  over  his  doings  from  March,  1776  to  March, 
1778.  His  quarrel  with  Arthur  Lee  is  set  forth 
in  the  Life  of  Lee;  and  Lee's  counter  narrative  is 
given  in  the  Papers,  etc.,  already  mentioned.  Cf. 
Parton's  Franklin,  ii.  189  ;  and  later  references 
under  1778. 

Bancroft  (viii.  ch.  61)  goes  over  the  whole  story 
of  these  French  negotiations  at  this  time. 

For  Beaumarchais'  connection  with  the  agents, 
see  Lomenie's  Life  of  Beaumarchais;  Parton's 
Franklin,  ii.  167,  203  ;  Pitkin's  United  States,  i. 
ch.  10 ;  Quarterly  Review,  1873  ;  Lossing,  in 
Harper's  Monthly,  xiv. ;  Hours  at  Home,  June, 
1870  ;  Magazine  of  American  History,  Nov.  1878  ; 
and  various  documents  in  the  Diplomatic  Corre 
spondence,  i.  and  xii.  162,  167  ;  and  Force's 
Archives,  5th  series,  i.  Later  relations  are  given 
in  John  Bigelow's  Beaumarchais,  the  Merchant, 
—  Letters  of  Theveneau  de  Francey,  1777-1780, 
an  address  before  the  New  York  Historical  Society, 
1870. 

In  Sept.  three  commissioners  to  France  were 
appointed  by  Congress  —  Lee,  Deane,  and  Fiank- 
lin  ;  and  the  latter  proceeded  to  join  the  others 


1776.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION^*',        101 

in  Dec.  Their  instructions  from  Congress  are  in 
the  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  i.  See  Lives  of 
Franklin  and  Lee;  Deane's  Narrative;  Journals 
of  Congress,  iii.  ;  Force's  Archives,  5th  series, 
ii.  Franklin,  Dec.  8,  1776,  announces  his  arrival. 
Diplomatic  Correspondence,  iii.  5.  Letters,  of 
Congress  to  the  agents,  Dec.  1776  to  Feb.  1777, 
are  given  in  Lee's  R.  H.  Lee,  App.  8. 

For  views  upon  the  mission  at  the  time,  see 
Mercy  Warren's  History  of  the  Revolution ; 
Wells's  Life  of  Samuel  Adams. 

Parton,  in  his  Franklin,  ii.  248,  goes  into  a 
history  of  the  different  agents  of  Congress  in 
Europe  at  this  time,  beginning  with  Franklin, 
and  enlarges  upon  the  difficulties  engendered  by 
Arthur  Lee's  conduct;  but  compare  Lee's  Life  of 
Arthur  Lee,  and  the  Calendar  of  the  Lee  Manu 
scripts  in  Harvard  College  Library.  Also  see 
the  references  under  1778. 

Dec.  6,  1776,  an  agreement  was  entered  into 
with  Lafayette  and  De  Kalb  to  serve  the  states. 
Diplomatic  Correspondence,  i.,  and  p.  291  for  the 
Commissioners'  letter,  May  25,  1777,  on  the 
subject.  The  Memoirs  of  Lafayette  touch  upon 
the  feelings  rife  in  France  when  he  determined 
to  go  to  America  ;  and  for  his  arrival  see  Sparks's 
Washington,  v.  App.  Cf.  Hilliard  d'Auberteuil's 
Essais  historiques,  ii. 


102  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1776. 

The  Spirit  of  Independence. 

The  growth  of  this  spirit  is  traced  carefully  in 
Frothingham's  Rise  of  the  Republic,  pp.  245,  291, 
315,  369,  428,  438,  449,  452,  453,  469,  483,  489, 
499,  506,  509.  Botta,  in  his  History  of  the  Revo 
lution,  had  represented  it  as  rife  long  before  the 
outbreak,  —  a  statement  that  John  Jay  and  John 
Adams  take  exception  to  in  letters  printed  by 
Jeremiah  Colburn  in  the  New  England  Historical 
and  Genealogical  Register,  July,  1876,  and  pub 
lished  separately  as  American  Independence :  Did 
the  colonists  desire  it  ?  Cf .  John  Adams's 
Works,  iii.  45 ;  his  Letters  in  Massachusetts  His 
torical  Society's  Collections,  5th  series,  iv.  300, 
465,  addressed  to  Mercy  Warren. 

For  intimations  of  the  existence  of  the  spirit 
before  it  became  an  organized  force,  see  Hutch- 
inson's  Massachusetts  Bay,  iii.  134,  264,  265 ; 
Bancroft's  United  States,  viii.  ch.  64,  65,  68; 
Grahame's  United  States,  iv.  315 ;  J.  C.  Hamil 
ton's  Republic  of  the  United  States,  i.  110; 
Barry's  Massachusetts,  iii.  ch.  3,  noting  articles  in 
favor  of  it  in  Boston  Gazette,  April  15  and  29, 
1776  ;  Jefferson's  Notes  on  Virginia  ;  Galloway's 
Examination  before  Parliament ;  Wells' s  Samuel 
Adams,  ii.  352,  etc. ;  Randall's  Jefferson,  i.  124 ; 
Sparks's  Washington,  ii.  App.  p.  496  ;  Greene's 
Life  of  N.  Greene,  i.  122;  Austin's  Gerry,  ch.  13; 
Sparks's  Franklin,  i.  379,  380  ;  Rives's  Madison,  i. 


1776.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  103 

108,  124 ;  Matthew  Thornton's  letter  in  Force's 
Archives,  4th  series,  ii.  696;  also  see  vi.  index, 
under  Independence. 

Independence  declared,  July  4,  1776. 

On  the  7th  of  June,  1776,  a  resolution  was 
offered  in  Congress  that  these  United  Colonies  are, 
and  of  right  ought  to  be,  free  and  independent 
states.  A  fac-simile  of  this  paper  is  given  in 
Force's  American  Archives,  4th  series,  vi.  1700. 

Frothingham  (Rise  of  the  Republic)  traces  the 
culmination  of  the  various  influences,  resulting  in 

'  O 

the  agreement  of  independence  ;  and  he  shows  how 
the  several  colonies  instructed  their  representa 
tives  to  provide  for  local  interests.  Bancroft  (ch. 
69  and  70)  follows  these  events.  A  showing  of 
the  parties  in  Congress  at  this  time  is  given  in 
Randall's  Jefferson,  i.  153  ;  Read's  Life  of  George 
Read ;  John  Adams's  Life  and  Works,  i.  220, 
517;  ii.  31-75,  93;  Pitkin's  United  States,  i. 
362. 

Very  scant  records  of  the  debates  previous  to 
the  passage  of  the  Declaration  are  preserved. 
John  Adams  claimed  that  from  1774  to  1778, 
covering  his  period  in  Congress,  there  were  no 
records  of  speeches,  except  some  by  Dr.  Wither- 
spoon,  delivered  memoriter,  which  he  printed,  and 
one  by  Dickinson  against  the  Declaration,  which 
was  afterwards  printed,  and  seemed  very  different 
to  Adams  from  the  one  actually  delivered.  Some 


104  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF 

slight  notes  and  accounts  of  the  debates,  however, 
have  been  printed  in  John  Adams's  works,  i. 
227 ;  iii.  55 ;  ix.  418 ;  in  the  Madison  Papers,  i. 
1 2,  by  Jefferson  —  reprinted  in  Read's  George 
Read,  p.  226 ;  in  Wells's  Samuel  Adams,  ii.  413, 
432. 

General  accounts  will  be  found  in  the  biogra 
phies  of  the  signers  and  principal  political  char 
acters  of  the  day.  Wells's  Life  of  Samuel 
Adams,  ii.,  shows  his  strenuous  efforts  at  thwart 
ing  all  plans  of  conciliation.  Stanhope  (His 
tory  of  England,  vi.  121)  takes  a  low  view  of 
Samuel  Adams's  character.  Loring  (Hundred 
Boston  Orators)  prints  a  letter  of  Hancock.  C. 
F.  Adams's  Life  of  John  Adams,  ch.  4  and  5, 
and  McKean's  letter  to  Adams,  in  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society's  Collections,  5th  series,  iv. 
506.  Lives  of  Jefferson  by  Tucker,  i.  ch.  4  ;  by 
Randall,  i.  142,  164 ;  by  Parton ;  Jefferson's  auto 
biography  in  Writings,  i.  12,  96,  and  App.  p.  117. 
Rives's  Madison,  i.  130 ;  Lee's  Life  of  R.  H.  Lee, 
i.  ch.  7 ;  Read's  George  Read,  p.  162 ;  Austin's 
Life  of  Gerry,  ch.  13  ;  the  sketches  of  Robert 
Morris,  who  opposed  the  Declaration.  Lives  of 
Franklin  by  Sparks,  ch.  9  ;  by  Parton  and  by 
Bigelow.  Reed's  Life  of  Joseph  Reed,  i.  ch. 
8  and  9.  Lives  of  Washington  by  Marshall,  ii. 
ch.  6,  and  by  Irving. 

There  are  contemporary  notes  in  the  Journals  of 
Congress;  in  Force's  American  Arckives,  4th  se- 


1776.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  105 

ries,  iv.,  5th,  i.,  ii.,  iii.  index  ;  in  Niles's  Principles 
and  Acts  of  the  Revolution ;  and  in  Sparks's  Cor 
respondence  of  the  Revolution.  The  early  histori 
ans,  Mercy  Warren,  Gordon,  and  Ramsay,  give  a 
reflex  of  contemporary  views.  The  famous  letter 
of  John  Adams  to  his  wife,  prophesying  the  con 
tinued  observance  of  the  anniversary,  is  in  the 
Familiar  Letters  of  John  and  Abigail  Adams, 
p.  190,  dated  July  3d,  with  a  note  explaining  the 
change  of  date  to  5th  when  first  printed.  For 
Philadelphia  life  at  this  time,  see  Historical 
Magazine,  Nov.  1868,  and  the  Diary  of  Christo 
pher  Marshall. 

Jefferson's  original  draft  of  the  Declaration  is 
given  in  Randall's  Jefferson,  p.  172 ;  in  Niles's 
Weekly  Register,  July  3,  1813;  in  Timothy 
Pickering's  Review  of  the  Cunningham  Corre 
spondence,  1824  ;  in  Papers  of  James  Madison, 
1840,  —  not  always  agreeing,  as  different  auto 
graph  drafts  wera  followed.  It  is  given  with  the 
changes  indicated  as  adopted  in  Congress,  in  Jef 
ferson's  Works,  i.  ;  Russell's  Life  and  Times  of 
Fox;  Lee's  Life  of  R.  H.  Lee,  i.  275.  Cf.  John 
Adams's  Works,  i.  233 ;  Parton's  Jefferson,  ch. 
21 ;  Parton's  Franklin,  ii.  126. 

The  Declaration  as  adopted  is  given  in  Froth- 
ingham's  Rise  of  the  Republic,  p.  539,  and  in 
various  general  histories  and  manuals. 

A  fac-simile  of  the  original  draft,  with  Adams's 
and  Franklin's  changes,  is  given  in  Jefferson's 


106  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1776. 

Writings,  i.  26 ;  in  Randall's  Jefferson ;  in  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  quarto,  issued  by 
the  City  of  Boston,  1876,  where  is  also  a  reduced 
fac-simile  of  the  engrossed  document,  as  signed 
Aug.  2d  ;  and  a  full-size  fac-simile  of  the  latter  is 
in  Force's  American  Archives,  5th  series,  i.  1595. 
Cf.  also  the  Atlas  of  Guizot's  Washington.  Fac 
similes  of  the  signatures  are  in  many  places.  Re 
productions  of  autograph  letters  of  the  signers  are 
given  in  Sanderson's  Lives  of  the  Signers,  and  in 
Brother-head's  Centennial  Book  of  the  Signers. 

There  is  an  account  of  the  Declaration  by  B. 
J.  Lossing  in  Harper's  Monthly,  iii.  and  vii. ;  and 
Col.  T.  W.  Higginson  tells  the  Story  of  the  sign 
ing  in  Scribner's  Monthly,  July,  1876. 

For  the  question  of  the  observance  of  the  2d  or 
4th  of  July,  see  Potter's  American  Monthly,  Dec. 
1875. 

There  are  accounts  of  Independence  Hall,  by 
John  Savage,  in  Harper's  Monthly,  xxxv. ;  Pot 
ter's  American  Monthly,  July,  1875 ;  Belisle's 
History  of  Independence  Hall ;  Col.  Etting's 
Memorials  of  1776.  Cf.  Etting's  Historical  Ac 
count  of  the  Old  State  House,  1876,  of  which 
there  is  a  contemporary  print  in  the  Columbian 
Magazine,  July,  1787,  taken  in  1778. 

The  desk  upon  which  Jefferson  wrote  the  Dec 
laration  is  now  in  Boston.  Cf.  Randall's  Jeffer 
son,  i.  177 ;  Massachusetts  Historical  Society's 
Proceedings,  1855-1858,  p.  151. 


1776.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  107 

For  the  immediate  effects  of  the  Declaration, 
see  Frothingham's  Rise  of  the  Republic,  p.  548 ; 
Reed's  Life  of  Joseph  Reed,  i.  195. 

The  Declaration  was  reprinted  at  once  in  Lon 
don  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  Aug.  1776 ; 
Annual  Register,  1776,  p.  261 ;  Almon's  Remem 
brancer,  iii.  258.  It  occasioned  comments  and 
rejoinders  in  the  Gentleman's,  in  Almon,  and  in 
other  publications.  Gov.  Hutchinson's  strictures 
on  it,  after  circulating  in  manuscript,  were  printed 
in  Almon,  iv.  25.  Adolphus  (History  of  England) 
says  that  An  Answer  to  the  Declaration  of  the 
American  Congress,  which  appeared  in  London 
the  same  year,  is  "  worthy  the  perusal  of  those 
who  wish  to  have  the  means  of  thinking  rightly 
on  the  origin  of  the  American  dispute."  Lord 
Camden's  views  are  given  in  Campbell's  Lives  of 
the  Chancellors,  v.  301.  Lord  John  Russell,  in 
his  Memoirs  and  Correspondence  of  Fox,  i.  152, 
thinks  the  truth  was  warped  in  charging  all  upon 
the  King,  while  the  fact  was  "  the  sovereign  and 
his  people  were  alike  prejudiced,  angry,  and  wil 
ful."  Earl  Stanhope's  view,  in  his  History  of 
England,  was  criticised  by  Col.  Peter  Force  in  a 
privately  printed  pamphlet,  1855.  Morley,  in  his 
Edmund  Burke,  p.  125,  has  a  chapter  on  the  sig 
nificance  of  the  American  passage  to  Independ 
ence. 


108  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1776. 

The  Hessians. 

Bancroft,  viii.  ch.  50  and  57,  narrates  the 
efforts  of  the  British  Ministry  to  secure  the  aid  of 
Russian  troops,  and  subsequently  of  the  Hessians. 
See  results  in  vol.  ix.  ch.  18;  x.  ch.  3.  The  pre 
liminaries  of  the  negotiations  are  given  in  Donne's 
Letters  of  George  III.  to  Lord  North,  i.  293,  297. 
The  treaties  with  the  German  princes  are  given 
in  Force's  American  Archives,  4th  series,  vi.  356— 
358.  Debates,  Nov.  1775,  on  the  employment 
of  mercenaries  are  in  the  Parliamentary  History, 
and  in  Force,  vi.  88,  107,  271.  See,  further,  in 
Force,  5th  series,  i.,  ii.,  iii.  index. 

Eelking's  Die  Deutsche  Hiilfstruppen  in  Nord 
Amerika,  gives  a  list  of  the  MS.  journals  of  the 
officers  to  which  he  had  access.  Of  Eelking's  Life 
of  Riedesel,  the  German  commander,  there  is  an 
English  translation.  Ewald's  Feldzug  der  Hessen 
nach  Amerika,  and  Kapp's  Der  Soldatenhandel 
deutscher  Fiirsten  nach  Amerika,  2d  ed.  1874,  are 
epitomized  in  G.  W.  Greene's  German  Element 
in  the  War  for  Independence.  Cf.  Gen.  Von 
Ochs's  Neuere  Kriegskunst,  1817. 

See  also  a  review  of  Eelking  in  the  Historical 
Magazine,  Feb.  1864  and  Jan.  1866,  and  G.  W. 
Greene's  paper  in  the  Atlantic,  Feb.  1875 ; 
Sparks's  article  on  Riedesel  in  the  North  Ameri 
can  Review,  xxvi. ;  Fonblanque's  Life  of  Bur- 
goyne,  213. 


1776.]          TEE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  109 

Battle  of  Long  Island,  August  27,  1776. 

An  elaborate  study  of  the  battle  fought  at 
Brooklyn  has  been  made  by  Thomas  W.  Field, 
and  published  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  Long  Island 
Historical  Society,  ii.  He  gives  many  contem 
porary  documents.  He  had  previously  made  it 
the  subject  of  a  lecture.  Historical  Magazine, 
Nov.  1866. 

Howe  landed  his  troops  at  Gravesend  Aug.  22d. 
Sir  George  Collier  commanded  the  fleet,  covering 
the  landing.  Naval  Chronicle,  xxxii. 

Greene  had  done  the  work  on  the  lines  of  de 
fense.  Greene's  Greene,  i.  158. 

Howe's  army  in  effective  strength  was  double 
that  under  Washington.  Cf.  Force's  American 
Archives,  5th  series,  i. ;  Beatson's  Naval  and 
Military  Memoirs  of  Great  Britain,  vi. ;  De  Lan- 
cey's  note,  in  Jones's  History  of  New  York  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  i.  600. 

Contemporary  Accounts.  —  Washington's  dis 
patches  are  given  in  Sparks  and  in  Field;  also 
his  letters  in  Sparks,  iv.  and  App.  Graydon's 
Memoirs,  ch.  6,  are  important.  Documents  in 
Onderdonk's  Revolutionary  Incidents  in  Queens 
County.  Almon's  Remembrancer,  iii.  Force's 
American  Archives,  5th  series,  i.,  ii.,  iii.  Brod- 
head's  Letters  in  Pennsylvania  Archives,  v.  21. 
Atlee's  Journal  in  App.  of  Reed's  Life  of  Joseph 
Reed ;  and  in  Pennsylvania  Archives,  2d  series, 


110  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1776. 

i.  509 ;  and  p.  517  is  the  Journal  of  Col.  Samuel 
Miles.  President  Stiles's  diary  is  given  in  John 
ston. 

Death  of  Gen.  Woodhull.  —  Force's  Archives, 
5th  series,  ii.,  iii.  index.  Jones's  New  York  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  ii.  593.  Luther  R.  Marsh's 
Oration.  J.  Fenimore  Cooper  and  Henry  Onder- 
donk,  Jr.,  had  a  newspaper  controversy  about 
Woodhull's  capture  antT  death.  See  Historical 
Magazine,  1861. 

Later  Accounts.  —  Mercy  Warren's  and  Gor 
don's  Histories  of  the  Revolution.  Marshall's 
Washington,  ii.  ch.  7.  Irving's  Washington,  ii. 
ch.  31  and  32.  Samuel  Ward's  Lecture,  1839. 
Johnston's  Campaign  of  1776,  ch.  4.  Dunlap's 
New  York,  ii.  64.  Reed's  Joseph  Reed,  i.  222. 
Arnory's  Gen.  Sullivan,  p.  25.  Hollister's  Con 
necticut,  ii.  ch.  11.  Parton's  Burr,  i.  ch.  6.  Los- 
sing's  Field-Book.  Dawson's  Battles  of  the  United 
States,  i.  Stiles's  History  of  Brooklyn.  Williams's 
Life  of  Olney.  Harper's  Monthly,  Aug.  1876. 
Knickerbocker's  Magazine,  xiii.  Personal  Recol 
lections  of  the  American  Revolution,  edited  by 
S.  Barclay,  for  family  experiences  in  the  neigh 
borhood.  Thompson's  Long  Island. 

Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  4,  commented  adversely  on  the 
conduct  of  General  Greene  in  the  battle,  and 
Geo.  W.  Greene  has  examined  that  historian's 
statements  in  a  pamphlet,  which  he  has  reprinted 
in  his  Life  of  General  Greene,  ii.  In  his  first  vol- 


1776.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  Ill 

ume,  book  ii.  ch.  7,  Greene  gives  his  own  version  of 
the  battle.  Greene's  arraignment  of  Bancroft  is 
examined  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  Feb.  186T. 
See  also  Aug.  1867.  Bancroft  also  in  a  note,  ix. 
105,  controverts  the  statements  of  President  Reed 
on  the  question  of  the  retreat  from  the  island,  as 
given  in  W.  B.  Reed's  Life  of  Reed,  ch.  11. 

British  Accounts.  —  Sir  Wm.  Howe's  dispatch 
to  his  government  was  printed  in  a  Gazette  ex 
traordinary,  Oct.  10th,  and  is  given  in  Field's  mon 
ograph.  It  elicited  a  pamphlet  of  Remarks,  with 
the  Gazette  account  annexed.  The  evidence  be 
fore  Parliament  is  also  given  in  Field ;  and 
Howe's  Narrative  of  his  Conduct  in  America 
before  the  Committee  of  the  Commons  was  sep 
arately  printed.  Cf.  Parliamentary  Register,  xi. 
340,  and  Almon's  Debates,  xiii.  Howe's  Narra 
tive  is  commented  upon  in  the  Detail  and  Con 
duct  of  the  American  War. 

Stedman's  American  War,  ch.  6.  Andrews's 
History  of  the  Late  War,  ch.  21,  with  a  portrait 
of  Howe.  Annual  Register,  xix.  ch.  5.  An  Im 
partial  History  of  the  late  War.  Stanhope's 
England.  The  Popular  History  of  England,  by 
C.  Knight.  Lushington's  Life  of  Lord  Harris, 
p.  76. 

A  loyalist  view  of  the  opportunity  lost  in  not 
forcing  the  American  lines  after  Howe  had  gained 
his  victory,  is .  taken  in  Jones's  New  York  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  i.  112. 


112  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF          [i?76. 

German  Accounts.  —  Eelking's  Deutsche  Hiilfs- 
truppen,  ch.  1 ;  and  other  accounts  in  the  Ap 
pendix  of  Field's  Battle  of  Long  Island. 

French  Account.  —  Hilliard  d'Auberteuil's  Es- 
sais  historiques,  ii. 

Political  Effects.  —  John  Adams's  Works,  ix. 
438,  etc.  Stuart's  Life  of  Jonathan  Trumbull. 
Sedgwick's  William  Livingston,  p.  201. 

In  England :  Donne's  Corrrespondence  of 
George  III.  and  Lord  North,  ii. ;  Rockingham  and 
his  Contemporaries,  ii.  297 ;  Russell's  Life  of 
Fox,  and  his  Memorials  and  Correspondence  of 
Fox,  i.  145 ;  Horace  Walpole's  Last  Journals, 
ii.  70. 

Maps.  —  A  contemporary  American  plan  of 
Brooklyn,  showing  the  American  lines,  is  in  the 
New  York  City  Manual,  1858. 

One  of  New  York  and  parts  adjacent  is  given 
in  Gordon's  History,  ii. 

In  the  large  and  small  atlases  to  Marshall's 
Washington,  in  Sparks's  Washington,  iv.  68, 
showing  the  island  ;  and  in  Guizot's  Washington. 

Field  in  his  monograph  gives  a  large  plan, 
showing  the  projection  of  the  modern  streets  over 
lying  the  ancient  landmarks.  Full  plans  are 
given  in  Johnston's  Campaign  of  1776. 

Others  are  in  Ward's  Lecture,  1839;  in  Duer's 
Life  of  Lord  Stirling,  ii.  162;  in  Carrington's 
Battles,  ch.  14 ;  in  "W.  L.  Stone's  History  of  New 
York  City,  p.  246 ;  in  Onderdonk's  Queens  Coun- 


1776.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  113 

ty;  in  Ridpath's  United  States;  in  Harper's 
Monthly,  Aug.  1876. 

There  are  British  plans,  as  follows :  Faden's 
engraved  plan,  1776,  with  Gen.  Howe's  Letter 
to  Lord  George  Germain,  being  No.  22  of  The 
American  Atlas.  Various  MS.  maps,  made  by 
British  officers, of  the  operations  of  this  campaign, 
are  in  the  Faden  collection,  Library  of  Congress, 
of  which  E.  E.  Hale  printed  a  list  in  1862. 

In  Gentleman's  Magazine,  Oct.  and  Dec.  1776. 

A  map,  15  X  17  in.,  published  in  London,  1776, 
by  Sayer  and  Bennett. 

In  Stedman's  American  War,  which  is  repro 
duced  with  additions  in  the  large  illustrated  edi 
tion  of  Irving's  Washington,  ii.  308.  In  Mackin- 
non's  Coldstream  Guards,  and  a  large  map  for  the 
Campaign  in  Hamilton's  Grenadier  Guards,  ii. 

A  Hessian  officer's  map  is  fac-similed  in  Field's 
monograph;  and  a  contemporary  map  of  Long 
Island  is  given  in  the  Geographische  Belustigun- 
gen,  Leipsic,  1776. 

Cf.  further  titles  of  maps  in  the  Bibliography 
of  Long  Island  in  the  American  Bibliopolist, 
Oct.  1872,  and  in  the  Appendix  to  Furman's 
Antiquities  of  Long  Island. 

Howe  as  a  Commissioner,  September,  1776. 

Gen.  Sullivan,  taken  a  prisoner  in  the  battle 
of  Long  Island,  was  paroled  by  Howe,  and  was 
sent  to  Congress  with  a  message  of  conciliation. 

8 


114  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1776. 

Franklin,  John  Adams,  and  Rutledge  were  sent 
to  confer  with  Howe,  and  they  met  at  Amboy. 

An  account  of  the  interview  is  given  in  Frank 
lin's  Works,  v.  97 ;  viii.  187 ;  also  in  Parton's 
Franklin,  ii.  141. 

Journals  of  Congress,  Sept.  1776  ;  and  Force's 
American  Archives,  4th  series,  vi. ;  5th,  i.,  ii. 

John  Adams's  Works,  i.  237  ;  iii.  73 ;  ix.  440. 
Wells's  Samuel  Adams,  ii.  443.  Amory's  Sulli 
van,  30.  Reed's  Joseph  Reed,  i.  ch.  12.  Read's 
George  Read,  pp.  174,  189, 190.  Lossing's  Schuy- 
ler,  ii.  37. 

Howe's  report  to  his  government  is  in  Almon's 
Remembrancer,  viii.  250  ;  Parliamentary  Register, 
viii.  249. 

Washington  withdraws  to  New  York. 

Washington  withdrew  his  army  from  Long 
Island  by  night  without  loss. 

Gordon  indicates  the  contemporary  recognition 
of  the  mistake  Howe  made  through  his  inertness 
and  his  failure  at  once  to  gain  the  rear  of  the 
Americans  either  by  the  river  or  by  the  Sound. 
See  also  Putnam's  letter  to  Gov.  Trumbull,  Sept. 
12,  1776. 

What  was  done  for  the  maintenance  of  a  posi 
tion  in  New  York  itself  is  narrated  in  the  Corre 
spondence  of  the  Provincial  Congress  of  New 
York ;  in  General  Lee's  Memoirs ;  in  Booth's 
New  York,  p.  493  ;  in  New  York  during  the  Revo- 


1776.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  115 

lution,  p.  82  ;  in  Johnston's  Campaign  of  1776,  ch. 
5;  in  Irving's  Washington,  ii.  ch.  33,  etc. 

There  is  a  journal  of  the  American  occupation 
in  the  Historical  Magazine,  Dec.  1868  ;  and  an 
American  orderly-book,  Sept.  1-13,  1776,  cap 
tured  in  New  York,  is  among  the  Percy  MSS., 
according  to  the  Third  Report  of  the  English 
Commission  on  Historical  MSS.  H.  B.  Dawson 
gives  an  account  of  the  town  at  this  time,  in  New 
York  during  the  Revolution. 

Nathan  Hale.  —  This  young  Connecticut  officer 
was  sent  into  the  British  camp  on  Long  Island, 
and  being  detected,  was  executed  as  a  spy,  Sept. 
22,  1776.  See  the  Histories  of  Connecticut,  and 
I.  W.  Stuart's  Life  of  Nathan  Hale. 

The  British  occupy  New  York,  September  15,  1776. 

Washington  was  acting  warily  to  avoid  being 
inclosed  by  the  British  occupying  the  island  to 
the  north  of  him.  Howe  landed  his  troops  at 
Turtle  Bay.  Connecticut  troops  stationed  there 
fled  precipitately.  Washington's  letter  to  Con 
gress  in  his  Official  Letters,  i.  246  ;  and  in  Sparks, 
iv.  94.  Greene  to  Gov.  Cooke  of  Rhode  Island, 
in  Force's  Archives,  5th  series,  ii.  370.  Bancroft, 
ix.  122,  cites  a  letter  of  Caesar  Rodney,  and  shows 
how  the  story  has  grown.  Gordon's  American  Rev 
olution,  ii.  327.  Heath's  Memoirs,  p.  60.  Davis's 
Life  of  Burr,  i.  100.  Read's  George  Read,  p.  193. 
Col.  N.  Fish's  letter  in  Historical  Magazine,  2d 


116  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1776. 

series,  iii.  83.  Baumeister's  Narrative,  a  MS.  in 
Bancroft's  possession,  translated  in  the  Magazine 
of  American  History,  Jan.  1877. 

A  considerable  section  of  the  city  was  burned, 
the  British  charging  the  act  upon  the  retiring 
Americans  as  a  part  of  a  concerted  plan  to  de 
stroy  the  town.  Force's  Archives,  5th  series,  ii. ; 
Journals  of  Congress,  and  Washington's  Letters 
(see  Sparks's  note  in  iv.  101)  show  that  the  act 
was  not  authorized  by  the  American  leaders. 
Howe's  report  to  Lord  George  Germain  is  given 
in  Force  and  in  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revo 
lutionary  War,  with  note,  i.  611.  Cf.  J.  C. 
Hamilton's  Republic  of  the  United  States,  i. 
127  ;  Henry's  Campaign  against  Quebec ;  Reed's 
Life  of  Joseph  Reed,  i.  213. 

In  general,  on  the  British  occupation,  see 
Fish's  Letter  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  Jan. 
1869 ;  Gentleman's  Magazine,  Nov.  and  Dec. 
1776 ;  a  Diary  in  the  Pennsylvania  Magazine 
of  American  History,  i.  133;  and  the  histories 
of  New  York  City.  Cf.  the  papers  on  New  York 
in  the  Revolution  in  Harper's  Monthly,  xxxvii.  ; 
Scribner's  Monthly,  Jan.  1876. 

Maps  and  Plans.  —  The  map  used  in  the 
campaign  by  the  American  leaders  is  now  in  the 
Library  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  and 
is  engraved  in  the  large  illustrated  edition  of 
Irving's  Washington,  ii.  276.  There  are  other 
reproductions  of  contemporary  plans  of  the  city 


1776.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  117 

and  of  the  military  movements  in  the  New  York 
City  Manual  for  1863,  1864,  and  1866;  and,  in 
connection  with  Dawson's  account,  New  York 
in  the  Revolution.  An  old  view  of  the  city  is 
reproduced  in  Moore's  Diary  of  the  American 
Revolution,  p.  311. 

There  are  other  maps  in  Gordon's  History ;  in 
Marshall's  Washington ;  in  Sparks's  Washington, 
iv.  96. 

A  German  map  is  given  in  the  Geschichte  der 
Kriege  in  und  aus  Europa,  Nuremberg,  1776. 

British  maps  will  be  found  in  Stedman's  Ameri 
can  War  ;  in  Hall's  Civil  War  in  America,  2d 
ed.,  London,  1780  ;  in  the  Gentleman's  Maga 
zine,  Dec.  1776  ;  in  the  Political  Magazine,  Lon 
don,  Nov.  1781.  Major  Holland's  surveys  are 
given  in  a  contemporary  map  covering  the  coun 
try  from  Sandy  Hook  to  Haverstraw ;  a  chart  of 
the  harbor  from  Sandy  Hook  to  New  York  was 
published  in  London,  1776,  by  Sayer  and  Bennett. 
Montresor's  plan  of  New  York  in  1775  is  No.  25  in 
the  American  Atlas,  and  No.  20  is  the  same  officer's 
plan  of  the  vicinity  of  the  town.  A  plan  of  the 
city  as  surveyed  by  Bernard  Ratzen,  1767,  was 
engraved  by  T.  Kitchin,  and  reissued  in  1776 
and  1777,  and  is  given  on  a  reduced  scale  in 
Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War. 
Faden  of  London  published  in  1777  a  map  of  the 
northern  part  of  the  island,  drawn  by  Saulthier. 


118  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1776. 

The  American  Retreat,  September— November,  1776. 

Washington  withdrew  up  the  island  as  the 
British  advanced.  The  campaign  in  general  can 
be  followed  in  Johnston's  Campaign  of  1776 ;  in 
Bancroft,  ix. ;  Irving's  Washington,  ii. ;  Greene's 
Life  of  Greene,  i.  Washington's  letters  are  in 
Sparks,  and  in  the  Heath  Papers,  printed  in  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society's  Collections,  5th 
series,  iv.  The  Historical  Magazine,  Dec.  1863, 
gives  a  military  journal. 

British  Accounts.  —  Stedman's  American  War ; 
Conduct  of  the  American  War ;  and  the  general 
histories. 

Grerman  Accounts.  —  Eelking's  Deutsche  Hiilfs- 
truppen ;  Schlozer's  Briefwechsel,  ii.  99. 

The  following  sections  give  details  of  the 
retreat : — 

Harlem  Plains,  September  16,  1776. 

Howe  landed  his  troops  at  Frog  Neck,  in  an 
endeavor  to  cut  off  Washington's  retreat.  Ir 
ving's  Washington.  Heath's  Memoirs. 

For  contemporary  accounts  of  the  action,  see 
Washington's  letters  in  Sparks ;  those  in  the 
Life  of  Greene  by  Greene;  Reed's  in  the  Life  of 
Joseph  Reed,  i.  237  ;  Gen.  Silliman's  in  the  notes 
of  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
i.  606;  Gen.  Clinton's  letter  in  New  York  in  the 
Revolution ;  and  Documents  in  Force,  5th  series,  ii. 


1776.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  119 

Later  Accounts.  —  In  the  general  histories ; 
Johnston's  Campaign  of  1776 ;  Lossing's  Field- 
Book;  Dawson's  Battles,  and  his  paper  in  the 
New  York  City  Manual,  1868;  the  Centennial 
Oration  of  John  Jay  before  the  New  York  His 
torical  Society,  1876 ;  Lushington's  Lord  Harris, 
p.  79  ;  and  the  histories  of  New  York  City. 

Map.  —  Johnston's  Campaign  of  1776,  ch.  6. 

Bancroft,  ix.  175,  gives  a  note  collating  the 
authorities  on  the  origin  of  the  retirement  of  the 
Americans  from  the  island  of  New  York. 

White  Plains,  October  28,  1776. 

Heath's  Memoirs  gives  a  daily  chronicle  of 
events  during  October. 

Washington's  Letters,  iv.,  gives  his  daily  ob 
servations.  See  also  Force's  Archives,  5th  series, 
ii.,  iii. ;  Marshall's  Washington,  ii.  ch.  8  ;  Irving's 
Washington,  ii.  ch.  37  ;  Hamilton's  Republic  of 
the  United  States,  i.  132  ;  Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  10 ; 
Reed's  Life  of  Joseph  Reed,  i.  ch.  12;  General 
Hull's  Revolutionary  Services,  ch.  4 ;  Lossing's 
Field-Book,  ii. ;  Dawson's  Battles,  ch.  14 ;  John 
ston's  Campaign  of  1776,  ch.  7 ;  De  Lancey's 
note  to  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,  i.  621.  A  diary  by  Allen  is  in  Smith's 
History  of  Pittsfield,  Massachusetts,  i.  252. 

British  Accounts.  —  In  Stedman,  ch.  7,  and  in 
a  Gazette  of  Dec.  30,  1776,  which  gave  the  first 
intelligence  in  London,  and  prompted  a  pamphlet 


120  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  '  [1776. 

by  Israel  Maudit,  entitled  Observations  on  the 
Conduct  of  Sir  William  Howe  at  Whiteplains, 
London,  1779. 

There  is  a  German  account  in  Eelking's  Hiilfs- 
truppen,  ch.  2. 

Maps.  —  The  Lives  of  Washington,  by  Mar 
shall  and  by  Sparks;  Hamilton's  Republic  of  the 
United  States,  i.  132.  A  plan  by  Saulthier,  en 
graved  by  Faden,  1777,  is  in  the  American  Atlas, 
No.  23 ;  and  there  is  another  British  plan  in 
Stedman. 

Fort  "Washington,  November  16,  1776. 

While  evacuating  the  island  of  New  York  with 
his  main  body,  Washington  had  left,  contrary  to 
his  own  judgment,  a  force  to  maintain  this  post. 
It  fell  before  an  attack  of  the  combined  fleet  and 
army  of  the  enemy. 

Washington's  letters  are  in  Sparks's  edition  of 
his  writings,  iv. ;  but  compare  the  Lives  of  Wash 
ington  by  Marshall  and  Irving.  Heath's  Me 
moirs,  p.  86.  G.  W.  Greene's  Life  of  Nathanael 
Greene,  book  ii.  ch.  11,  gives  that  general's  share 
in  the  affair,  and  in  a  separate  tract  the  biogra 
pher  controverts  the  view  taken  in  Bancroft,  ix. 
ch.  11.  See  documents  in  Force's  Archives,  5th 
series,  iii. 

Reed's  Life  of  Joseph  Reed,  ch.  13;  Dawson's 
Battles,  ch.  15 ;  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii. ;  Maga 
zine  of  American  History,  i. 


1776.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  121 

Graydon's  Memoirs,  ch.  7,  had  intimated  that 
the  success  of  Howe  was  perhaps  due  to  informa 
tion  of  an  officer  of  the  fort  who  deserted  to  the 
enemy.  De  Lancey,  in  his  notes  to  Jones's  New 
York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  i.  630,  prints  a 
letter  of  William  Demon t,  adjutant  of  the  com 
mander,  dated  1792,  which  states  that  he  bore 
plans  of  the  fort  to  the  enemy,  "  by  which  plans 
that  fortress  was  taken."  Howe's  intention  of 
attacking  Washington's  main  force  was  changed 
by  this  information. 

Maps.  —  Washington's  Writings  by  Sparks,  iv. 
96,  and  the  Atlas  to  Guizot's  Washington  and 
Carrington's  Battles,  ch.  37.  A  large  contempo 
rary  map  is  reproduced  in  the  New  York  City 
Manual  for  1861.  An  account  of  the  capture  in 
the  Magazine  of  American  History,  Feb.  1877,  is 
accompanied  by  a  fac-simile  of  an  original  map. 

There  is  a  British  plan  in  Stedman's  American 
War.  An  English  plan  of  the  attack  was  given 
to  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  in  1861,  by 
R.  L.  Stewart.  A  fac-simile  of  Faden's  plan  of 
the  attack  is  in  the  New  York  Calendar  of  His 
torical  MSS.  i.  533. 

There  is  a  German  map  in  the  Geschichte  der 
Kriege  in  und  aus  Europa,  Nuremberg,  1776. 

General  Charles  Lee,  1776. 

The  conduct  of  Lee  began  to  incite  observation 
during  the  movements  of  Washington  after  the 


122  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1776. 

fall  of  Fort  Washington,  when  he  moved  with  his 
army  into  New  Jersey  to  cover  Philadelphia. 
Cf.  Geo.  H.  Moore's  Treason  of  Charles  Lee ; 
Heath's  Memoirs,  p.  88  ;  Reed's  Life  of  Joseph 
Reed,  i.  253  ;  Drake's  Life  of  Henry  Knox ;  J. 
C.  Hamilton's  Republic  of  the  United  States,  i. 
ch.  6. 

Lee  was  taken  prisoner  in  his  quarters,  Dec. 
13th.  Cf.  Sparks's  Washington,  iv.,  App.  8  ; 
Irving's  Washington;  Moore's  Treason  of  Lee, 
p.  60 ;  Charles  Lee's  Memoirs ;  Memoirs  of  Mrs. 
E.  S.  M.  Quincy,  privately  printed,  1861 ;  Jones's 
New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  i.  173 ; 
Force's  Archives,  5th  series,  iii. 

"Washington  in  the  Jerseys,  December,  1776 — January,  1777. 

The  letters  of  the  commander-in-chief  are  in 
Sparks's  Washington's  Writings,  iv.  Various 
original  papers  are  in  Force's  Archives,  5th  se 
ries,  iii.  Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  12,  and  Irving's  Wash 
ington,  ii.,  are  still  the  best  to  follow.  Geo.  W. 
Greene  gives  a  separate  chapter  to  this  retreat  in 
his  Life  of  General  Greene,  and  controverts  Ban 
croft  on  special  points.  See  also  Read's  George 
Read,  p.  216  ;  Reed's  Life  of  Joseph  Reed,  ch. 
14 ;  Gordon's  History,  ii.  ;  Johnston's  Campaign 
of  1776,  ch.  8.  There  is  a  series  of  minor  mono 
graphs  by  C.  C.  Haven,  namely,  Washington  and 
his  Army  in  New  Jersey,  1856  ;  Thirty  Days  in 
New  Jersey  Ninety  Years  Ago,  1867  ;  Historical 
Manual  concerning  Trenton  and  Princeton. 


1776.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  123 

See,  further,  J.  F.  Tattle's  Washington  in  Mor 
ris  County,  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  June, 
1871 ;  Washington  at  Morristown,  in  Harper's 
Monthly,  xviii.  289,  and  in  the  Magazine  of 
American  History,  Feb.  1879,  p.  118  ;  Glimpse  of 
'76  in  New  Jersey,  in  Harper's  Monthly,  July, 
1874  ;  Washington  at  Trenton  and  Princeton,  in 
Potter's  American  Monthly,  Jan.  1877,  and  a 
little  tract  by  T.  White,  published  at  Charles- 
town,  Mass. 

The  State  of  New  Jersey  has  printed  the  cor 
respondence  of  its  executive,  1776-1786. 

The  political  aspects  of  the  campaign  can  be 
traced  in  Mercy  Warren's  History  ;  in  Ellery's 
letters  to  the  Governor  of  Rhode  Island,  in  Rhode 
Island  Colonial  Records,  viii.  ;  and  in  Wells's 
Life  of  Samuel  Adams,  ii.  The  state  of  affairs  in 
Philadelphia  is  shown  in  R.  Morris's  letters  to  the 
President  of  Congress  in  Pennsylvania  Historical 
Society's  Memoirs,  i.  50.  A  loyalist's  view  of  the 
unmilitary  management  of  the  British  general  is 
in  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  i. 

The  British  view  is  given  in  the  general  his 
tories  of  Stedman  and  Andrews ;  in  the  Annual 
Register,  xx.  ch.  1 ;  in  General  Howe's  Narra 
tive  ;  in  the  Detail  and  Conduct  of  the  American 
War  for  the  evidence  of  Cornwallis,  etc. ;  in  Let 
ters  to  a  Nobleman  on  the  Conduct  of  the  War 
in  the  Middle  Colonies,  London,  1779. 

A  contemporary  tabular  view  of  Howe's  losses, 


124  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1776. 

Aug.  -  Dec.  1776,  is  given  on  a  folded  sheet  in 
the  History  of  the  War  in  America,  Dublin, 
1779. 

Maps  of  the  Campaign.  —  A  reproduction  of 
that  used  by  the  American  commander  is  given  in 
Irving's  Washington,  large  illustrated  edition,  ii. 
430.  Others  are  in  Gordon,  ii.  p.  524;  Lives 
of  Washington,  by  Sparks,  iv.  266,  and  by  Mar 
shall  ;  in  Carrington's  Battles,  p.  302 ;  in  Loss- 
ing's  Field-Book,  ii. 

The  British  maps  are  in  Gentleman's  Magazine, 
Sept.  1776;  Stedman's  American  War.  Faden's 
map  of  New  Jersey,  Dec.  26,  1776  -  Jan.  3, 
1777,  is  in  the  American  Atlas1. 

Holland's  map  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
was  engraved  by  Jefferys  in  1775,  and  reappeared 
as  improved  by  Pownall  in  1776.  Saulthier's  plan 
of  Howe's  operations  was  published  by  Faden  in 
1777 ;  and  another  of  the  seat  of  war  in  New 
York,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania  was  pub 
lished  by  Almon  in  1777.  Faden  again  published 
Ratzer  and  Banker's  map  of  New  Jersey  in  1777, 
and  the  same  year  a  plan  of  the  operations  of 
Washington  against  the  King's  troops,  in  1776- 
1777. 

Trenton,  December  26,  1776. 

Washington  unexpectedly  crossed  the  Delaware 
and  surprised  a  camp  of  the  Hessians.  Cf.  Eel- 
king's  Deutsche  Hiilfstruppen,  and  papers  in 
Force's  Archives,  5th  series,  iii. 


1776.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  125 

Washington's  Letters,  iv.  242-246,  and  App. 
541,  and  his  account  to  Heath,  in  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society's  Collections,  5th  series,  iv. 
32 ;  and  Lives  of  Washington,  by  Marshall,  ii. 
ch.  8,  and  Irving. 

The  representations  by  the  Committee  of  Con 
gress  to  the  Commissioners  in  France  are  in 
Sparks's  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  i.  246. 

Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  13.  Greene's  Life  of  Greene, 
book  ii.  ch.  13.  Wilkinson's  Memoirs,  ch.  3. 
Reed's  Joseph  Reed,  i.  270.  An  account  by 
Major  Morris  in  the  Sparks  MSS.  in  Harvard 
College  Library.  Letter  of  R.  H.  Lee  in  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society's  Proceedings, 
1878,  p.  109.  Drake's  Life  of  Knox.  Hull's 
Revolutionary  Services,  ch.  5.  Dawson's  Battles, 
ch.  16.  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii.,  and  his  article 
in  Harper's  Monthly,  vii.  445.  Carrington's  Bat 
tles,  ch.  39  and  40.  Raum's  History  of  Trenton. 
C.  C.  Haven's  Annals  of  Trenton,  1866.  Hil- 
liard  d'Auberteuil's  Essais  historiques,  ii.  H.  K. 
How's  Poem  on  the  battle,  1856. 

The  English  historians,  Adolphus,  ii.  385,  and 
Stanhope,  vi.  130,  assign  the  credit  of  this  sur 
prise  to  Arnold.  Gov.  Try  on 's  letters  to  Lord 
George  Germain,  in  Documents  relative  to  the 
Colonial  History  of  New  York,  viii.  694. 

Maps.  —  Washington's  Writings  by  Sparks,  iv. 
258,  and  the  atlases  to  Marshall's  and  Guizot's 
Lives  of  Washington ;  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii. ; 
Raum's  Trenton. 


126  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1776. 

Princeton,  January  3,  1777. 

The  Letters  and  Life  of  Washington  by  Sparks. 
Irving's  Washington,  ii.  ch.  14.  Custis's  Recol 
lections  of  Washington,  ch.  3.  Wilkinson's  Me 
moirs,  ch.  3.  St.  Glair's  Narrative.  Hull's  Rev 
olutionary  Services.  Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  14.  Los- 
sing's  Field-Book,  ii.  and  his  paper  in  Harper's 
Monthly,  vii.  447.  Dawson's  Battles,  ch.  17. 
Stone's  Life  of  John  Howland.  Reed's  Joseph 
Reed,  i.  287.  W.  B.  Reed's  oration  on  General 
Mercer.  J.  F.  Hageman's  History  of  Princeton. 
Hollister's  Connecticut,  ii.  ch.  13.  An  account 
by  a  sergeant  in  Newark  Daily  Advertiser  is  re 
printed  in  E.  S.  Thomas's  Reminiscences,  i.  283. 

Bancroft,  ix.  247,  has  a  note  on  the  authorities 
for  giving  Washington  the  credit  of  the  plan  of  a 
roundabout  march  to  Princeton. 

Maps.  —  Sparks's  Washington,  ii.  258,  and 
Lossing's  Field-Book. 

Arnold  on  Lake  Champlain,  October,  1776. 

This  was  an  attempt  by  Arnold  to  drive  back 
the  British  flotilla  advancing  up  the  lake. 
Cooper's  Naval  History  of  the  United  States. 
Wilkinson's  Memoirs,  ch.  ii.  Marshall's  Wash 
ington,  iii.  ch.  1.  Irving's  Washington,  ii.  ch.  39. 
Sparks's  Life  of  Arnold.  John  Trumbull's  Me 
moirs,  p.  34.  Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii.  116,  137, 
and  his  Field-Book,  i.  Dawson's  Battles,  ch.  13. 


1776.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  127 

Palmer's  Lake  Champlain,  ch.  7.  Battle  of  Val- 
cour,  a  pamphlet,  1876. 

Arnold's  naval  tactics  are  examined  in  the  in 
troduction  to  General  Wayne's  Orderly-Book  of 
the  Northern  Army,  Oct.  17,  1776  -  Jan.  8, 1777. 
A  new  view  of  Arnold's  escape  is  given  in  Wins- 
low  C.  Watson's  Naval  Campaign  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  in  the  American  Historical  Record,  iii. 
438-501.  A  contemporary  sketch  of  the  action 
is  in  the  Sparks  MSS.  in  Harvard  College  Library. 
Arnold's  letters  are  in  S parks' s  Correspondence 
of  the  American  Revolution,  i.  Appendix.  Vari 
ous  contemporary  reports  will  be  found  in  Force's 
American  Archives,  5th  series,  i.,  ii.,  iii.  index, 
under  Arnold,  Fleet,  and  Lake  Champlain. 

Maps.  —  A  map  of  Lake  George  and  the 
southern  end  of  Lake  Champlain  is  in  Wayne's 
Orderly-Book  ;  and  another  map  is  in  Palmer's 
Lake  Champlain.  A  map  of  Hudson  River  and 
the  communication  with  Canada  by  the  lakes,  by 
Saulthier,  was  published  by  Faden,  in  1776  ;  and 
the  original  plan  by  a  British  officer,  of  the  action, 
subsequently  engraved,  is  in  the  Faden  Collection 
in  the  Library  of  Congress.  An  earlier  survey  of 
the  region  by  Brassier,  made  for  Amherst  in 
1762,  was  published  by  Sayer  and  Bennett  in 
1776,  who  also  engraved  the  map  which  is  given 
in  the  Military  Pocket  Atlas,  1776.  See  also 
American  Atlas,  No.  21. 


128  •  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 


EVENTS  OF   1777. 

Political  Aspects. 

THE  journals  of  Congress  are  always  meagre. 
"  It  is  impossible  to  touch  upon  any  interesting 
incident  in  the  history  of  the  Congress  of  the 
Revolution,  and  not  regret,"  says  G.  W.  Greene, 
"  the  meagreness  of  the  journals."  Events  are 
followed  in  the  lives  of  the  principal  members, 
like  Samuel  Adams,  ii.  ch.  44 ;  R.  H.  Lee,  John 
Adams,  etc. 

The  insufficiency  of  Congress,  and  its  needless 
interference  with  military  matters,  are  pointed 
out  in  Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii.  ch.  19,  and  in 
Greene's  Life  of  Greene,  i.  ch.  18,  etc. 

July  1st,  Congress  instructed  William  Lee  as 
Commissioner  to  Berlin  and  Vienna.  Diplomatic 
Correspondence,  ii.  289.  Pitkin's  United  States, 
i.  App.  25.  Ralph  Izard  was  commissioned  to 
Italy.  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  ii.  367.  Ar 
thur  Lee's  Life,  and  Life  of  Samuel  Adams,  shows 
Lee's  proceedings  in  Paris  ;  but  the  negotiations 
prompted  by  the  surrender  of  Burgoyne,  leading 
to  an  alliance  with  France,  will  be  referred  to 
under  1778.  Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  17,  traces  the 
progress  of  negotiations  with  Spain.  A  set  of 


1777.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  129 

diplomatic  papers,  beginning  in  1777,  and  relat 
ing  to  their  negotiations  with  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain,  has  been  printed  by  the 
States  General  of  the  Netherlands. 

Nov.  15th,  articles  of  confederation  were  adopt 
ed.  Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  26;  Life  of  John  Adams,  i. 
269;  ix.  467;  Life  of  Samuel  Adams;  Pitkin's 
United  States. 

The  national  flag  of  thirteen  stars  and  thirteen 
stripes  was  adopted  by  Congress  this  year.  Preb- 
le's  Flag  of  the  United  States,  p.  182,  where 
will  also  be  found  an  account  of  the  flags  used 
from  1766  to  1777.  Of.  Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii. 
113 ;  Schuyler  Hamilton's  History  of  the  National 
Flag ;  J.  F.  Reigart's  History  of  the  First  United 
States  Flag,  and  the  patriotism  of  Betsey  Ross, 
Harrisburg,  1878 ;  and  documents  in  Force's  Ar 
chives,  4th  series,  iv. 

The  views  of  the  Opposition  in  England  may 
be  drawn  from  Burkefc  Letter  to  the  Sheriffs  of 
Bristol,  in  his  works,  Boston  edition,  ii.  189. 

British  Plans  for  the  Campaign,  1777. 

The  British  army,  under  Sir  William  Howe, 
were  in  possession  of  New  York,  and  documents 
relating  to  their  rule  in  the  city  will  be  found  in 
Valentine's  New  York  City  Manual  for  1863. 
See  a  picture  of  life  in  New  York  under  British 
rule  in  the  Unitarian  Review,  Nov.  1876,  by 
Samuel  Osgood,  D.  D. 


130  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

March  29th,  Gen.  Charles  Lee,  then  a  prisoner 
in  British  hands,  presented  a  plan  of  campaign  to 
Gen.  Howe,  as  calculated  to  thwart  the  American 
purposes.  George  H.  Moore  first  brought  this  to 
the  attention  of  students  in  his  Treason  of  Charles 
Lee,  in  which  he  gave  a  fac-simile  of  the  docu 
ment  in  Lee's  handwriting,  and  in  which  he 
traces  the  influence  of  it  on  the  plan  of  the  cam 
paign  as  carried  out  by  Howe.  Cf.  Bancroft,  ix. 
330  ;  Howe's  Narrative;  Greene's  Life  of  Greene, 
i.  385 ;  Lossing  in  Magazine  of  American  His 
tory,  July,  1879,  p.  450. 

This  plan  of  Lee  seems  to  account  in  part  for 
the  mistake,  recognized  by  Gordon  and  others, 
by  which  Howe,  failing  to  cooperate  with  Bur- 
goyne  up  the  Hudson,  subjected  his  troops  to  the 
confinement  and  danger  of  a  sea  voyage  in  order 
to  approach  Philadelphia  from  the  Chesapeake. 

Stedman  (American  War,  i.)  considers  Howe 
responsible  for  the  failur%  of  the  British  arms  in 
this  campaign.  A  copy  of  this  book,  annotated 
by  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  is  in  the  Carter-Brown 
Library  at  Providence,  and  a  transcript  of  Clin 
ton's  notes  is  among  the  Sparks  MSS.  in  Harvard 
College  Library.  De  Lancey  used  these  notes  in 
his  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
where  a  loyalist's  criticism  upon  Howe  will  be 
found.  A  pamphlet  of  Observations  by  Clinton 
on  Stedman's  History  was  printed  in  London, 
1794,  and  privately  reprinted  in  New  York,  1864. 


1Z77.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  131 

Howe  defended  himself  in  a  Narrative,  and  this 
drew  out  Galloway's  Letters  to  a  Nobleman,  Lon 
don,  1779.  Howe  again  replied  in  Observations, 
to  which  Galloway  gave  a  Reply  in  1781.  Papers 
relating  to  the  campaign  are  appended  to  a  View 
of  the  Evidence  relative  to  the  Conduct  of  the 
American  War  under  Sir  William  Howe,  Lord 
Viscount  Howe,  and  General  Burgoyne,  as  given 
before  a  Committee  of  the  House  of  Commons, 
London,  1779. 

Sparks  wrote  in  his  copy  of  the  third  edition  of 
the  Detail  and  Conduct  of  the  American  War,  that 
"  its  principal  object  was  to  attack  and  injure  the 
characters  of  Sir  William  Howe,  Lord  Howe,  and 
General  Burgoyne,  and  that  the  facts  are  every 
where  distorted,  opinions  perverted  by  prejudice 
and  a  vindictive  spirit,  and  the  representations 
extravagant  and  often  false." 

Further  examination  of  these  charges  against 
Howe  and  of  the  conduct  of  the  campaign  at  large 
will  be  found  in  Smyth's  Modern  History,  lecture 
34 ;  Gordon's  American  Revolution,  ii. ;  An- 
drews's  Late  War,  ii.  ch.  26  ;  Murray's  War  in 
America ;  Adolphus's  England,  ii.  ch.  31 ;  Lives 
of  Washington  by  Marshall  and  Irving  ;  Histories 
of  the  United  States  by  Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  23,  and 
Hildreth,  iii.  ch.  37;  Lossing's  Field-Book ;  Sar 
gent's  Life  of  Andre,  ch.  7. 

Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  16  and  18,  gives  an  account  of 
the  preparations  made  in  England  for  the  cam- 


132  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

paigu  of  1777.  Arthur  Lee  writes  to  Congress 
of  the  British  plans.  Diplomatic  Correspond 
ence,  ii.  35. 

Maps.  —  American  Atlas,  No.  12,  dated  1771, 
and  John  Andrews's  Map  of  the  Colonies  for 
1777  in  the  same.  Hall's  American  War  has  a 
map  of  the  campaign,  1776-1777.  Mellish  and 
Tanner's  Seat  of  War  in  America.  Montresor's 
Province  of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  etc.,  1777. 
Evans's  Middle  British  Colonies,  extended  by 
Pownall,  1776.  Saulthier's  Province  of  New  York, 
made  for  Gov.  Tryon,  1777,  published  by  Faden, 
1779,  is  reproduced  in  Documentary  History  of 
New  York,  i.  Faden's  Map  of  New  Jersey,  Dec. 
1,  1777.  The  Gentleman's  Magazine,  Dec.  1777, 
has  a  map  of  the  approaches  to  Philadelphia. 
Barber  engraved  a  map  showing  a  circuit  of 
twenty -five  miles  about  New  York,  in  1777. 
There  is  a  map  in  Howe's  Narrative. 

Of  the  French  maps  may  be  named  :  Du  Ches- 
noy's  Theatre  de  la  Guerre,  1775-1778.  Beau- 
rain's  Carte  pour  servir  a  1'intelligence  de  la 
Guerre,  Paris,  1777.  Brion  de  la  Tour's  Theatre 
de  la  Guerre,  Paris,  1777,  with  one  by  Phelip- 
peaux,  1778,  pour  servir  de  suite.  Bourgoin's 
Theatre  de  la  Guerre,  Paris. 

There  is  a  contemporary  German  map  in  the 
Geschichte  der  Kriege  in  und  aus  Europa,  Nurem 
berg,  1776. 


1777.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTIO^,        133 

Howe  evacuates  Jersey,  1777. 

After  the  spring  opened,  the  British  commander 
endeavored,  without  success,  to  draw  Washington 
into  a  battle,  and  finally  withdrew  all  his  forces 
from  the  Jerseys.  Irving's  Washington,  iii. 
ch.  8 ;  Graydon's  Memoirs ;  Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  20 ; 
Greene's  Life  of  Greene,  i. ;  Graham's  Life  of 
Morgan ;  Life  of  Timothy  Pickering,  i. ;  Eel- 
king's  Die  Deutsche  Hiilfstruppen. 

In  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island,  1777. 

In  April  an  expedition  under  Gov.  Tryon  in 
vaded  Connectic^i  from  the  Sound  to  destroy  the 
American  storeJjat  Danbury.  This  object  was 
accomplished,  but/  the  British  were  vigorously  pur 
sued  to  their  ships.  Leake's  Life  of  General 
Lamb,  ch.  11,  with  a  plan ;  Teller's  History  of 
Ridgefield  ;  Deming's  Oration  at  the  Dedication 
of  the  Wooster  Monument  in  1854  ;  Stuart's  Life 
of  Jonathan  Trumbull,  ch.  27  ;  Hollister's  Con 
necticut,  ii.  ch.  12 ;  D wight's  Travels  in  New 
England,  iii.;  Hinman's  Historical  Collections; 
Marshall's  Washington,  which  account  is  exam 
ined  by  E.  D.  Whittlesey  in  the  New  York  His 
torical  Society's  Collections,  ii.  ;  Irving's  Wash 
ington",  iii.  ch.  5;  Sparks's  Washington,  iv.  404; 
Lossing's  Field-Bpok,  p.  407.  The  English  ac 
count  will  be  found  in  Stedman,  ch.  14,  and  a 
loyalist  one  in  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolu- 


134  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

tionary  "War,  i.  Dawson,  in  his  Battles  of  the 
United  States,  ch.  18,  gives  the  authorities  and 
illustrative  documents. 

In  July  the  British  General  Prescott  was  cap 
tured  in  Rhode  Island  by  a  party  led  by  Lieut. 
Col.  Barton.  Cf.  the  histories  of  Rhode  Island ; 
Force's  American  Archives,  4th  series,  iv. ;  Di- 
man's  Address,  with  a  map,  on  the  centennial  ob 
servance  of  the  event. 

Burgoyne's  Advance  from  Canada,  May  and  June,  1777. 

In  the  campaign  of  1776,  the  British  had  ad 
vanced  up  Lake  Champlain  to  Crown  Point, 
which  they  held  till,  on  the  approach  of  winter, 
they  returned  to  Canada.  It  was  already  ex 
pected  that  Burgoyne  would  conduct  the  next 
campaign  over  the  same  ground.  Cf.  Force's 
American  Archives,  index  of  the  various  volumes, 
under  Burgoyne,  Canada,  and  Carleton.  Bur 
goyne  returned  to  England,  and  drew  up  a  plan 
of  operations,  which  is  in  the  Gentleman's  Maga 
zine,  April,  1778  ;  and  in  the  Appendix  of  Fon- 
blanque's  Burgoyne,  with  the  King's  comments 
on  it,  which  are  also  printed  from  a  manuscript 
in  the  royal  hand,  in  Albemarle's  Rockingham 
and  his  Contemporaries,  ii.  330.  Lord  George 
Germain's  instructions  to  Gen.  Carleton  relative 
to  Burgoyne's  movements  are  in  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine,  Feb.  1778. 

Burgoyne  arrived  at  Quebec  May  6th.     Los- 


1777.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  135 

sing's  Schuyler,  ii.  194.  What  of  preparation 
had  taken  place  or  was  made  up  to  the  time  of  the 
advance,  is  shown  in  the  lives  of  Baron  Riedesel 
and  the  Baroness  Riedesel ;  Anburey's  Travels ; 
Hilliard  d'Auberteuil's  Essais  historiques,  ii. ; 
Schlozer's  Briefwechsel,  Th.  iii.  pp.  27,  321  ;  Th. 
iv.  p.  288,  etc.  Also  see  Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  21,  who 
gives  much  information  regarding  the  German 
material  among  the  troops,  and  the  recruiting  of 
them  in  Germany,  ch.  18.  This  matter  has  spe 
cial  treatment  in  Kapp's  Der  Soldatenhandel 
Deutscher  Fiirsten  nach  Amerika ;  and  in  Eel- 
king's  Die  Deutsche  Hulfstruppen  in  Nord  Amer 
ika,  where  is  a  list  of  manuscript  journals,  to 
which  access  was  had ;  and  in  ch.  4  there  is  an 
account  of  these  preparations  in  Canada. 

The  proclamation  issued  by  Burgoyne  June 
23d,  to  induce  the  adhesion  of  the  country  people, 
is  given  in  the  Appendix  to  Fonblanque's  Bur 
goyne  ;  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  Aug.  1777  ; 
in  F.  Moore's  Diary  of  the  Revolution  ;  in  Riede- 
sel's  Memoirs  ;  in  Niles's  Principles  and  Acts ;  in 
the  Proceedings  of  the  New  York  Historical  So 
ciety,  Jan.  1872 ;  and  there  are  accounts  of  it  in 
Anburey's  Travels  ;  in  Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii.  ; 
and  in  Thacher's  Military  Journal. 

June  26th,  Burgoyne  reached  Crown  Point, 
and,  generally,  for  the  early  stages  of  the  ad 
vance,  see  Fonblanque's  Burgoyne  ;  Riedesel's 
Memoirs ;  Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii.  ;  Bancroft,  ix. 


136  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

ch.  21 ;  Irving's  Washington,  iii.  ch.  9  ;  Palmer's 
Lake  Champlain,  ch.  8 ;  De  Costa's  Lake  George, 
and  his  Narrative  of  Events '  at  Lake  George, 
1868. 

The  fight  at  Diamond  Island  is  described  in  the 
New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Regis 
ter,  April,  1872,  p.  150. 

In  the  meanwhile  the  preparations  which  Schuy- 
ler  was  making  to  oppose  Burgoyne  are  detailed 
in  Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii.  ch.  7.  The  dispute  of 
command  with  Gates  had  finally  resulted  in 
Schuyler's  being  confirmed  in  the  charge  of  mili 
tary  operations  in  the  northern  department,  May 
22d,  and  Gates  journeyed  to  Philadelphia  to  lay 
his  grievances  before  Congress.  Irving's  Wash 
ington,  iii.  ch.  3. 

Ticonderoga  evacuated,  July  6,  1777. 

For  the  arrangements  which  had  been  made 
for  the  defense,  see  Force's  American  Archives, 
5th  series,  i.,  ii.,  and  iii.,  and  Lossing's  Schuyler. 
St.  Clair  was  in  command.  Burgoyne  seized  and 
fortified  the  summit  of  Mount  Defiance,  which 
had  been  thought  inaccessible  to  artillery,  and  this 
movement  rendering  the  post  untenable,  Ticon 
deroga  was  evacuated  in  the  night. 

Burgoyne's  letter  on  the  capture  was  printed  in 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  Aug.  1777.  Fon- 
blanque's  Burgoyne,  p.  248,  and  Dawson's  Bat 
tles  of  the  United  States.  Cf.  Anburey's  Travels, 
letter  30. 


1777.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  137 

St.  Clair  explained  the  necessity  he  was  under 
in  a  letter  to  Washington,  in  Sparks's  Correspond 
ence  of  the  Revolution,  i.  400,  and  in  ii.  App.  2, 
there  are  various  letters  from  St.  Clair  and  others. 
Dawson  also  gives  St.  Glair's  account.  The  dis- 
heartenment  through  the  colonies  was  general. 
Wells's  Samuel  Adams,  ii.  ch.  45,  and  the  letter, 
Aug.  7th,  of  the  Committee  of  Congress  to  the 
Commissioners  in  France,  in  the  Diplomatic  Cor 
respondence,  i.  315.  St.  Clair  .was  tried  by 
court-martial  and  acquitted.  The  papers  used  are 
among  the  Sparks  MSS.  in  Harvard  College 
Library. 

In  general,  on  this  event,  see  Sparks's  Wash 
ington,  v. ;  Heath  Papers  in  Massachusetts  His 
torical  Society's  Collections,  5th  series,  iv.  65 ; 
Wilkinson's  Memoirs,  ch.  4  and  5  ;  Gen.  Hull's 
Revolutionary  Services,  ch.  7 ;  Orderly-Book  of 
the  Northern  Army  at  Ticonderoga,  with  Notes, 
published  by  Munsell,  1859 ;  Dawson's  Battles, 
ch.  20  ;  Lossing's  Field-Book,  and  his  Schuyler ; 
Van  Rensselaer's  Essays  ;  Jay's  Life  of  Jay,  i. 
74  ;  Sparks's  Gouverneur  Morris,  i.  ch.  8  ;  J.  C. 
Hamilton's  Life  of  Hamilton,  i.  79,  91,  and  Ham 
ilton's  Works,  i.  31;  Sedgwick's  Livingston,  p. 
233  ;  Palmer's  Lake  Champlain  ;  De  Costa's  Fort 
George  ;  Watson's  Essex  County,  ch.  11 ;  Smith's 
History  of  Pittsfield,  Massachusetts,  i.  282  ;  His 
torical  Magazine,  Dec.  1862,  July,  1867,  Aug. 
1869  ;  Rev.  Lewis  Kellogg's  Historical  Discourse, 
Whitehall,  1847. 


138  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

Maps.  —  A  large  plan  of  the  works  and  topog 
raphy  of  the  neighboring  ground,  at  the  time  of 
Abercrombie's  attack,  nineteen  years  before,  is 
given  in  the  Documents  relative  to  the  Colonial 
History  of  New  York,  x.  726.  A  copy  of  the 
map  used  at  St.  Glair's  trial  is  in  the  Sparks 
Collection,  Cornell  University.  Palmer's  Lake 
Charnplain  has  a  map  dated  Aug.  1776. 

Hubbardton,  Vermont,  July  7,  1777. 

A  part  of  the  Americans,  retreating  from  Ti- 
conderoga,  was  overtaken  by  Generals  Fraser 
and  Riedesel,  and  defeated.  Wilkinson's  Me 
moirs,  ch.  5 ;  Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii.  223,  and  his 
Field-Book,  i.  145;  Dawson's  Battles,  i.  ch.  20, 
giving  the  authorities ;  Carrington's  Battles,  ch. 
45 ;  Amos  Churchill's  History  of  Hubbardton, 
1855;  Henry  Clark's  Historical  Address,  1859; 
and  the  histories  of  Vermont. 

A  journal  by  Enos  Stone  is  in  the  New  Eng 
land  Historical  and  Genealogical  Register,  Oct. 
1861.  Ebenezer  Fletcher  was  wounded  and  taken 
prisoner,  and  he  printed  at  "Windsor,  1813,  a  Nar 
rative  of  his  Captivity. 

Burgoyne's  Narrative  gives  the  British  account. 

Maps.  —  In  Burgoyne  and  Carrington. 

Murder  of  Miss  McCrea,  July  27,  1777. 

This  event,  as  evincing  the  untrustworthy  alli 
ance  of  the  Indians,  whom  Burgoyne  had  joined 


1777.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  139 

to  his  army,  and  as  being  the  subject  of  much 
agitation  in  England  and  America,  was  of  impor 
tance  in  the  progress  of  the  war.  A  Life  of  Jane 
McCrea,  by  D.  Wilson,  was  privately  printed  in 
New  York,  1853,  and  there  is  an  account  of  her 
in  Mrs.  Ellet's  Women  of  the  American  Revolu 
tion,  ii.  Cf.  Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii.  250,  and  his 
Field-Book,  i.  ;  Stone's  Life  of  Brant,  i.  203 ; 
Irving's  Washington,  iii.  ch.  14 ;  Asa  Fitch's 
account  in  the  New  Jersey  Historical  Society's 
Proceedings,  reprinted  in  the  Revolutionary  Me 
morials,  edited  by  Stephen  Dodd ;  W.  L.  Stone  in 
Historical  Magazine,  April,  1867 ;  in  Galaxy,  Jan. 
1867,  the  last  reprinted  in  Beach's  Indian  Miscel 
lany  ;  and  the  Appendix  to  Stone's  Burgoyne's 
Campaign.  See  also  Ruttenber's  Hudson  River 
Indians,  p.  273. 

Her  fate  is  the  subject  of  a  story,  Miss  Mac 
Rea,  by  Hilliard  d'Auberteuil. 

The  opposition  in  England  to  the  employment 
of  Indians  by  Burgoyne  showed  itself  in  Burke's 
speech,  Feb.  6,  1778.  Cf.  Parliamentary  His 
tory  ;  Gentleman's  Magazine,  March,  1778 ; 
McKnight's  Burke,  ii.  213  ;  Walpole  and  Mason 
Correspondence,  i.  335  ;  Fonblanque's  Burgoyne. 

Fort  Stanwix  and  Oriskany,  August,  1777. 

A  part  of  the  British  plan  of  the  northern  cam/- 
paign  was  to  send  a  force  of  British,  Hessians,  and 
Indians,  under  St.  Leger,  by  way  of  Oswego,  to 


READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

capture  Fort  Stanwk  (or  Fort  Schuvler,  as  some- 
t-mes  called),  and  then  to  follow  down  the  Mo 
hawk  valley)  hoping  to  un.te  ™  th    Mo- 

Albany  For  the  preliminaries,  see  StoSlife 
°f  Brant,  L,  and  for  condition  of  affairs,  see 
Forces  Amencan  Archives,  5th  series,  i.,  H  ,  ™ 
C°mmanded  >*  Stanwix,  and  St. 


w        1         T  "       '        en'      -nler, 

vnth  the  miht.a,  advanced  to  raise  the  siege,  and 
the  somewhat  doubtful  conflict  which  ensu  d  "s 
known  as  the  Battle  of  Oriskanv,  fought 


JlTfsTT       or7"6    and    EXpediti°»    °f    St' 
^eger    1877.     Other  narratives  Lossing's 

Schuyler,  ,,  273,  and  Field-Boot,  i.  ;  Hull's  fifv 
ouhonaryServ.ces,  oh.  8;  Irving's  Washington, 
»i.  eh-  lo;  Bancroft's  United  States,  ix.  3T8  • 
Dawson-s  Battles,  ch.  21,  where  various  content' 
porary  documents  will  be  found;  Benton's  Her- 
km.erCoun^ch.S;  Ca.pbell's  Tryon  County, 
ch.  4;  Harper's  Monthly,  niii.  327,  by  T  D 

187g7     p!  w  TfM  °f  Am6rican  HistM7'  Nov.' 
E.  H.  Roberts's  Address,  1877 

British  Accounts.  -St.   Leger's  account  is  in 


1777.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  141 

the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  March,  1778,  in  the 
Appendix  to  Burgoyne's  State  of  the  Expedition, 
and  in  the  Appendix  to  Roberta's  Address.  The 
Annual  Register,  1777,  is  followed  in  Andrews's 
History.  Almon's  Parliamentary  Debates,  viii., 
gives  some  details.  Beatson's  Naval  and  Military 
Memoirs,  vi.  69. 

St.  Leger  still  continued  the  siege,  but  retreated 
on  the  approach  of  Arnold,  Aug.  22d,  with  a  force 
dispatched  by  Schuyler.  Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii.  ; 
Irving's  Washington,  iii.  ch.  16  and  17  ;  Journals 
of  the  Provincial  Congress,  i. ;  Sparks's  Corre 
spondence  of  the  Revolution,  ii.  518. 

Maps.  —  Fort  Stanwix,  with  a  topographical 
map  of  the  surrounding  country,  in  1758,  is  in 
the  Documentary  History  of  New  York,  iv.  325, 
326.  A  plan  of  the  fort,  in  its  relation  to  the 
modern  town  of  Rome,  is  given  in  the  English 
translation  of  Pouchot's  Late  War  in  North  Amer 
ica,  edited  by  F.  B.  Hough,  p.  207.  Plans  of  the 
siege  will  be  found  in  Lossing's  Field-Book,  i. 
249  ;  Campbell's  Tryon  County ;  Stone's  Life  of 
Brant,  i.  230.  A  copy  of  Lieutenant  Fleury's 
plan  is  in  the  Sparks  Collection  at  Cornell  Uni 
versity. 

Bennington,  August  16,  1777. 

Burgoyne,  in  order  to  secure  forage  and  destroy 
the  stores  which  the  Americans  had  accumulated 
at  Bennington,  as  well  as  to  encourage  the  loyal 
ists,  sent  a  force  of  Hessians,  under  Col.  Baum, 


142  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

towards  that  place.  He  was  met  by  Stark  with  a 
force  of  Green  Mountain,  New  Hampshire,  and 
Massachusetts  troops,  and  routed.  The  British 
supports  under  Breyman  were  likewise  driven 
back. 

Burgoyne's  original  instructions  to  Baum  are 
preserved  in  the  cabinet  of  the  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society,  and  are  printed  in  their  Col 
lections,  ii.,  and  in  W.  L.  Stone's  Burgoyne's 
Campaign,  App.  3. 

American  Accounts.  —  Lincoln  communicated 
the  first  accounts  to  Schuyler,  who  transmitted 
them  to  Washington.  Sparks's  Correspondence 
of  the  Revolution,  i.  425.  Stark's  dispatch  is 
given  in  Dawson's  Battles.  An  account,  by  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Allen,  was  printed  in  the  Connecticut 
Courant,  Aug.  25,  1777,  and  is  reprinted  in  App. 
F  of  Smith's  History  of  Pittsfield,  Mass. 

In  1848  there  was  delivered  before  the  legis 
lature  of  Vermont  an  address  on  the  battle  of 
Bennington,  by  James  D.  Butler,  which  was 
printed  in  1849,  together  with  an  account  of  the 
life  and  services  of  Col.  Warner,  by  George 
Frederick  Houghton.  Professor  Butler's  address, 
says  the  author,  "  contains  original  testimonies  of 
witnesses  now  long  dead,  and  notes  from  papers 
since  burned  in  the  Vermont  State  House." 

Reminiscences  by  participants  are  given  in  the 
App.  of  W.  L.  Stone's  Burgoyne's  Campaign. 
Documents  illustrating  the  part  taken  by  Ver- 


1777.J         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  143 

mont  in  resisting  Burgoyne's  invasion  are  in  the 
Vermont  Historical  Society's  Collections,  1870, 
p.  161.  Wilkinson's  Memoirs,  i.  ch.  5. 

Later  Accounts. — Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  22.  Irving's 
Washington,  iii.  ch.  16.  Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii. 
ch.  14  ;  his  Field-Book,  i.,  and  article  in  Harper's 
Monthly,  v.  Dawson's  Battles,  A.  22,  and  his 
account  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  May,  1870. 
Carrington's  Battles,  p.  334.  Hall's  and  other 
histories  of  Vermont.  Holland's  Western  Massa 
chusetts,  ch.  15.  Smith's  History  of  Pittsfield, 
Mass.,  i.  293.  Lives  of  Stark,  by  Caleb  Stark, 
Edward  Everett,  and  others.  Jennings's  Memo 
rials  of  a  Century.  Letters  in  the  New  England 
Historical  and  Genealogical  Register,  April,  1860. 
Chipman's  Life  of  Seth  Warner,  and  the  account 
of  Warner's  share  in  the  battle,  in  Historical 
Magazine,  iv.  268.  Harper's  Monthly,  xxi.  325, 
also  Aug.  1877.  Albert  Tyler's  address  on  Ben- 
nington  before  the  Worcester  Society  of  An 
tiquity.  Noah  Smith's  speech  at  Bennington, 
in  the  Vermont  Historical  Society's  Collections, 
1870.  F.  W.  Coburn's  Centennial  History  of 
Bennington. 

De  Lancey  (Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolu 
tionary  War,  i.  685)  has  a  note  on  the  forces 
engaged. 

A  Bennington  Historical  Society  was  formed 
in  1876  for  the  purpose  of  commemorating  the 
battle. 


144  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

British  and  Hessian  Accounts.  —  Burgoyne's 
dispatch  is  given  in  Dawson.  Cf.  Fonblanque's 
Burgoyne,  p.  271,  and  his  Narrative,  with  evi 
dence  as  laid  before  Parliament.  Riedesel  in 
part  controverts  Burgoyne's  statement  in  his  Me 
moirs,  i.  259,  and  in  the  App.  p.  299,  there  are 
some  Recollecllbns  of  Bennington.  Schlozer's 
Briefwechsel.  Stedman's  American  War,  i.  ch. 
17. 

Maps.  —  In  Burgoyne's  Narrative;  in  Jen- 
nings's  Memorials ;  in  Lossing's  Field-Book ;  in 
Carrington's  Battles.  There  is  a  MS.  plan  among 
the  Sparks  MSS.  in  Harvard  College  Library. 

The  Change  in  Command,  August  19,  1777. 

A  check  had  been  given  to  the  enemy  at  Oris- 
kany  in  the  west,  and  he  had  been  defeated  at 
Bennington  in  the  east.  At  this  juncture,  when 
Burgoyne  felt  the  toils  tightening  about  him,  a 
change  in  the  command  allowed  Gates  to  reap  the 
fruits  of  victory.  Schuyler  has  long  since  been 
acquitted  of  blame  for  his  conduct  of  the  cam 
paign  ;  but  a  certain  imperious  manner  and  in- 
cautiousness  of  tongue  had  created  a  prejudice 
against  him  among  the  New  England  troops,  and 
the  change  was  perhaps  a  necessary  one.  The 
movement  in  behalf  of  Gates  was  assi  ning  a 
political  significance.  Wells's  Samuel  Adams,  ii. 
ch.  45 ;  Sparks's  Washington,  v.  14 ;  Sparks's 
Gouverneur  Morris,  i.  138.  Bancroft,  ix.,  holds 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  145 

Schuyler  in  some  measure  responsible  for  the 
misfortunes  of  the  early  part  of  the  campaign. 
Schuyler,  however,  has  earnest  defenders  in 
George  L.  Schuyler's  Correspondence  and  Re 
marks  upon  Bancroft's  History  of  the  Northern 
Campaign,  1777  ;  and  in  Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii. 
325.  Cf.  Sparks's  Washington,  iii.  535  ;  Head- 
ley's  Washington  and  his  Generals ;  American 
Historical  Record,  April,  1873  ;  Magazine  of  Amer 
ican  History,  Feb.  1877,  by  J.  W.  De  Peyster. 

W.  L.  Stone  has  a  paper  on  Schuyler's  faithful 
spy  in  the  Magazine  of  American  History,  July, 
1878. 

Gates  reached  headquarters  Aug.  19th,  and  com 
municated  with  Washington  Aug.  22d.  Sparks's 
Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  i.  427.  Cf. 
Irving's  Washington,  iii.  ch.  12  ;  Hamilton's  Re 
public  of  the  United  States,  i.  306. 

A  portrait  of  Gates,  after  a  pencil-sketch  by 
Trumbull,  is  given  in  the  Orderly-Book  of  the 
Northern  Army  at  Ticonderoga.  Other  contem 
porary  likenesses  are  in  Murray's  War  in  Amer 
ica,  ii.,  and  in  An  Impartial  History  of  the  War, 
London,  1780. 

Freeman's  Farm,  September  19,  1777. 

(Sometimes  called  the  first  battle  of  Semis's  Heights,  or  the  battle  of 
Stillwater.) 

This  was  an  effectual  defense  of  the  left  wing 
of  the  American  army.  General  Wilkinson's  Me- 

10 


146  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

moirs,  i.  ch.  6,  gives  the  best  account  of  the  action 
by  any  participant.  Also  see  Head  ley's  Wash 
ington  and  his  Generals,  and  Lossing's  Schuyler, 
ii.  ch.  19.  Morgan,  who,  with  his  riflemen,  had 
been  sent  by  Washington  to  join  Gates,  did  much 
to  increase  the  power  of  the  American  army  dur 
ing  the  rest  of  this  campaign,  and  his  career  can 
be  examined  in  Graham's  Life  of  Morgan,  ch.  7—9. 

See  the  account  in  Burgoyne's  Narrative;  in 
Fonblanque's  Burgoyne ;  in  Col.  Carrington's 
Battles  of  the  American  Revolution,  ch.  46.  Daw- 
son,  ch.  25,  treats  this  and  the  action  of  Oct.  7th 
in  one  continuous  narrative,  with  copious  refer 
ences  and  illustrations  of  official  dispatches,  etc. 
Cf.  Lossing's  Field-Book. 

A  panoramic  view  of  the  position  of  Burgoyne's 
army  after  this  battle  is  given  in  Anburey's 
Travels. 

Bancroft,  ix.  410,  cites  the  authorities  to  show 
that  Arnold  was  not  present,  as  often  represented. 

Robert  Lowell  read  a  poem,  Burgoyne's  Last 
March,  at  the  centennial  celebration  of  this  battle, 
Sept.  19,  1877. 

Maps.  —  In  Burgoyne's  Narrative ;  in  Carring 
ton's  Battles. 

Sept.  27th,  Burgoyne  sent  Captain  Scott  to 
open  communication  with  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  who 
was  now  ascending  the  Hudson  to  cooperate. 
Scott's  journal  is  given  in  Fonblanque's  Bur 
goyne,  p.  287. 


1777.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  147 

Bemis's  Heights,  or  Saratoga,  October  7,  1777. 

Burgoyne  advanced  with  a  strong  force  to  cover 
foraging  parties  and  to  reconnoitre  the  American 
position.  He  was  attacked  sharply  and  driven 
back.  The  Lives  of  Arnold  indicate  his  important 
share  in  this  success.  Cf.  Magazine  of  American 
History,  May,  1879,  p.  310.  There  is  a  mono 
graph  on  the  battle  by  Neilson,  and  in  his  Appen 
dix  is  the  story  of  Woodruff,  an  eye-witness.  Cf. 
Wilkinson's  Memoirs ;  Stone's  Burgoyne's  Cam 
paign  ;  Hull's  Revolutionary  Services,  ch.  10 ; 
Bowen's  Life  of  Gen.  Lincoln  ;  Creasy's  Decisive 
Battles  of  the  World  ;  Irving's  Washington,  iii. 
ch.  22;  Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii.  ch.  20,  and  his 
Field-Book ;  A.  B.  Street  in  the  Historical  Maga 
zine,  March,  1858. 

Silliman's  account  of  his  visit  to  the  battlefield, 
is  given  in  an  Appendix  to  Stone's  Burgoyne's 
Campaign. 

Maps.  —  In  Burgoyne's  Narrative  ;  in  Fon- 
blanque's  Burgoyne ;  in  Stedman's  American 
War ;  in  the  Analectic  Magazine,  1818  ;  in  Car- 
rington's  Battles. 

In  the  night  Burgoyne  withdrew  across  the 
Fishkill  and  intrenched  himself.  Wilkinson's 
Memoirs,  i.  ch.  8,  gives  fac-similes  of  Burgoyne's 
letters  to  Gates,  commending  to  the  care  of  the 
victorious  general  his  abandoned  hospital  and 
Lady  Ackland,  who  sought  her  husband,  Major 


148  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

Ackland,  wounded,  and  in  the  American  camp. 
The  devotion  of  Lady  Ackland  is  a  pleasing  epi 
sode  in  all  the  accounts  of  this  battle.  See,  con 
cerning  her,  the  Historical  Magazine,  ii.  121 ; 
Ellet's  Women  of  the  American  Revolution ;  and 
the  portraits  of  her  in  Burgoyne's  Orderly-Book, 
and  in  Bloodgood's  Sexagenary. 

Burgoyne's  Surrender,  October  17,  1777. 

With  his  retreat  cut  off,  his  supplies  exhausted, 
and  an  enemy  much  superior  in  numbers  sur 
rounding  him,  Burgoyne  opened  negotiations  for 
a  surrender.  The  council  of  war  is  described  in 
Riedesel's  Memoirs.  The  correspondence  and 
convention  papers  are  given  by  O'Callaghan  in 
Burgoyne's  Orderly-Book,  and  they  are  also  in 
Stedman's  American  War,  and  in  Dawson's  Bat 
tles,  ch.  25.  The  original  MS.  of  the  Convention 
is  in  the  New  York  Historical  Society's  Cabinet, 
and  fac-similes  of  the  signatures  are  given  in 
Lossing's  Field-Book,  i.  79. 

General  accounts  of  the  surrender  are  in  Wil 
kinson's  Memoirs,  ch.  8 ;  Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  24 ; 
Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii.  ch.  21 ;  Irving's  Washing 
ton,  iii.  22  ;  Blackwood's  Magazine,  Ixiii. ;  Blood- 
good's  Sexagenary  ;  Pennsylvania  Archives,  v. 

Loubat  (Medallic  History  of  the  United  States) 
describes  the  medal  given  to  Gates. 

Burgoyne,  while  the  guest  of  Schuyler  in  Al 
bany,  Oct.  20th,  wrote  a  dispatch  to  his  govern- 


1777.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  149 

ment,  which  .is  given  in  the  Gentleman's  Maga 
zine,  Dec.  1777  ;  in  Fonblanque's  Life  of  Bur- 
goyne,  p.  313,  with  other  letters ;  in  the  Brief 
Examination  of  the  Plan  and  Conduct  of  the 
Northern  Expedition  in  America,  1777,  London, 
1779  ;  and  in  Dawson's  Battles.  Of.  Stanhope's 
History,  vi.  207.  Riedesel  in  his  Memoirs  com 
ments  on  Burgoyne's  dispatch. 

Maps.  —  The  position  of  Burgoyne's  army  is 
shown  in  Burgoyne's  Narrative ;  Fonblanque's 
Burgoyne,  p.  302 ;  Carrington's  Battles  of  the 
Revolution,  p.  354. 

Strength  of  the  Armies.  —  De  Lancey,  in  his 
notes  to  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,  i.  674,  examines  the  question  of  the  relative 
strength  of  the  British  and  American  armies  in 
this  campaign,  with  references  to  the  authorities. 
The  return  of  Gates's  army,  given  in  the  Gates 
MSS.  in  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  at  the 
time  of  the  Convention,  shows  a  total  of  11,098. 
Burgoyne  printed  in  the  Appendix  of  his  Narra 
tive  a  return,  which  he  said  Gates  gave  him,  and 
it  foots  up  18,624.  The  difference  may  be  ex 
plained  by  the  sick  and  fiuioughed  men.  Gor 
don  (American  Revolution,  ii.  578)  gives  5,791  as 
the  number  of  the  British  at  the  surrender ;  but 
there  are  diversities  in  the  statements,  as  De 
Lancey  shows. 

The  Convention  Troops.  —  The  captured  army 
became  known  by  this  designation  during  their 
subsequent  detention  till  the  close  of  the  war. 


150  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

They  were  marched  to  Cambridge^  Mass.,  under 
escort ;  and  in  Anburey's  Travels  there  is  a  map 
showing  their  line  of*  inarch.  At  Cambridge  the 
officers  gave  their  parole  to  keep  within  defined 
limits,  the  English  and  Germans  signing  separate 
papers.  The  originals  of  these  are  now  in  the 
Public  Library  of  Boston.  They  are  printed  in 
Burgoy ne's  Orderly-Book.  For  the  reception  of 
the  troops,  see  Heath's  Memoirs,  p.  134.  Of  their 
stay  in  Cambridge,  there  are  particulars  in  Schlo- 
zer's  Briefwechsel,  Th.  iv.  341,  etc. ;  in  Riedesel's 
Memoirs,  ii. ;  in  Madame  Riedesel's  Memoirs  ;  in 
Lossing's  Field-Book ;  in  Drake's  Middlesex ;  in 
Eelking's  Deutsche  Hiilfstruppen,  ch.  9.  Nathan 
Bowen's  Book  of  General  Orders  during  the  so 
journ  of  the  troops  in  Cambridge  was  copied  in 
part  by  S.  G.  Drake,  and  his  copy  is  in  the  Pub 
lic  Library  of  Boston. 

Col.  Henley,  an  American  officer  of  the  guard, 
was  accused  by  Burgoyne  of  ill-treatment  of  the 
Convention  troops  ;  and  the  account  of  Henley's 
trial,  London,  1778,  shows  glimpses  of  the  camp 
life  and  traits  of  Burgoyne's  character.  This  trial 
is  epitomized  in  P.  W.  Chandler's  American 
Criminal  Trials,  ii.  Various  letters  relating  to 
the  Convention  troops  at  this  time  will  be  found  in 
Sparks's  Washington,  v.,  and  in  Heath's  Memoirs. 

Burgoyne  returned  to  England  on  parole,  and 
sat  in  Parliament  while  still  unexchanged.  Fon- 
blanque's  Burgoyne  and  Macknight's  Burke,  ii. 
ch.  30. 


1777.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  151 

The  difficulties  of  provisioning  the  troops  in 
Cambridge,  and  the  apprehension  lest  the  British 
should  attempt  their  rescue,  induced  Congress  to 
order  their  removal  to  Virginia.  Anburey  gives 
a  map  of  their  route  in  Nov.  1778.  Accounts  of 
their  sojourn  in  Virginia  are  given  in  Anburey, 
Riedesel,  and  Eelking ;  the  Bland  papers,  edited 
by  Campbell ;  Jefferson's  Writings,  i.  212  ;  Lives 
of  Jefferson  by  Tucker,  i.  ch.  5  ;  by  Randall,  i. 
232,  285;  and  by  Parton,  p.  222.  Howison's 
History  of  Virginia,  ii.  250.  Cf.  Pennsylvania 
Archives,  ix. ;  and  in  vi.  162,  the  Report  of  Con 
gress,  Jan.  8,  1778,  on  the  breach  of  the  Con 
vention  by  the  British. 

Charles  Deane,  in  the  Council  Report  of  the 
American  Antiquarian  Society,  Oct.  1877,  exam 
ined  the  tortuous  course  of  Congress  in  carrying 
out  the  provisions  of  the  Convention  of  Surren 
der  ;  and  this  question  is  further  discussed  by  G. 
W.  Greene  in  the  Magazine  of  American  History, 
April,  1879.  Cf.  also  Stanhope's  History  of  Eng 
land,  vi.  194 ;  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolu 
tionary  War,  i.,  with  De  Lancey's  note,  p.  698. 

General  Views  of  Burgoyne's  Campaign,  1777. 

American  Accounts.  —  Gen.  Lincoln  gives  an 
account  of  his  experiences  in  a  letter  in  Sparks's 
Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  ii.  533.  Cf. 
Bowen's  Life  of  Lincoln,  and  the  account  in  Head- 
ley's  Washington  and  his  Generals.  Dr.  Thacher 


152  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

was  with  the  army,  and  his  Military  Journal  gives 
frequent  records.  The  reminiscences  of  Col.  Seth 
Warner  are  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  July, 
1860.  The  part  borne  by  Col.  Brooks  of  Massa 
chusetts  is  shown  in  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society's  Proceedings,  Sept.  1864  ;  and  there  are 
other  details  under  Feb.  1858.  F.  Kidder's  First 
New  Hampshire  Regiment  follows  that  regiment 
through  the  campaign.  Gates's  own  papers  are 
in  the  New  York  Historical  Society's  Cabinet. 
Wilkinson  was  selected  to  carry  the  news  of  the 
surrender  to  Congress,  and  his  Memoirs  give  the 
experiences  and  observations  of  a  staff  officer. 
Bloodgood's  Sexagenary  details  the  experiences  of 
the  country  people  on  the  line  of  Burgoyne's 
march.  Various  papers,  including  Armstrong's 
letters,  are  in  the  Sparks  MSS.  in  Harvard  Col 
lege  Library. 

The  correspondence  of  the  Committee  of  Con 
gress  with  the  Commissioners  in  France  regarding 
the  effects  of  the  surrender,  is  in  the  Diplomatic 
Correspondence,. i.  338,  355.  Cf.  Stuart's  Life  of 
Jonathan  Trumbull. 

There  are  accounts,  more  or  less  full,  in  Gor 
don  ;  Ramsay ;  Bancroft,  ix.  ;  Hildreth,  iii.  ch. 
36  ;  J.  C.  Hamilton's  Republic  of  the  United 
States,  i.  ;  Marshall's  Washington,  iii.  ch.  5  ;  Ir- 
ving's  Washington,  iii.  ;  Thaddeus  Allen's  Orig 
ination  of  the  American  Union ;  Hollister's  Con 
necticut,  ii.  ch.  14  ;  Dunlap's  New  York,  ii.  ch.  8  ; 


1777.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  153 

McAlpine's  Memoirs,  1788  ;  Stone's  Life  of  Brant ; 
Mrs.  Bonney's  Historical  Gleanings,  i.  58  ;  and 
the  Lives  of  Gates,  Schuyler,  Lincoln,  and  Ar 
nold. 

Samuel  Woodruff,  a  participant,  gave  Stone 
some  reminiscences,  which  are  included  in  the 
Life  of  Brant,  i.  475. 

Neilson,  son  of  an  old  resident  of  Saratoga, 
contemporary  with  the  events,  and  himself  fa 
miliar  with  the  ground  on  which  the  battles  of 
Sept.  19th  and  Oct.  7th  were  fought,  published  a 
monograph,  Burgoyne's  Campaign. 

The  younger  W.  L.  Stone  published,  1877,  a 
new  study  on  The  Campaign  of  Lieutenant-Gen- 
eral  Burgoyne,  in  which  he  gives  a  bibliography 
of  the  subject.  He  has  also  printed  a  short  his 
tory  of  the  Saratoga  Monument  Association. 

Magazine  Papers.  —  Harper's  Monthly,  Iv.  ; 
Historical  Magazine,  Jan.  1869,  by  J.  Watts  De 
Peyster  ;  Magazine  of  American  History,  May, 
1877,  by  E.  H.  Walworth ;  Galaxy,  Nov.  1876, 
by  J.  T.  Headley,  on  Burgoyne's  Orderly-Book. 

Commemorative  Addresses.  —  N.  B.  Sylves 
ter's  Saratoga  and  Hay-ad-ros-se-ra,  July  4,  1876  ; 
George  G.  Scott's  Saratoga  County  ;  J.  S.  L'Amo- 
reaux's  at  Ballston  Spa,  July,  1876  ;  Edward  F. 
Bullard's  at  Schuylerville,  July  4,  1876  ;  J.  A. 
Stevens's  Burgoyne's  Campaign  ;  Geo.  W.  Cur- 
tis's  Address;  H.  C.  Maine's  Burgoyne  Cam 
paign. 


154  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777 

Landmarks.  —  Lossing's  Field-Book,  and  his 
Book  of  the  Hudson. 

British  Accounts.  —  The  Gentleman's  Maga 
zine,  Oct.  1777,  p.  472,  warned  the  public  of  the 
difficulties  Burgoyne  must  expect  to  encounter. 
Lord  Shelburne  (Fitzm amice's  Shelburne,  i.  358) 
intimates  that  Burgoyne's  disaster  arose  from 
Lord  George  Sackville's  dilatoriness  in  not  send 
ing  instructions  to  Howe  to  cooperate  up  the  Hud 
son.  Fonblanque's  Burgoyne,  p.  283. 

Burgoyne  underwent  examination,  and  pro 
duced  his  witnesses  before  Parliament,  May,  1779, 
and  the  documents  are  given  in  the  Parliamentary 
Register.  The  Gentleman's  Magazine  chronicled 
the  progress  of  the  examination  from  month  to 
month.  Of.  Annual  Register,  xxi.  168  ;  Russell's 
Life  of  Fox,  and  his  Memoirs  and  Correspondence 
of  Fox,  i.  176.  Burgoyne  printed  his  statement 
in  Parliament,  with  the  evidence,  in  his  State  of 
the  Expedition  from  Canada,  London,  1780.  Some 
copies  have  a  supplement  of  the  Orders  issued  by 
Burgoyne,  and  these  Orders  were  privately  re 
printed  in  New  York  in  1865.  This  account  is 
substantially  followed  in  Fonblanque's  Life  of 
Burgoyne,  ch.  6. 

Burgoyne  had  already  defended  himself  in  a 
Letter  to  his  Constituents,  London,  1779,  which 
elicited  a  Reply,  the  same  year. 

Portraits  of  Burgoyne  are  given  in  the  Polit 
ical  Magazine,  Dec.  1780 ;  Fonblanque's  Bur- 


1777.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  155 

goyne  (painted  1750)  ;  Andrews's  Late  War,  ii. 
382;  Murray's  War  in  America,  ii. ;  Burgoyne's 
Orderly-Book  ;  Bloodgood's  Sexagenary. 

The  testimony  of  the  Earl  of  Balcarras  and 
other  officers  is  in  the  Conduct  of  the  American 
War. 

Burgoyne  charged  the  loyalists  and  Indians 
with  failure  to  support  him,  and  this  charge  is 
answered  in  a  paper  printed  by  De  Lancey  in  the 
App.  of  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,  i.  683  ;  and  pp.  198-218  will  be  found  a 
very  good  account  of  the  campaign,  with  loyalist 
sympathies,  and  deprecatory  criticism  of  the  mil 
itary  conduct  of  it  on  the  part  of  the  British  gen 
eral. 

Contemporary  Narratives.  —  Sergeant  Lamb's 
Journal  of  Occurrences,  the  record  of  a  subaltern 
of  the  Fusiliers.  An  English  diary  in  the  Maga 
zine  of  American  History,  Feb.  1878.  A  MS. 
journal  of  Lieutenant  Hadden  is  in  the  possession 
of  General  Horatio  Rogers  of  Providence. 

General  Histories.  —  Stedman,  i.  ch.  16  ;  Stan 
hope,  ch.  56  ;  Pictorial  History  of  England. 

The  effect  of  the  surrender  upon  parties  in 
England  is  shown  in  the  Debates  in  Parliament ; 
Macknight's  Burke,  ii.  202 ;  Donne's  Correspond 
ence  of  George  the  Third  and  Lord  North,  ii. 
93,  111 ;  the  excerpts  in  Moore's  Diary  of  the 
American  Revolution,  i.  525  ;  Russell's  Memoirs 
and  Correspondence  of  Fox,  i.  161 ;  Fitzmaurice's 


156  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777 

Shelburne,  iii.  12;  Walpole's  Last  Journals,  ii. 
70;  Fonblanque's  Burgoyne,  ch.  8;  Madison's 
Writings,  i.  31  ;  Curwen's  Journal,  p.  175  ;  Ban 
croft,  ix.  478. 

G-erman  Accounts.  —  Baron  Riedesel,  the  Ger 
man  general  accompanying  Burgoyne,  took  excep 
tions  to  the  English  commander's  narrative  as  not 
doing  justice  to  the  auxiliary  troops ;  and  the  Leben 
und  Wirken  of  General  Riedesel,  by  M'ax  von 
Eelking,  translated  by  W.  L.  Stone,  contains  let 
ters  and  reports.  In  Madame  Riedesel's  Memoirs, 
also  translated  by  Stone,  there  is  an  abstract  of 
her  husband's  account  of  the  campaign,  p.  94,  etc. 
Eelking,  in  his  Die  Deutsche  Hiilfstruppen,  de 
votes  two  chapters  to  this  campaign,  ch.  7  and  8. 
See  also  Remer's  Amerikanisches  Archiv.  Kapp's 
Soldatenhandel  covers  the  organization  of  the 
German  auxiliaries,  and  George  W.  Greene's 
German  Element  in  the  War  for  Independence, 
epitomizes  Kapp's  investigations  in  part. 

The  Effect  in  France.  —  Jonathan  Loring  Aus 
tin,  dispatched  by  the  Massachusetts  authorities, 
carried  the  first  intelligence.  Cf.  Boston  Month 
ly  Magazine,  July,  1826  ;  Loring's  Hundred  Bos 
ton  Orators,  p.  174;  Parton's  Franklin,  ii.  283. 
The  Baron  de  Schulenberg  congratulated  the 
Commissioners,  writing  from  Berlin.  Diplomatic 
Correspondence,  ii.  120  ;  and  for  Izard's  letter, 
ii.  370.  Robin's  New  Travels,  letter  12,  gives  the 
general  hearsay  accounts  prevalent  during  the 
few  following  years. 


1777.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  157 

In  Fiction.  —  Gleig's  Saratoga,  in  his  Chelsea 
Pensioners  ;  D.  P.  Thompson's  Rangers. 

Creneral  Maps  of  the  Campaign.  —  Burgoyne's 
Narrative,  and  also  in  his  Orderly-Book.  An- 
burey's  Travels.  Gordon's  American  Revolution. 
Neilson's  Burgoyne's  Campaign,  whose  map  is 
reproduced  as  revised  in  W.  L.  Stone's  Lieut. 
Gen.  Burgoyne.  Carrington's  Battles,  p.  312. 
Magazine  of  American  History,  May,  1877. 

Saulthier's  survey  of  the  inhabited  part  of 
Canada,  with  the  frontiers  of  New  York,  was  pub 
lished  in  London  by  Faden  in  1777.  A  map, 
after  Saulthier's  survey,  showing  the  province  of 
New  York,  with  the  old  divisions  of  counties, 
manors,  etc.,  covering  the  present  Vermont,  to 
gether  with  New  Jersey,  was  published  at  Augs 
burg  in  1777,  and  is  reproduced  in  Jones's  New 
York  in  the  Revolution,  i.  Medcalfe's  map  of  the 
country  in  which  Burgoyne  acted  was  engraved  by 
Faden.  Montresor's  map,  made  in  1775,  is  in  the 
American  Atlas.  The  Faden  Collection,  in  the 
Library  of  Congress,  has  various  contemporary 
maps.  There  are  maps  also  in  Billiard  d'Auber- 
teuil's  Essais  historiques,  ii. 

Clinton's  Advance  up  the  Hudson,  October,  1777. 

Sir  Henry  Clinton  moved  up  the  Hudson  with 
troops  and  vessels  to  open  the  navigation  of  it 
and  to  effect  a  junction  with  Burgoyne  at  Albany. 
He  deceived  Putnam  by  his  strategy,  and  fell 


158  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

upon  and  took  Forts   Clinton  and  Montgomery, 
Oct.  6th. 

American  Accounts.  —  Letters  of  Putnam  and 
George  Clinton  in  Sparks's  Washington,  v.,  App. 
p.  471 ;  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  i.  438  ; 
ii.  536.  Leake's  Life  of  Samuel  Lamb,  who  was 
a  participant.  Lossing's  Schuyler,  ii.  ch.  20,  and 
his  Field-Book,  ii.  165.  Irving's  Washington,  iii. 
ch.  21.  Sargent's  Life  of  Andre*,  p.  102.  Ham 
ilton's  Republic  of  the  United  States,  i.  321. 
Lives  of  Putnam  by  Humphreys  and  Tarbox. 
Dawson's  Battles,  i.  ch.  28,  who  gives  the  dis 
patches,  and  his  paper  in  the  National  Repository, 
ii.  Carrington's  Battles. 

There  is  an  account  of  the  burning  of  Esopus, 
as  the  British  pushed  up  the  river,  in  the  Ulster 
County  Historical  Society's  Collections,  i.  109. 

British  Accounts.  —  Sir  Henry  Clinton's  dis 
patches  are  in  Almon's  Remembrancer,  v.,  and  in 
Dawson.  A  letter  of  his  is  in  Rockingham  and 
his  Contemporaries,  ii.  334.  His  annotations  on 
the  account  in  Stedman's  American  War,  ch.  18, 
are  printed  by  De  Lancey  in  Jones's  New  York 
in  the  Revolutionary  War,  i.  704. 

Fonblanque,  in  his  Life  of  Burgoyne,  and  other 
defenders  of  that  general,  trace  his  ill-success  to 
the  tardiness  of  this  diversion. 

Maps.  —  Col.  Palmer's  plan  of  Fort  Montgom 
ery,  1776,  in  the  New  York  Calendar  of  Historical 
Manuscripts,  i.  474,  and  a  sketch  of,  the  river  ob- 


1777.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  159 

structions,  p.  616  ;  and  ii.  298,  a  plan  of  the  attack 
on  the  two  forts,  after  Faden's  plan.  MS.  plans 
are  in  the  Sparks  Collection  at  Cornell  and  at 
Harvard.  Stedman's  American  War,  ch.  1,  follows 
the  plan  by  John  Hills,  which  was  first  published 
by  Faden,  June  1,  1784.  Sparks's  Washington,  v. 
92.  Leake's  Life  of  Lamb.  Boynton's  History 
of  West  Point,  with  drawings  of  the  river  obstruc 
tions.  Lossing's  Field-Book.  Carrington's  Bat 
tles. 

Howe's  Campaign,  1777. 

Howe's  obvious  movement  was  to  proceed  up 
the  Hudson  and  cooperate  with  Burgoyne ;  but 
the  spring  and  early  summer  wore  away,  and 
Washington  was  not  satisfied  of  his  intentions. 
See  his  letters  in  Sparks's  edition  of  his  Writings, 
iv.  442,  453,  501,  505 ;  v.  42 ;  and  in  the  Heath 
Correspondence,  Massachusetts  Historical  Society's 
Collection,  5th  series,  iv.  In  August,  embarking 
18,000  troops  on  transports,  Howe  sailed  for  the 
Chesapeake,  and,  landing  them  at  the  Head  of 
Elk,  he  began  to  advance  towards  Philadelphia. 
Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  ii. 

431. 

General  accounts  of  the  campaign  which  ensued 
for  the  possession  of  Philadelphia,  will  be  found 
in  Gordon,  Bancroft,  Hamilton's  Republic,  i.  ch. 
10 ;  in  Lives  of  Washington  by  Marshall,  iii.  ch.  3, 
and  Irving;  Histories  of  Pennsylvania;  McSher- 
ry's  Maryland,  ch.  11 ;  and  various  biographies, 


160  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

like  Greene's  Greene,  Quincy's  Shaw,  ch.  3,  etc. 
The  Minutes  of  the  Pennsylvania  Board  of  War, 
March  to  August,  are  in  Pennsylvania  Archives, 
2d  series,  i. 

Brafadywine,  September  11,  1777. 

Washington  had  hastily  marched  his  army 
through  Philadelphia  to  the  Brandywine,  where 
he  encountered  Howe,  Sept.  llth,  but  was  driven 
back. 

American  Accounts.  —  Washington's  letters  are 
in  Sparks,  v.  58,  and  in  Dawson.  Marshall  is  full 
on  this  part  of  Washington's  career.  Irving's 
Washington,  iii.  ch.  18.  Gordon's  American  Rev 
olution.  Bancroft,  ix.  charges  Sullivan  with  de 
feating  Washington's  plans,  and  Sullivan  is  de 
fended  in  Amory's  Military  Services  of  Gen.  Sul 
livan,  p.  45.  For  charges  against  and  defence  of 
Sullivan,  see  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  Bul 
letin,  i.  Cf.  also  Sparks's  Washington,  v.  108 
and  App.  Johnson's  Life  of  Nathanael  Greene  ; 
Greene's  Greene,  i.  ch.  19.  Muhlenberg's  Life  of 
Gen.  Muhlenberg,  ch.  3.  Pennsylvania  Historical 
Society's  Proceedings,  Sept.  and  Dec.  1846,  and 
Memoirs,  i.  A  letter  written  in  1820  by  C.  C. 
Pinckney,  who  was  in  Washington's  military  fam 
ily  at  this  time,  is  in  the  Historical  Magazine, 
July,  1866.  J.  C.  Hamilton's  Life  of  Alexander 
Hamilton,  who  was  at  the  time  on  Washington's 
staff.  Pickering's  Life  of  Timothy  Pickering,  i. 


1777.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  161 

ch.  10.  Reed's  Life  of  Joseph  Reed,  i.  ch.  15. 
Lafayette's  Memoirs.  Read's  Life  of  George 
Read.  Dawson's  Battles,  ch.  24.  Carrington's 
Battles.  Lossing's  Field-Book.  Hollister's  Con 
necticut,  ii.  ch.  16.  Thaddeus  Allen's  Origina 
tion  of  the  American  Union.  Smith's  Delaware 
County,  p.  305.  Lewis's  History  of  Chester 
County.  H.  M.  Jenkins  in  Lippincott's  Maga 
zine,  xx.  A  pamphlet  account  by  J.  Townshend, 
1836.  Some  particulars  of  events  following  the 
battle  are  given  in  Read's  George  Read,  p.  319. 

British  and  Hessian  Accounts.  —  Howe's  dis 
patches  are  in  Almon's  Remembrancer,  v.  409  ; 
and  in  Dawson.  The  evidence  before  Parliament 
regarding  this  battle  is  in  The  Conduct  of  the 
American  War.  Stedman  gives  a  clear  account. 
For  a  statement  of  the  breech-loading  rifles  used 
by  the  British,  see  Bisset's  History  of  George  the 
Third,  ch.  19  and  25. 

Eelking's  Deutsche  Hiilfstruppen,  ch.  6.  Ban 
croft  quotes  Ewald's  Beyspiele  Grosser  Helden, 
as  the  story  of  an  eye-witness  to  the  well-guarded 
retreat  of  Washington  ;  but  see,  on  the  other  hand, 
Du  Portail  in  Stanhope's  England,  vi.  App.  27. 

Maps.  —  Faden  published,  1778,  a  map  of  the 
battle.  MS.  plans  are  in  the  Faden  Collection  in 
the  Library  of  Congress,  and  one  is  in  the  Sparks 
Collection  at  Cornell.  A  large  map  of  Pennsyl 
vania,  chiefly  after  Scull,  1770,  was  published  by 
Sayer  and  Bennett,  1775,  and  the  next  year  they 
11 


162  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

issued  a  chart  of  the  Chesapeake,  after  surveys  of 
Anthony  Smith. 

Later  Plans  of  the  Field.  —  Sparks's  Washing 
ton,  v.  58 ;  Marshall's  Washington,  v.  ;  Duer's 
Lord  Stirling,  ii. ;  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii.  377 ; 
Irving's  Washington,  iii.  ;  Hamilton's  Grenadier 
Guards,  ii.  ;  Carrington's  Battles,  382  ;  Bowen 
and  Futhey's  Sketch  of  the  Battle.  A  large  plan, 
with  topography  as  surveyed  in  1846,  is  in  Penn 
sylvania  Historical  Society's  Memoirs,  i. 

Paoli,  September  20,  1777. 

Washington,  on  his  retreat,  detached  Wayne 
with  a  force  to  fall  upon  the  enemy's  rear.  Howe 
sent,  as  a  counter-movement,  Gen.  Grey,  who  sur 
prised  Wayne's  camp  at  Paoli,  and  routed  his  de 
tachment.  Irving's  Washington,  iii.  ch.  19  ;  Lives 
of  Wayne  by  Sparks  and  Moore ;  Pennsylvania 
Magazine  of  History,  i.  285. 

Map.  — Faden  published,  July  1,  1778,  a  Plan 
of  the  British  Camp  at  Trudruffrin,  Sept.  18-21, 
1777,  with  Grey's  attack  near  White  Horse  Tav 
ern,  Sept.  20th. 

Philadelphia  taken.  September  27,  1777. 

Washington  was  unable  to  impede  Howe's  ad 
vance,  and  the  British  general  entered  Philadel 
phia. 

American  Accounts.  —  Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  23. 
Hildreth,  iii. 'ch.  37.  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii. 


t"  1/ 

1777.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTI^N^          165 

p.  302.  Greene's  Life  of  Greene,  i.  ch.  21. 
Drake's  Life  of  Knox.  Letter  of  Thomas  Paine 
to  Franklin,  in  the  Pennsylvania  Magazine  of 
History,  ii.  283.  Memoirs  of  Col.  Benj.  Tal- 
madge. 

Papers  relating  to  the  War,  1777-1781,  in  the 
Pennsylvania  Archives,  1st  series,  v.,  and  2d  se 
ries,  iii.,  for  affairs  in  Philadelphia  during  Howe's 
advance. 

British  Accounts.  —Sir  William  Howe's  Narra 
tive.  The  Conduct  of  the  American  War.  Ross's 
Life  of  Cornwallis. 

The  catalogue  of  the  Philadelphia  Library 
shows,  p.  1553,  numerous  proclamations  of  Howe. 

For  the  events  of  the  British  occupation,  see 
Christopher  Marshall's  Diary;  Robert  Morton's 
Diary,  in  the  Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History, 
No.  1 ;  Sargent's  Life  of  Andre*.  W.  B.  Reed's 
Life  of  Esther  Reed,  p.  278.  United  Service 
Journal,  1852. 

The  relations  of  the  Quakers  to  Congress,  and 
the  arrest  of  some  of  them  in  Philadelphia,  and 
their  removal  before  the  Americans  left  the  city, 
are  told  in  Gilpin's  Exiles  in  Virginia.  Cf.  Penn 
sylvania  Archives,  passim. 

Ifaps.  — Sparks's  Washington,  v.  66,  gives  a 
map  to  show  all  the  movements  of  this  campaign. 
See  also  Pennsylvania  Archives,  2d  series,  iii.; 
Hall's  History  of  the  Civil  War,  1780;  Gentle 
man's  Magazine,  1776  and  1777,  and  July,  1779, 


164  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

for  Fisher's  Chart  of  Delaware  River,  made  in 
1776  ;  Moore's  Diary  of  the  Revolution ;  History 
of  the  Coldstrearn  Guards;  Moorsom's  Fifty- 
Second  Regiment. 

A  plan  of  the  city  following  the  surveys  of 
Scull  and  Heap  was  engraved  by  Faden  in  1777 ; 
another  after  Eastburn's  survey  of  1776,  and  one 
after  Hill's  survey,  were  issued  in  Philadelphia  in 
1777. 

There  are  various  MS.  maps  in  the  Faden  Col 
lection  in  the  Library  of  Congress. 

Germantown,  October  4,  1777. 

While  a  part  of  Howe's  force  was  operating  on 
the  river  below  Philadelphia,  Washington  made  a 
vigorous  attack  on  that  part  of  it  encamped  at 
Germantown,  and  was  nearly  successful. 

American  Accounts.  —  Washington's  letters  are 
in  Sparks,  v.  86,  463  ;  and  in  the  Heath  Papers, 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society's  Collections, 
5th  series,  iv.  76.  Marshall  was  in  the  fight,  and 
gives  a  good  account  in  his  Washington,  and 
so  do  Sparks,  L,  and  Irving,  iii.  ch.  23.  Custis's 
Recollections  of  Washington,  ch.  4.  Gordon  used 
original  authorities.  Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  25,  is  con 
troverted  by  Amory  in  his  Military  Services  of 
Gen.  Sullivan,  p.  57,  where  a  letter  of  Sullivan's 
is  given.  Lives  of  Greene  by  Johnson  and 
Greene,  i.  ch.  21.  Life  of  Timothy  Picker 
ing,  i.  ch.  11.  A  controversy,  participated  in 


1777.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  165 

by  Johnson,  Pickering,  and  Sparks,  can  be  fol 
lowed  in  the  North  American  Review,  April, 
1825,  and  October,  1826,  and  in  National  Intelli 
gencer,  Dec.  5,  1826,  and  Jan.  27  and  Feb.  24, 
1827.  Wilkinson's  Memoirs,  ch.  11.  Life  of  Gen. 
Muhlen-berg,  ch.  4.  Armstrong's  Life  of  Wayne. 
Reed's  Life  of  Joseph  Reed,  i.  319.  Sargent's 
Andre*,  p.  112.  Lossing's  Field-Book,  and  his  ar 
ticle  in  Harper's  Monthly,  i.  448.  Dawson's  Bat 
tles,  i.  ch.  27. 

Jones  in  his  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary 
War  gives  a  loyalist's  view.  Col.  John  E.  How 
ard's  Narrative  is  among  the  Sparks  MSS.  in 
Harvard  College  Library.  Cf.  Pennsylvania  Ar 
chives,  v.  646. 

The  centennial  observance  produced  two  ad 
dresses:  Judge  Thayer's  in  the  Weekly  Times 
and  separately,  and  Lambdin's  in  the  Pennsyl 
vania  Magazine  of  History,  i.  361. 

British  Accounts.  —  Stedman's  American  War, 
i.  ch.  15;  Hamilton's  Grenadier  Guards,  ii. 

Maps.  —  By  John  Hills,  published  March  12, 
1784,  by  Faden  in  London.  A  MS.  plan  by  Mon- 
tresor  is  in  Harvard  College  Library.  Sparks's 
Washington,  iv.  86.  Guizot's  Washington,  atlas. 
Johnson's  Greene,  4to  edition,  i.  Duer's  Life  of 
Stirling,  ii.  177.  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii.  314. 
Carrington's  Battles,  p.  392. 


166  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

Forts  on  the  Delaware,  October  and  November,  1777. 

Howe  detached  a  force  to  cooperate  with  the 
fleet  in  reducing  these  forts  and  opening  a  passage 
to  the  sea. 

American  Accounts.  —  Sparks's  Washington,  v. 
112,  115,  151 ;  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution, 
ii.  12,  20  ;  Marshall's  Washington,  i.  178  ;  Irving's 
Washington,  iii.  ch.  24,  25,  and  26.  Gordon's 
American  Revolution.  Ramsay's  American  Rev 
olution.  Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  25.  Life  of  Pickering, 
i.  174.  Greene's  Greene,  i.  ch.  22.  Leake's  Life 
of  Lamb,  including  Knox's  letter.  Lee's  Me 
moirs.  Williams's  Life  of  Olney.  Reed's  Reed, 
i.  ch.  16.  Lossing's  Field-Book.  Dawson's  Bat 
tles,  i.  ch.  29  and  30.  Carrington's  Battles. 
Stone's  Invasion  of  Canada,  p.  75.  Historical 
Magazine,  Feb.  1872.  The  Minutes  of  the  Penn 
sylvania  Navy  Board,  Feb.  -  Sept.  1777,  are  given 
in  Pennsylvania  Archives,  2d  series,  i.  73. 

British  Accounts.  —  Howe's  dispatches  are  in 
Almon's  Remembrancer,  v.  499. 

Particular  narratives  of  the  separate  attacks 
will  be  found  as  follows :  — 

Red  Bank,  or  Fort  Mercer,  Oct.  22,  1777.  — 
Reed's  Reed,  i. ;  Pennsylvania  Archives,  v. ;  Smith's 
Delaware  County,  p.  321;  and  the  Hessian  au 
thorities,  Count  Donop  being  killed  at  the  time. 

Mud  Island,  or  Fort  Mifflin,  Nov.  10-16,  1777. 
—  Bancroft,  ix.  434,  cites  as  the  principal  author- 


1777.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  167 

ities  Fleury's  Journal  in  Marshall,  and  in  Sparks, 
v.  154 ;  Varnum's  and  Col.  Angell's  letters  in 
Cowell's  Spirit  of  1776  in  Rhode  Island.  Penn 
sylvania  Archives,  v.  699,  vi.  Lieut.  Col.  Lau- 
rens's  account  in  Frank  Moore's  Materials  for 
History,  1861.  Life  of  Pickering,  i.  174.  Tuck- 
erman's  Com.  Talbot.  J.  C.  Hamilton's  Republic 
of  the  United  States,  i.  297.  Potter's  American 
Monthly,  Feb.  1877,  with  a  view  of  the  fortifica 
tions. 

Chastellux's  Travels,  English  translation,  i.  260, 
gives  an  account. 

Maps.  —  Fisher's  chart  of  the  river  below  Phil 
adelphia,  1776,  printed  by  Sayer  and  Bennett,  is 
reproduced  in  Pennsylvania  Archives,  2d  series, 
iii.,  and  is  also  given  in  Gentleman's  Magazine, 
1778;  also  see  1779.  Faden  published  a  river 
chart  showing  the  works  in  1778.  Sparks's 
Washington,  v.  156.  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii. 
296.  Carrington's  Battles.  Plans  of  Red  Bank 
are  in  Smith's  Delaware  County,  p.  321,  and 
Pennsylvania  Archives,  v. 

MS.  plans  of  Fort  Mifflin  are  in  the  Sparks 
Collection,  Cornell  University.  Plans  for  ob 
structing  the  river  are  given  in  the  Pennsylvania 
Archives,  2d  series,  i.  749. 

The  Conway  Cabal,  1777. 

When  the  surrender  at  Saratoga  had  encour 
aged  the  partisans  of  Gates  to  claim  for  him  a 


168  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

still  higher  command,  his  alienation  from  Wash 
ington  showed  itself  in  his  hesitancy  to  return 
to  the  commander-in-chief  some  of  the  troops 
which  had  been  sent  to  him  in  the  season  of  his 
necessity.  Hamilton  was  sent  by  Washington  to 
urge  these  reinforcements.  Hamilton's  Works,  i. 
37;  Hamilton's  Life  of  Hamilton,  i.  100-113; 
Hamilton's  Republic,  i.  339;  Irving's  Washing 
ton,  iii.  ch.  25. 

The  movement  to  prejudice  the  public  mind 
against  Washington  soon  attracted  attention,  and 
Gates,  Mifflin,  and  Conway,  together  with  abet 
tors  in  Congress,  seemed  to  be  the  chief  spirits  at 
work.  Gordon  implicates  Samuel  Adams  in  the 
conspiracy ;  and  J.  C.  Hamilton  (Republic  of  the* 
United  States,  i.  ch.  13  and  14)  is  very  severe  on 
the  Adamses  in  this  connection.  Mrs.  Warren, 
however,  held  there  was  no  sufficient  ground  to 
connect  Samuel  Adams  with  it;  and  Wells. (Life 
of  Samuel  Adams,  ii.  ch.  46)  argues  against  the 
connection.  Sparks  (Washington,  v.  and  App.) 
gives  a  series  of  documents  elucidating  the  cabal ; 
and  Stanhope  (History  of  England,  vi.  243) 
thinks  Sparks  "  glides  over  too  gently  the  par 
ticipation  of  New  Englanders." 

Lives  of  Washington  by  Marshall,  iii.  ch.  6, 
and  Irving,  iii.  ch.  25,  28,  29,  and  30.  Bancroft, 
ix.  ch.  27.  Sparks's  Gouverneur  Morris,  i.  ch.  10. 
Greene's  Life  of  Greene,  i.  22;  ii.  26  and  27. 
Kapp's  De  Kalb.  Hamilton's  Life  of  Hamilton, 


1777.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  169 

i.  128-163.  Wirt's  Patrick  Henry,  p.  208. 
Austin's  Gerry,  ch.  16.  Reed's  Joseph  Reed,  i. 
842.  Wilkinson's  Memoirs.  Lossing's  Schuyler, 
and  his  Field-Book,  ii.  336.  Dunlap's  New  York, 
ii.  ch.  9. 

Col.    Robert   Troup's   account   is   among   the 
Sparks  MSS.  in  Harvard  College  Library. 


170  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  '[1777- 


WINTER  OF' 1777-1778. 

Washington  at  VaUey  Forge,  1777-1778. 

AFTER  some  desultory  movements,  which  can 
be  followed  in  Simcoe's  Journal  of  the  Queen's 
Rangers  and  Reed's  Life  of  Joseph  Reed,  i., 
Washington  hutted  his  army  in  winter  quarters 
at  Valley  Forge  in  December.  The  winter's 
manoeuvres  were  wholly  for  foraging.  Greene's 
Greene,  i.  ch.  24.  Graham's  Morgan,  p.  191. 

For  the  trials  and  incidents  of  the  camp  life  in 
general,  see  the  following :  Sparks's  Washington, 
v.,  and  the  narrative  in  the  App.  Irving's  Wash 
ington,  iii.  ch.  27  and  31.  Custis's  Recollections 
of  Washington,  ch.  9.  Sparks's  Correspondence 
of  the  American  Revolution,  ii. ;  Sparks's  Gou- 
verneur  Morris,  i.  ch.  9.  Greene's  Greene,  i. 
ch.  24  and  25.  Life  of  Timothy  Pickering,  i. 
200.  Reed's  Joseph  Reed,  ch.  17.  Read's  George 
Read,  p.  326.  Bancroft's  United  States,  ix. 
ch.  27.  T.  Allen's  Origination  of  the  American 
Union,  ii.  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii.  331.  Mrs. 
Ellet's  Domestic  History  of  the  Revolution.  Gen 
eral  Hull's  Revolutionary  Services,  ch.  12.  Col. 
T.  W.  Bean's  Washington  and  Valley  Forge.  Col. 
Brooks's  letter  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Soci- 


1778.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  171 

ety's  Proceedings,  Feb.  1874.  Surgeon  "Waldo's 
Diary  in  Historical  Magazine,  May,  1861,  and 
Letters,  April,  1867.  Potter's  American  Month 
ly,  May,  1875,  and  July,  1878. 

In  January  Washington  addressed  Congress  as 
to  the  organization  of  the  army.  Hamilton's 
Works,  ii.  139.  Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  27,  discloses 
the  relations  of  Congress  to  the  army.  Congress 
instituted  a  Board  of  War,  and  its  operations  are 
followed  in  the  Life  of  Timothy  Pickering.  Steu- 
ben,  who  had  landed  in  Dec.,  was,  May  5th,  made 
inspector-general,  and  his  influence  in  disciplin 
ing  the  army  is  dwelt  upon  in  Kapp's  Life  of 
Steuben  ;  and  in  ch.  8  Kapp  examines  the  position 
of  foreign  officers  in  the  Continental  army.  For 
Steuben,  see  Sparks's  Washington,  v.  526;  Ir- 
ving's  Washington,  iii. ;  Wells's  Samuel  Adams,  iii. 
2  ;  Bowen's  Steuben  ;  Greene's  German  Element. 
Stuart's  Life  of  Jonathan  Trumbull  throws 
light  on  the  sending  of  supplies  to  the  army  ;  and 
Greene's  Life  of  Greene,  ii.  48,  shows  the  begin 
ning  of  that  general's  services  as  quartermaster- 
general,  having  entered  upon  his  duties  in  March. 
.  A  scheme  of  sending  an  expedition  to  Canada 
under  Lafayette  is  examined  in  Sparks's  Wash 
ington,  v.  530;  vi.  106,  114,  149;  Marshall's 
Washington,  iii.  568  ;  Irving's  Washington,  iii. 
334;  Life  of  John  Jay,  i.  83;  Stone's  Life  of 
Brant,  ch.  14. 

While  at  Valley  Forge,  Washington  received 


172  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777- 

a  letter  from  the  Rev.  Jacob  Duche*,  then  in 
Philadelphia,  making  representation  to  induce 
him  to  lead  the  country  back  to  dependence  on 
Great  Britain.  Washington  transmitted  the  let 
ter  to  Congress,  but  Sparks  could  not  find  the 
original  in  the  government  archives,  and  printed 
it  from  Rivington's  Gazette,  in  his  Correspond 
ence  of  the  American  Revolution,  i.  448.  See 
also  Sparks's  Washington,  v.  App.  p.  477;  a 
separate  publication,  entitled  Washington  at  Val 
ley  Forge  and  the  Duche*  Correspondence ;  Wil 
son's  Memoirs  of  Bishop  White. 

Maps.  —  Sparks's  Washington,  v.  196.  Guizot's 
Washington,  atlas.  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii.  Car- 
rington's  Battles.  Harper's  Monthly,  xii.  307. 
Plans  are  in  the  Sparks  Collection  at  Cornell 
University. 

For  the  landmarks  of  Valley  Forge,  see  Los- 
sing's  Field-Book  and  the  account  from  the  Ohio 
State  Journal,  in  Read's  George  Read,  p.  326. 

Howe  in  Philadelphia,  1777-1778. 

Details  of  the  winter  life  of  the  British  in 
Philadelphia  will  be  found  in  Sargent's  Andre*, 
ch.  7,  8,  and  9;  Irving's  Washington,  iii.  The 
account  of  the  impressions  of  the  Hessian  Captain 
Henrick,  as  shown  in  Prof.  Sehlozer's  Correspond 
ence,  iii.,  is  translated  in  the  Pennsylvania  Maga 
zine  of  History,  No.  1. 

In   Jan.    the   Americans   sent   down  the  river 


1778.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  173 

some  torpedoes  in  the  shape  of  kegs  to  destroy 
the  British  shipping.  They  failed  of  their  pur 
pose,  but  gave  rise  to  a  humorous  poem  by  Hop- 
kinson,  The  Battle  of  the  Kegs.  See  Lossing's 
Field-Book,  ii.,  and  Moore's  Songs  and  Ballads  of 
the  Revolution. 

In  the  spring  various  foraging  parties  scoured 
the  surrounding  country.  Cf.  Simcoe's  Journal 
of  the  Queen's  Rangers,  with  a  map  of  the  affair 
at  Quintin's  Bridge,  March  18th.  Dawson's  Bat 
tles,  ch.  33,  etc.  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii.  344, 
etc.  Stedman's  American  War,  ii.  Johnson's 
History  of  Salem,  New  Jersey. 

Washington  in  the  spring  had  advanced  Lafay 
ette  with  a  corps  of  observation  to  Barren  Hill, 
and  Howe  endeavored  to  cut  him  off.  Irving's 
Washington,  iii.  ch.  33.  Sparks's  Washington, 
v.  378,  545,  with  a  map. 

In  May  Sir  William  Howe  returned  to  Eng 
land,  leaving  Sir  Henry  Clinton  in  command. 
Tory  arraignments  of  Howe's  conduct  in  America 
are  given  in  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolution 
ary  War,  i.  252,  714;  in  the  Life  of  Peter  van 
Schaack,  p.  167  ;  and  also  in  Galloway's  Examina 
tion  before  Parliament.  Cf.  Bancroft,  x.  120. 

The  Mischianza.  —  This  was  a  festival,  May 
18th,  given  in  honor  of  Howe  on  his  departure. 
Andre*  described  it.  Cf.  Gentleman's  Magazine, 
Aug.  1778 ;  Lady's  Magazine,  Philadelphia,  Aug. 
1792 ;  Sargent's  Andre*,  165 ;  Jones's  New  York 


174  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1777. 

in  the  Revolutionary  War,  i.  242,  718  ;  Annual 
Register,  1778,  p.  264;  F.  Moore's  Diary  of  the 
American  Revolution,  p.  52 ;  Bland  Papers,  i.  90 ; 
Watson's  Annals  of  Philadelphia ;  Lossing's  Field- 
Book,  ii.  303  ;  Mrs.  Ellet's  Domestic  History  of 
the  Revolution ;  Smith  and  Watson's  American 
Historical  and  Literary  Curiosities. 

Israel  Mauduit  published  Strictures  on  the  Mis- 
chianza,  London,  1779. 

Major  Clark  communicated  to  Washington  in 
telligence  of  the  enemy  in  Philadelphia,  during 
the  occupation,  Oct.  -  Dec.  1777,  and  his  letters 
are  in  the  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society's  Me 
moirs,  i. 


1778.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  175 


EVENTS  OF  1778. 

American  Diplomacy  in  Continental  Europe. 

BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN  was  the  central  figure  ot 
the  American  Commissioners  in  Paris,  who  were 
awaiting  the  development  of  events  to  press  an 
alliance  upon  the  French  government.  Franklin's 
Works,  i.  434;  viii.  229.  Sparks's  Franklin, 
ch.  10,  and  ch.  11  for  the  efforts  of  the  British 
emissaries  to  win  him ;  and  on  this  latter  point  see 
also  Parton's  Franklin,  ii.  321,  and  John  Adams's 
Works,  iii.  178,  220.  Bigelow's  Life  of  Frank 
lin.  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  iii.  Elkanah  Watson's  Memoirs.  Thomas 
Hughes  on  the  English  estimate  of  Franklin  in 
Lippincott's  Magazine,  July,  1879.  John  Adams 
gives  an  equivocal  estimate  of  Franklin's  fitness 
for  his  position.  Adams's  Works,  ix.  486. 

The  name  and  fame  of  Franklin,  however,  did 
not  preserve  harmony  among  the  Commissioners, 
and  there  is  a  sad  story  of  their  disagreements. 
Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  i. 
John  Adams's  Works,  iii.  123,  129,  138 ;  ix.  477 ; 
and  in  iii.  130,  139,  Adams  gives  descriptions  of 
the  several  American  commissioners  and  their 
agents.  Arthur  Lee  headed  the  opposition  to 


176  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1778 

Franklin.  Sparks's  Franklin,  i.  447 ;  viii.  57, 
257,  444.  Parton's  Franklin  takes  an  extremely 
adverse  view  of  Lee ;  and  on  the  other  side  his 
position  is  explained  in  Lee's  Life  of  Arthur  Lee ; 
also  in  John  Adams's  Works,  vii.  79,  96. 

Ralph  Izard  had  been  appointed  Commissioner 
to  Tuscany,  but  had  never  been  received  at  his 
post,  and  lived  in  Paris,  siding  with  Lee.  Sparks's 
Franklin,  i.  451;  viii.  250,  308,  388.  Mrs.  Deas's 
Life  of  Izard.  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the 
Revolution,  ii.  367. 

Silas  Deane  had  stood  by  Franklin,  but  making 
contracts  with  foreign  officers  for  service  in  the 
United  States,  which  embarrassed  Congress,  he 
had  been  recalled,  but  was  still  in  Paris  at  the 
opening  of  the  year.  On  his  return  to  the  United 
States,  he  in  vain  besought  Congress  for  a  settle 
ment  of  his  accounts;  and  Lee's  enmity  toward 
him  led  to  public  recriminations.  Getting  no  sat 
isfaction  from  Congress,  Deane  resorted  to  an  Ad 
dress  to  the  People  in  the  Philadelphia  Gazette, 
Dec.  1778,  thus  making  public  the  extent  of  the 
differences  among  the  Commissioners,  and  this  was 
answered  by  Thomas  Paine  in  the  Philadelphia 
Packet,  Jan.  2,  1779.  Cf.  John  Adams's  Diary, 
Works,  iii.  187  ;  vii.  79.  Wells's  Samuel  Adams, 
iii.  60.  Deane's  own  narrative  was  printed  by  the 
Seventy-Six  Society,  in  1855,  and  the  story  was 
revived  in  the  Memorial  of  his  heirs  to  Congress  in 
1835.  Lom^nie's  Life  of  Beaumarchais  at  a  later 


1778.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  177 

day  threw  such  light  upon  Deane's  transactions  as 
lifted  the  cloud  under  which  he  had  fallen.  His 
hard  fate  is  traced  in  the  Diplomatic  Correspond 
ence  ;  in  Parton's  Franklin,  ii.  ch.  9 ;  and  refer 
ence  to  the  papers  of  the  quarrel  with  Lee  will  be 
found  in  the  Calendar  of  the  Lee  MSS.  in  Harvard 
College  Library  Bulletin.  Some  of  Deane's  man 
uscripts  were  No.  2138  in  the  Brinley  sale,  1879. 

Congress  had  appointed  John  Adams  to  succeed 
Deane.  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  iv.  241. 
John  Adams's  Works,  i.  277;  iii.  91,  121  ;  vii.  5; 
ix.  472;  and  his  Familiar  Letters  to  his  wife. 
Parton's  Franklin,  ii.  369.  He  afterwards  ex 
pressed  his  discouragement  at  the  want  of  har 
mony  which  he  discovered  on  his  arrival.  Letters 
to  Mrs.  Mercy  Warren,  in  Massachusetts  Histori 
cal  Society's  Collections,  5th  series,  iv.  368. 

Bancroft's  United  States,  x.,  thoroughly  sur 
veys  the  varied  relations  of  the  American  Con 
gress  to  the  several  European  powers,  and  the 
relations  with  Frederick  the  Great  are  particularly 
set  forth  in  ch.  3.  A  letter  of  John  Adams  gives 
a  contemporary  view.  Works,  vii.  99.  Cf.  Hil- 
dreth's  United  States,  iii.  ch.  38 ;  Lyman's  Diplo 
macy  of  the  United  States,  ch.  i.  ;  Trescot's 
Diplomacy  of  the  Revolution ;  Journals  of'  Con 
gress;  G.  W.  Greene's  Historical  View  of  the 
American  Revolution  ;  Stanhope's  History  of  Eng 
land,  vi.  149. 

The  relations  with  Spain,  involving  the  question 
12 


178  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1778. 

of  the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi,  are  particu 
larly  set  forth  in  Bancroft,  x.  ch.  6  and  8 ;  Madi 
son  Papers,  i.  64,  74 ;  Pitkin's  United  States,  ii. 
ch.  13  and  14,  and  App.  No.  8,  for  Jay's  instruc 
tions  as  commissioner ;  Jay's  Life  of  Jay,  i.  ch.  4 
and  5 ;  Flanders's  Life  of  Jay  in  his  Chief  Jus 
tices;  George  Sumner's  Fourth  of  July  Oration 
at  Boston,  1859. 

The  relations  to  Holland  are  explained  in  Ban 
croft's  United  States,  x.  ch.  12.  John  Adams's 
Works  ;  Correspondence  of  Adams  and  Mrs. 
Warren,  in  Massachusetts  Historical  Society's 
Collection,  5th  series,  iv.  Muller,  in  his  1872 
Catalogue,  Amsterdam,  Nos.  1637-1725,  gives  the 
bibliography  of  the  subject. 

Condorcet  in  his  Works  has  an  essay  on  the  in 
fluence  of  the  American  Revolution  on  Europe. 

The  Treaty  with  France,  February  6,  1778. 

On  the  6th  of  Feb.  a  treaty  of  alliance  and  a 
treaty  of  commerce  were  signed  at  Paris.  The 
negotiations  had  begun  after  the  reception  of  the 
news  of  Burgoyne's  surrender.  Sparks's  Frank 
lin,  i.  430. 

French  views  of  the  situation  can  be  found  in 
Chotteau's  La  Guerre  de  I'lnddpendance ;  Count 
Segur's  Memoirs ;  Guizot's  France,  v.  ch.  5.  Ban 
croft,  ix.  ch.  29,  and  x.  ch.  5,  claimed  that  Amer 
ica  had  substantially  gained  her  independence 
before  the  treaty  with  France ;  and  Count  Cir- 


1778.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  179 

court  translated  Bancroft's  account  as  Histoire  de 
1'action  commune  de  la  France  et  de  1'Ame'rique 
pour  ITndependance  des  Etats  Unis,  adding  an 
Historical  Review,  which  is  translated  in  the  Mas 
sachusetts  Historical  Society's  Proceedings,  Oct. 
1876. 

The  treaty  was  printed  in  4to  in  Philadelphia 
in  1778,  and  it  will  be  found  in  Gentleman's 
Magazine,  Feb.  1779 ;  Bancroft  Davis's  Notes  on 
the  Treaties  of  the  United  States ;  Treaties  and 
Conventions  of  the  United  States,  1871  ;  Receuil 
de  Traites  par  Martens,  ii.  587 ;  Lyman's  Diplo 
macy  of  the  United  States,  i.  ch.  2. 

The  Commissioners  notified  Congress  of  the 
signing  of  the  treaty.  Parton's  Franklin,  ii.  303. 
Diplomatic  Correspondence,  i.  364 ;  and  for  the 
official  papers  appertaining,  i.  and  ii. ;  and  iv. 
250,  for  John  Adams  on  the  Treaty.  Cf.  Pitkin's 
United  States,  ii.  ch.  12  ;  Marshall's  Washington, 
iii.  ch.  7. 

Bancroft,  ix.  ch.  38,  describes  the  effect  of  the 
alliance  in  England. 

For  the  reception  of  the  news  of  the  alliance  in 
the  camp  at  Valley  Forge  in  May,  and  for  the 
effect  upon  the  country,  see  Sparks's  Washington, 
v.  355;  Irving's  Washington;  Parton's  Franklin, 
ii.  317 ;  Greene's  Life  of  Greene,  ii.  72  ;  Wells's 
Samuel  Adams,  iii.  ch.  47. 

In  July,  1778,  Gerard  arrived  at  Philadelphia 
as  the  first  French  minister  to  the  United  States. 


180  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1778. 

Diplomatic  Correspondence,  x.  235.  John  Adams's 
Works,  i.  235.  The  introduction  to  the  French 
translation  of  Botta's  History.  Lyman's  Diplo 
macy  of  the  United  States,  i.  57.  Hazard's  Penn 
sylvania  Archives,  vii. 

The  British  Government. 

The  reign  of  George  the  Third  in  all  its  phases 
is  treated  elaborately  in  the  Pictorial  History  of 
England,  v.  to  viii.,  with  a  strong  tory  leaning. 
This  section  is  not  included  in  the  American  re 
print  of  that  work.  Other  general  histories  cov 
ering  that  part  of  the  reign  which  spanned  the 
American  Revolution  are,  Adolphus,  likewise  tory, 
and  compendious  ;  Stanhope,  generally  fair ;  Mas- 
sey,  liberal ;  May's  Constitutional  History,  show 
ing  the  influence  of  the  Crown,  and,  of  less  im 
portance,  Belsharn  and  Bisset.  Wright  traces  the 
humors  of  the  time  in  his  Caricature  History^of 
the  Georges.  Knight's  Popular  History  of  Eng 
land  is  perhaps  the  best  general  account  of  the 
more  comprehensive  narratives.  Buckle's  History 
of  Civilization,  ch.  7,  dwells  on  the  political  de 
generacy  of  the  times. 

Contemporary  estimates  can  be  found  in  Wai- 
pole's  Last  Journals,  inimical  to  the  court  party, 
and  in  Wraxall's  Historical  Memoirs,  X772-1783. 
The  Bedford,  Chatham,  and  Rockingham  Corre 
spondence  respectively  show  the  three  phases  of 
the  great  Whig  Party.  Cf.  Cooke's  History  of 


1778.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  181 

Party ;  G.  C.  Lewis's  Administrations  of  Great 
Britain,  16  ;  Almon's  Debates  ;  Bancroft's  United 
States ;  Brougham's  Statesmen  of  George  III. ; 
and  ch.  30  of  Smyth's  Lectures  on  Modern  His 
tory. 

The  letters  which  passed  between  George  III. 
and  Lord  North,  1768-1783,  were  used  by 
Brougham  and  Bancroft,  and  Sparks  summarizes 
them  ;  but  the  originals  were  published  in  1867 
as  Correspondence  of  George  III.  with  Lord  North, 
ably  edited  by  W.  B.  Donne,  who  manifests  lib 
eral  views  in  his  introduction,  but  lays  the  blame 
of  the  wrong-headed  policy  rather  on  the  cab 
inet  and  the  people  than  upon  the  King.  This 
work  is  reviewed  in  the  Edinburgh  Review,  1867 ; 
in  the  North  American  Review,  Oct.  1867,  by  C. 
C.  Hazewell ;  in  Blackwood,  June,  1867,  in  an  ar 
ticle,  "  Was  George  III.  a  Constitutional  King  ?  " 
and  in  the  Quarterly  Review,  1867,  on  "  The  Char 
acter  of  George  III." 

The  personal  character  of  the  King  was  amus 
ingly  set  forth  with  views  favorable  to  America, 
by  Jesse,  in  1867,  epitomized  in  the  Eclectic  Re 
view,  1867,  or  No.  1186  of  Living  Age.  See  in 
this  connection  Thackeray's  lecture,  or  Harper's 
Monthly,  vol.  xxi. ;  also  see  vol.  xxvi.,  and  Wai- 
pole's  Letters.  Scott  takes  a  favorable  view  of  the 
King.  Buckle  (History  of  Civilization,  i.  ch.  7) 
has  a  low  estimate.  Southey's  Vision  of  Judgment 
is  a  tribute  to  his  memory,  while  Byron's  answer 
is  the  whig  view.  Brougham's  sketch  is  brief. 


182  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1778. 

Some  of  the  above  authorities  also  portray  the 
social  life  of  this  era,  for  which,  further,  see  chap 
ters  in  the  Pictorial  History,  Stanhope's  History, 
and  Blackwood's  Magazine,  1867,  or  No.  1220  of 
Living  Age. 

For  the  character  of  North,  see  the  general  his 
tories  above  enumerated ;  Earle's  English  Prem 
iers;  Jesse's  Etonians;  Brougham's  Statesmen; 
Macaulay's  Chatham  ;  Smyth's  33d  lecture ;  Cor 
respondence  of  Fox,  i.  195 ;  Adolphus's  Reign 
of  George  the  Third,  iii.  345 ;  Walpole's  George 
III.,  ed.  by  Le  Marchant,  iv.  78. 

The  Conciliatory  Bills,  1778. 

Lord  North  brought  forward  his  plans  of  con 
ciliation  on  the  17th  of  Feb.,  and  the  bills  passed 
March  3d,  and  were  signed  by  the  King  March 
llth.  The  minister's  speech  proposing  them  is 
given  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  Feb.  1778. 
Parliamentary  History.  The  account  of  the  de 
bates  in  the  Annual  Register,  xxi.  133,  is  prob 
ably  by  Burke.  Gibbon  refers  to  the  proceedings 
in  his  letter  of  Feb.  23,  1778.  Walpole's  Last 
Journals,  ii.  200,  215.  Russell  abridged  Wal 
pole's  account  in  his  Memoirs  and  Correspond 
ence  of  Fox,  i.  172.  Life  and  Times  of  Fox,  i. 
ch.  9  and  10.  Fitzmaurice's  Shelburne,  iii.  ch.  1. 
Donne's  Correspondence  of  George  III.  with  Lord 
North,  ii.  135.  Rockingham  and  his  Contempo 
raries,  ii.  346.  J.  E.  T.  Rogers's  Protests  of  the 
Lords,  ii.  174, 178. 


1778.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  183 

For  the  debates  in  March,  see  Parliamentary 
History ;  Gentleman's  Magazine,  March,  1778  ; 
Walpole's  Last  Journals ;  and  a  note  in  Donne,  ii. 
151,  on  the  difficulties  of  framing  a  new  ministry. 

The  American  Commissioners  in  Paris  reported 
on  the  conciliatory  bills  to  Congress.  Diplomatic 
Correspondence,  i.  369,  and  Pitkin's  United 
States,  ii.  App.  2.  Franklin  wrote  upon  them 
to  David  Hartley.  Diplomatic  Correspondence, 
iii.  34. 

The  bills  were  received  in  the  United  States 
in  advance  of  the  arrival  of  the  Commissioners. 
Wells's  Samuel  Adams,  iii.  14.  Lives  of  Wash 
ington  by  Marshall,  iv.  ch.  1,  and  by  Irving,  iii. 
ch.  32.  Reed's  Joseph  Reed,  ch.  18  and  App. 
Sparks's  Life  of  Gouverneur  Morris,  p.  182. 
Pitkin's  United  States,  ii.  ch.  11. 

The  Commissioners  reached  America  in  June, 
under  instructions  from  Lord  North,  printed  in 
Documents  relative  to  the  Colonial  History  of 
New  York,  viii.  738.  They  landed  in  Philadel 
phia  just  as  Clinton  was  evacuating  that  city. 
Their  letters  reached  Congress  June  13th.  Al- 
mon's  Remembrancer,  1778,  p.  11,  and  p.  127  for 
their  manifesto,  and  various  other  papers  about 
them  are  scattered  in  Almon,  vi.,  vii.,  and  viii. 
Gouverneur  Morris's  reply  on  behalf  of  Congress 
is  in  the  Journals  and  in  Almon,  viii.  40. 

The  Commissioners  threatened  a  greater  feroc 
ity  in  the  conduct  of  the  war.  Cf.  the  letter  of 


184  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1778. 

the  Commissioners  in  Paris  to  Vergennes.  John 
Adams's  Works,  vii.  72.  Buckle  (History  of 
Civilization,  ch.  7)  cites,  for  evidences  of  the  feroc 
ity  with  which  the  English  conducted  the  war, 
the  following  :  Tucker's  Life  of  Jefferson,  i.  138, 
139,  160 ;  Jefferson's  Memoirs  and  Correspond 
ence,  i.  352,  429  ;  ii.  336,  337  ;  Almon's  Corre 
spondence  of  Wilkes,  v.  229  ;  Adolphus's  George 
III.,  ii.  362,  391;  Parliamentary  History,  xix. 
371,  403,  423,  424,  432,  438,  440,  447,  487,  488, 
489,  567,  578,  579,  695,  972,  1393,  1394  ;  xx.  43 ; 
Memoires  de  Lafayette,  i.  23,  25,  99.  Jones  (New 
York  in  the  Revolutionary  War)  is  not  reticent 
concerning  the  excesses,  particularly  in  plunder 
ing,  of  the  British  troops. 

A  later  counter  manifesto  on  the  part  of  Con 
gress  was  prepared,  Oct.  30th,  by  Samuel  Adams, 
Cf.  Wells's  Adams,  iii.  46. 

Other  Accounts.  —  Marshall's  Washington,  iii. 
ch.  10.  Sparks's  Washington,  v.  344,  397,  401 ; 
vi.  16,  79,  96.  Sparks's  Gouverneur  Morris,  i. 
ch.  11.  Bancroft,  x.  122.  Reed's  Joseph  Reed, 
i.  ch.  18  and  App.  4.  Howison's  Virginia,  ii. 
230.  A  loyalist  account  in  Jones's  New  York  in 
the  Revolutionary  War. 

British  Accounts  of  their  Failure.  —  Massey's 
England,  ii.  295 ;  Stanhope's  England,  vi.  246 ; 
Donne's  Correspondence  of  George  III.  with  Lord 
North,  ii.  208 ;  and  letters  of  Carlisle,  one  of  the 
Commissioners,  in  Jesse's  Selwyn  and  his  Contem 
poraries,  iii.  280,  339,  etc. 


1778.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  185 

Political  Movements  in  England,  1778. 

It  was  thought  that  if  Chatham  could  have 
abated  his  opposition  to  American  independence, 
a  union  with  the  Rockingham  whigs  might  have 
unseated  the  North  cabinet,  and  restored  peace. 
Cf.  Chatham  Correspondence,  iv.  484;  Donne's 
Correspondence  of  George  III.  with  North,  ii. 
127. 

The  death  of  Chatham  in  May  seemingly  put 
off  the  fall  of  the  North  ministry.  Cf.  Massey's 
History  of  England,  ii.  ch.  22 ;  Fitzmaurice's 
Shelburne,  iii.  40.  Chatham,  in  his  relations  to 
the  American  war,  must  be  studied  in  Thack 
eray's  heavy  and  laudatory  life  of  him;  but  a 
brilliant  account  of  his  political  action  will  be 
found  in  Macaulay's  two  essays.  Cf.  the  Chat 
ham  Correspondence;  Fitzmaurice's  Shelburne, 
iii.  ch.  1 ;  Campbell's  Lives  of  the  Chancellors ; 
Stanhope's  England ;  Massey's  England,  ii.  279 ; 
Brougham's  Statesmen;  Bancroft's  United  States; 
Parton's  Franklin ;  Earle's  English  Premiers ; 
Davenport  Adams's  English  Party  Leaders  ;  and 
the  note  in  Donne's  Correspondence  of  George 
III.  with  Lord  North,  ii.  185. 

For  illustrations  of  the  hatred  which  the  King 
bore  towards  Chatham  for  his  liberal  views,  see 
Brougham's  Statesmen  ;  Russell's  Memoirs  of  Fox, 
i.  129;  Adolphus's  History,  ii.  568;  Stanhope's 
England,  vi.  App.  ;  Grenville  Papers,  ii.  386 ; 
Bancroft's  United  States. 


186  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1778. 

The  death  of  Chatham  afforded  a  chance  of  a 
coalition  of  the  tories  with  some  part  of  the  op 
position.  See  on  this  point  the  Rockingham  Me 
moirs;  Life  and  Memorials  of  Fox;  Donne's  Cor 
respondence  of  George  III.  with  North,  ii.  188; 
Walpole's  Last  Journals,  ii.  338. 

Eden's  account  of  his  negotiations  with  Fox  for 
a  compromise  is  printed  in  the  Memoirs  and  Cor 
respondence  of  Fox,  i.  180. 

Jonathan  L.  Austin  was  sent  to  London  by 
Franklin  to  confer  with  the  opposition.  Boston 
Monthly  Magazine,  July,  1826. 

Bancroft,  x.  ch.  5,  gives  a  view  of  the  state  of 
feeling  in  England ;  and  a  reflex  of  tory  opinions 
is  found  in  Cur  wen's  Journal. 

For  instances  of  the  commercial  distress  which 
the  ministry's  action  had  brought  upon  England, 
see  Stanhope,  v.  133;  Franklin's  Correspondence; 
Adolphus's  History,  ii.  261 ;  Burke's  Works ; 
Parliamentary  History,  xviii.  734,  951,  963,  964 ; 
xix.  259,  341,  710,  711,  1072;  Walpole's  Me 
moirs  of  George  III.  ii.  218. 

Hozier's  Invasions  of  England,  ii.,  shows  the 
concern  prevailing  after  the  alliance  with  France 
became  known ;  and  there  is  in  Donne,  ii.  176,  an 
account  of  the  blundering  efforts  of  the  English 
navy  to  intercept  the  French  fleet,  which  left 
Toulon  in  April. 

Toward  the  end  of  the  year,  two  pamphlets, 
one  by  Sir  Wm.  Meredith,  the  other  by  David 


1778.J          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  187 

Hartley,  were  printed  in  London,  which  had 
marked  influence,  as  is  described  in  Walpole's 
Last  Journals,  ii.  327. 

Congress,  1778. 

Bancroft,  x.  349,  says  that  though  Congress 
sat  with  closed  doors,  the  French  envoys  conveyed 
to  their  government  the  most  complete  reports  of 
their  discussions  which  are  known.  They  are 
preserved  in  the  French  archives.  See  a  repre 
sentation  of  Congress  at  this  time  in  the  Life  of 
John  Adams,  i.  282.  Washington  wrote  to  John 
Bannister,  in  April,'  his  views  of  the  political  bear 
ing  of  events.  Sparks's  Washington,  v.  321.  Cf. 
Christopher  Marshall's  Diary;  Leake's  Memoirs 
of  General  Lamb;  Journals  of  Congress,  and  the 
lives  of  its  members. 

The  Summer's  Campaign,  1778. 

Washington  in  April  had  submitted  to  his  offi 
cers  three  plans  of  a  campaign.  Sparks's  Wash 
ington,  v.  320.  A  plan  of  his  own  is  among  the 
Sparks  MSS.  in  Harvard  College  Library.  Life 
of  Muhlenberg,  ch.  5. 

The  expected  arrival  of  a  French  fleet,  which 
might  close  the  Delaware  to  succor,  necessitated 
the  British  evacuation  of  Philadelphia,  and  Sir 
Henry  Clinton  began  his  march  across  the  Jerseys 
towards  New  York,  June  17th.  For  the  march 
see  Eelking's  Hiilfstruppen,  ch.  10 ;  Magazine  of 


188  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1778. 

American  History,  Jan.  1879,  p.  58  ;  a  journal  of 
Clinton's  secretary  in  New  Jersey  Historical  So 
ciety's  Proceedings,  vi. ;  Diary  of  Jos.  Clark  in 
the  same,  vii.  93. 

Monmoutli,  June  28,  1778. 

The  advance  of  Washington's  army  attacked 
the  rear  of  the  retreating  British,  who  turned  and 
forced  back  the  Americans  under  Lee ;  but  the 
presence  of  Washington  on  the  field,  later,  re 
trieved  the  day. 

American  Accounts.  —  Washington's  letters  are 
given  in  Sparks,  v.  422  and  App.  No.  18,  and  in 
Dawson's  Battles,  ch.  37,  and  Kapp  considers 
Dawson's  account  the  clearest.  Lives  of  Wash 
ington  by  Marshall,  iii.  ch.  8 ;  and  Irving,  iii. 
ch.  34  and  35.  Sparks's  Correspondence  of  the 
American  Revolution,  ii.  150.  Custis's  Recollec 
tions  of  Washington,  ch.  5. 

Lee  was  brought  to  trial  by  court-martial,  July 
14th,  for  misbehavior  and  disrespect  to  Washing 
ton,  under  reproof.  The  evidence  introduced  is 
of  importance.  It  was  published  separately,  and 
is  embodied  in  Dawson.  Lee's  defense  is  also 
given  in  Longworthy's  Memoirs  of  Lee,  p.  23. 
Cf.  Sparks's  Life  of  Lee  ;  Davis's  Life  of  Burr,  i. ; 
and  Lee's  letter  in  Reed's  Joseph  Reed,  i.  369. 

Other  Accounts.  —  Heath's  Memoirs,  p.  186. 
Gen.  Hull's  Revolutionary  Services,  ch.  14. 
Drake's  Life  of  Knox.  Kapp's  Life  of  Steuben, 


1778.J          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  189 

p.  159.  Quincy's  Life  of  Shawt  ch.  4.  Sargent's 
Life  of  Andre,  p.  187.  Hamilton's  Life  of  Alex 
ander  Hamilton,  i.  194.  Hamilton's  .Republic  of 
the  United  States,  i.  471.  Bancroft,  x.  ch.  4. 
Letters  of  Hamilton  and  Wm.  Irvine  in  the  Penn 
sylvania  Magazine  of  History,  ii.  139.  Reed's 
Joseph  Reed,  ch.  17.  Williams's  Life  of  Olney, 
p.  243.  Life  of  Anthony  Wayne.  The  original 
orderly-book  of  Wayne  is  No.  2095  in  the  Menzies 
Catalogue.  C.  King's  account  in  the  New  Jersey 
Historical  Society's  Proceedings,  iv.  Lossing's 
Field-Book,  ii.  356,  and  his  paper  in  Harper's 
Monthly,  vii.  449 ;  also  see  June,  1878.  Barker 
and  Howe's  Historical  Collections  of  New  Jersey. 
J.  W.  De  Peyster  in  the  Magazine  of  American 
History,  July,  1878,  and  March,  1879 ;  also  June, 
1879,  for  letters.  American  Historical  Record, 
June,  1874. 

Carrington,  in  his  Battles  of  the  Revolution, 
gives  one  of  the  most  intelligible  accounts. 

British  Accounts.  — Stedman,  ii.  ch.  22.  Mur 
ray's  Impartial  History,  ii.  448.  Stanhope's  Eng 
land,  vi.  ch.  58.  Clinton's  dispatch  is  riven  in 
Dawson. 

Maps.  —  Sparks's  Washington,  v.  430.  Atlas 
of  Guizot's  Washington.  Hilliard  d'A^berteuil's 
Essais,  ii.  271.  Duer's  Life  of  Stirling,  ii.  196. 
Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii.  356.  Carrington's  Bat 
tles.  Coffin's  Boys  of  Seventy-Six. 

The   Sparks    Collection    in    Harvard    College 


190  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1778. 

Library  has  some  MS.  maps  copied  from  others 
belonging  to  Lafayette. 

New  York  and  Philadelphia,  1778. 

The  British  retreated  to  Sandy  Hook  and 
crossed  over  to  New  York.  Sargent's  Life  of 
Andre*,  ch.  11.  Documents  relating  to  the  occu 
pation  of  that  city  by  the  British  will  be  found 
in  the  New  York  City  Manual  for  1863;  and  a 
plan  from  the  London  Magazine  of  1778  is  repro 
duced  in  the  same  manual  for  1869. 

For  Arnold's  career  as  commander  in  Philadel 
phia  after  the  city  was  regained,  see  Sparks's  Life 
of  Arnold ;  his  Washington,  vi.  514 ;  Irving's 
Washington,  iv.  ch.  2 ;  Pennsylvania  Archives, 
vi.  and  vii. ;  Reed's  Life  of  Reed,  ii.  48,  88,  93, 
102. 

The  charges  against  Arnold  and  his  answer  are 
in  Almon's  Remembrancer,  1778-1779,  p.  349. 

Indian  Depredations,  1778. 

Wyoming,  July  Ist-Atli.  —  The  irruption  into 
this  valley  by  tories  and  Indians,  with  the  fight 
and  subsequent  massacre,  is  described  in  Dawson's 
Battles,  ch.  38,  who  gives  the  official  documents. 
The  panic-stricken  refugees  from  the  valley,  fly 
ing  eastward,  crossed  the  Hudson  at  Poughkeep- 
sie,  where  their  exaggerated  statements  (Stone's 
Brant,  i.  339)  were  first  published,  and  formed 
the  basis  of  the  narratives  in  Thacher's  Military 


1778.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  191 

Journal,  Gordon,  Ramsay,  Botta,  etc.,  and  they 
have  been  repeated  in  Drake's  Book  of  the  Indi 
ans.     Marshall,  in  the  later  editions  of  his  Life  of 
Washington,  modified  his  earlier  statements.  Con 
temporary  accounts  are  given  in  Moore's  Diary  of 
the   American    Revolution,    ii.      More    accurate 
views  of  the  transactions  were  taken  by  Charles 
Miner  in  his   original  newspaper  articles,  and  in 
his  History  of  Wyoming,  1845 ;  and  Stone,  in  his 
Poetry  and  History  of  Wyoming,  followed  Miner. 
Stone,  in  his  Life   of  Brant,  and  in  his  Border 
Wars,  drawn  chiefly  from  the  Life  of  Brant,  gives 
an  account  of  the  inroad,  but  contends  that  Brant 
was  not  present.     Caleb    Gushing   reviewed  the 
Life  of  Brant  in  the  Democratic  Review,  claiming 
that  Stone  had  not  proved  an  alibi  for  Brant ;  but 
Stone  in  his   Wyoming  (p.  192)   reasserted  his 
statement,  and  pointed  out  Campbell's  confession 
of  his  error  for  making  Brant  present  in  the  story 
as  told  in  his  "  Gertrude  of  Wyoming,"   which 
poem   is   reprinted   in    Stone's    Wyoming.       See 
Brodhead's  New  York  Documents.     Peck,  in  his 
Wyoming,  ch.  2,  enforces  Stone's  argument,  and 
gives  various  personal  reminiscences. 

Chapman's  Wyoming  has  but  a  hurried  account. 
Other  narratives  will  be  found  in  Irving's  Wash 
ington,  iii.  ch.  37  ;  Jenkins's  Historical  Address, 
July  3,  1878  ;  Hollister's  Connecticut,  ii.  ch.  15 ; 
Harper's  Monthly,  xvii.  306  ;  Lossing's  Field- 
Book,  i.  352.  Mrs.  Ellet's  Women  of  the  Ameri- 


192  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1778. 

can  Revolution,  ii.,  and  her  Domestic  History  of 
the  Revolution ;  and  the  Appendix  to  Campbell's 
Tryon  County. 

Mohawk  Valley.  —  The  plans  and  actions  of  the 
enemy  in  the  Mohawk  Valley  are  described  in 
Lossing's  Field-Book,  ch.  12  ;  Stone's  Brant,  ch. 
14  ;  Campbell's  Tryon  County  ;  History  of  Scho- 
harie  County,  ch.  9 ;  Dawson's  Battles,  ch.  36, 
etc. ;  Harper's  Monthly,  July,  1877. 

Cherry  Valley,  Nov.  \\th.  —  The  slaughter  at 
Cherry  Valley  is  particularly  detailed  in  contem 
porary  letters  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  June, 
1866;  Campbell's  Tryon  County,  ch.  5;  Daw- 
son's  Battles,  ch.  45 ;  Stone's  Brant,  i.  ch.  17 ; 
Lossing's  Field-Book,  p.  268 ;  Dunlap's  New 
York,  ii.  147,  etc. 

Brant.  —  Stone's  Life  of  Brant.  Drake's  Book 
of  the  Indians,  book  v.  ch.  5.  New  England 
Historical  and  Genealogical  Register,  Oct.  1848. 
Norton's  Pioneer  Missionaries,  New  York,  1859. 
W.  C.  Bryant  in  Beach's  Indian  Miscellany. 

Border  Warfare  in  General.  —  Beside  Lossing, 
Schuyler,  and  Stone's  Brant,  see  De  Haas's  In 
dian  Wars  of  Western  Virginia ;  J.  H.  Perkins  in 
"North  American  Review,  Oct.  1839,  an  article 
also  included  in  his  Memoirs,  ii.  281.  A  paper 
on  the  British  and  Indian  cooperation  is  in  the 
New  York  Historical  Society's  Proceedings,  iii. 
There  is  much  illustrative  matter  in  the  New 
York  Documentary  History,  and  in  the  Pennsyl 
vania  Archives. 


1778.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  193 

Fiction.  —  Border  and  Indian  traits  and  warfare 
during  the  Revolution  are  worked  into  the  guise 
of  fiction  in  Grace  Greenwood's  Forest  Tragedy, 
and  in  C.  F.  Hoffman's  Greyslaer. 

The  Rhode  Island  Campaign,  August,  1778. 

The  French  fleet  under  D'Estaing  arrived  at 
the  Capes  of  Delaware  in  July,  but  the  British 
fleet  had  escaped  to  New  York,  whither  the 
French  commander  followed.  He  was  unable  to 
pass  the  bar  of  that  harbor  with  his  larger  ships. 
Sparks's  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  ii.  155. 

Opening  communication  with  Washington,  a 
plan  was  formed  for  an  attack  on  the  British 
forces  at  Rhode  Island.  Irving's  Washington, 
iii.  419. 

A  land  attack  was  undertaken  by  Gen.  Sullivan 
at  the  same  time.  Sullivan's  letters  are  given  in 
Sparks's  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  ii. ; 
Rhode  Island  Historical  Tracts,  No.  6 ;  Dawson's 
Battles;  Sparks's  Washington,  vi.  Bancroft,  x. 
ch.  5,  questioned  Sullivan's  soldierly  conduct,  and 
T.  C.  Amory  vindicated  him  in  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society's  Proceedings,  Dec.  1866,  and 
in  his  Military  Services  of  General  Sullivan. 

Shortly  after  D'Estaing  and  Sullivan  had  laid 
their  plans  by  conference,  Howe  appeared  off  the 
harbor  with  the  British  fleet,  reinforced.  The 
French  put  to  sea,  but  a  general  action  was  pre 
sented  by  a  storm,  and  D'Estaing  returned  to 

13 


194  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1778. 

Newport  with  a  shattered  fleet,  and  sailed  for  Bos 
ton  to  refit.  Cf.  A  Candid  and  Impartial  Narra 
tive  of  the  Transactions  of  the  Fleet  under  Lord 
Howe,  London,  1779.  The  British  army  on  the 
island  was  now  reinforced,  and  Sullivan  retreated 
to  the  main-land.  The  abandonment  of  the  at 
tempt  produced  effects  on  the  country  that  are 
set  forth  in  Wells's  Samuel  Adams,  iii.  38.  The 
charges  of  Sullivan  against  the  French  came  near 
disturbing  friendly  relations  with  the  allies.  D'Es- 
taing's  papers  are  in  the  Ministerie  de  la  Marine 
et  des  Colonies  at  Paris.  The  French  side  of  the 
controversy  is  presented  in  Chevalier's  Histoire 
de  la  Marine  frangaise  pendant  la  guerre  de  1'in- 
de*pendance  Ame*ricaine,  ch.  3,  and  in  an  Extrait 
du  Journal  d'un  OfBcier  de  la  Marine,  1782,  which 
gives  a  likeness  of  D'Estaing,  and  another  will  be 
found  in  Andrews's  History  of  the  War.  The 
proclamation  of  D'Estaing  to  the  former  subjects 
of  France  in  America,  issued  in  October,  is  given 
in  the  Documents  relative  to  the  Colonial  History 
of  New  York,  x.  1165.  See  other  authorities  on 
the  French  auxiliaries  under  1780. 

Lafayette  went  to  Boston  to  confer  with  D'Es 
taing.  Heath's  Memoirs.  Lafayette's  letters  to 
Washington  on  the  miscarriage  of  the  expedition 
are  in  Sparks's  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution, 
ii.  181, 196.  Lafayette's  account  of  the  campaign, 
told  by  himself  fifty  years  later,  when  in  this  coun 
try,  is  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  Aug.  1861. 


1778.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  195 

Accounts  of  tliis  expedition,  more  or  less  full, 
are  given  in  the  following  places :  Bancroft,  x. 
ch.  5.  Hamilton's  History  of  the  Republic,  i. 
ch.  17.  Arnold's  Rhode  Island,  p.  419.  .  Green's 
Rhode  Island.  Dunlap's  New  York,  ii.  Barry's 
Massachusetts,  iii.  150.  Rhode  Island  Historical 
Collections,  vi.  Moore's  Diary  of  the  American 
Revolution,  ii.  85 ;  also  his  Songs  and  Ballads  of 
the  Revolution,  p.  231.  Heath's  Memoirs.  Lives 
of  Washington  by  Marshall,  iv. ;  by  Irving,  iii. 
ch.  36.  Sparks's  Washington,  v.  29,  40,  45. 
Greene's  Life  of  Greene,  ii.  100,  and  Greene's 
letter  in  the  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  ii. 
188.  Amory's  Sullivan,  p.  70.  Memoirs  of  John 
Trumbull,  p.  51.  Stuart's  Life  of  Jonathan 
Trumbull,  ch.  32.  Williams's  Life  of  Gen.  Bar 
ton,  ch.  3.  Glover's  Orderly-Book  in  Essex  In 
stitute  Collections,  v.  Major  Gibbs's  Diary,  Aug. 
5th-30th,  in  Pennsylvania  Archives,  vi.  J.  A. 
Stevens  in  Magazine  of  American  History,  July, 
1879.  Historical  Magazine,  iv.  145.  Carring- 
ton's  Battles.  S.  S.  Rider's  Rhode  Island  His 
torical  Tracts,  No.  6,  gives  the  Centennial  Address 
of  S.  G.  Arnold,  and  reprints  contemporary  ac 
counts,  including  the  German  narrative  of  Max 
von  Eelking. 

English  Accounts.  —  The  dispatches  of  Gen. 
Pigot,  etc.,  in  Gentleman's  Magazine,  Nov.  1778 ; 
in  Dawson's  Battles;  in  Rider's  Rhode  Island 
Historical  Tracts,  No.  6.  Stedman's  American 


196  HEADER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1778. 

War,  ii.  ch.  23,  24.  A  Diary  at  Newport  is  in 
the  Historical  Magazine,  1860.  A  loyalist  view 
in  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
ii.  ch.  12. 

Maps.  —  The  Massachusetts  Historical  Society 
preserves  a  plan  of  the  campaign  ;  see  its  Proceed 
ings,  May,  1865.  The  Sparks  Collection  at  Har 
vard  College  has  copies  of  contemporary  French 
plans.  There  are  contemporary  British  plans  of 
Newport  and  Narragansett  Bay  in  the  American 
Atlas,  Nos.  17  and  18.  The  Magazine  of  Ameri 
can  History,  July,  1879,  gives  fac-similes  of  Fa- 
den's  Newport  plan,  1777,  made  by  Blaskowitz, 
and  also  his  Narragansett  Bay,  1777.  The  Gen 
tleman's  Magazine,  1778,  has  a  print  of  the  battle 
of  Quaker  Hill,  Aug.  29th,  which  is  fac-similed  in 
Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii.  p.  83,  where  is  also  a 
map  of  the  campaign ;  and  others  are  in  Rider's 
Centennial  volume ;  in  Marshall's  Washington, 
v. ;  and  in  Carrington's  Battles.  There  is  a  MS. 
plan  of  attack  in  the  Faden  Collection  in  the 
Library  of  Congress. 

A  subsequent  British  incursion  at  New  Bedford 
is  noted  in  Ricketson's  New  Bedford,  ch.  22,  and 
in  the  Appendix  to  Crapo's  Centennial  Address, 
p.  58. 

On  Rhode  Island's  share  in  the  war,  at  large, 
see  A.  B.  Gardner's  Rhode  Island  Line  in  the 
Continental  Army  ;  B.  Cowell's  Spirit  of  Seventy- 
Six  in  Rhode  Island;  W.  R.  Staples's  Rhode 


1778.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  197 

Island  in  the  Continental  Congress,  published  by 
the  State  in  18TO;  G.  W.  Curtis's  Newport,  in 
Harper's  Magazine,  ix.  289. 

Capture  of  Savannah,  December  29, 1778. 

A  naval  and  military  force  from  New  York 
attacked  the  small  American  army  defending  Sa 
vannah  and  defeated  it.  Dawson's  Battles,  ch. 
46.  Simms's  South  Carolina.  Stevens's  Georgia, 
ii.  160.  Marshall's  Washington,  iv.  97.  Sted- 
man's  American  War,  ii.  ch.  26. 

The  Vermont  Troubles. 

These  were  disputes  between  the  governments 
of  New  Hampshire  and  New  York  as  to  jurisdic 
tion  over  this  territory,  and  the  British  govern 
ment  endeavored  by  emissaries  to  seduce  the  in 
habitants  of  this  region  from  their  allegiance  to 
the  American  cause.  New  York  Documentary 
History,  iv.  329,  with  map.  Dunlap's  New  York, 
ii.  217.  Belknap's  New  Hampshire,  ii.  ch.  26. 
Williams's  History  of  Vermont.  Madison  Papers, 
i.  Lossing's  Sctmyler,  ii.  408.  Wells's  Samuel 
Adams,  iii.  144. 

Naval  Actions,  1778. 

For  accounts  of  the  blowing  up  of  the  Randolph, 
March  7th,  see  Dawson's  Battles,  Cooper's  Naval 
History,  Clark's- Sketches  of  Naval  History. 

Paul  Jones's  exploits  in   the  Ranger,  and  his 


198  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1778. 

capture  of  the  Drake,  are  described  in  the  several 
lives  of  Jones,  and  in  Parton's  Franklin,  ii.  ch.  8. 
Dr.  Ezra  Green's  journal  of  the  Ranger's  cruise  is 
given  in  the  New  England  Historical  and  Genea 
logical  Register,  1875.  Cf.  Annual  Register,  xxi. 
176.  Jones's  instructions  from  the  Commission 
ers  in  France  are  given  in  the  Diplomatic  Corre 
spondence  of  the  Revolution,  i.  361,  where  are 
also  various  other  letters. 

Galloway's  Letter  to  Lord  Howe  on  his  Naval 
Conduct,  London,  1779,  animadverts  on  his  inac 
tion  in  face  of  the  inferior  force  of  the  colonists, 
and  gives  lists  of  their  respective  fleets. 

James's  Naval  History  and  the  Life  of  Admiral 
Keppel  tell  the  story  of  the  confronting  of  the 
English  and  French  fleets  in  European  waters. 

A  diary  of  the  English  fleet  in  the  summer  of 
1778  is  among  the  manuscripts  of  the  Percy 
family,  according  to  the  3d  Report,  1872,  of  the 
English  Historical  MSS.  Commission. 

The  Northwest,  1778-1779. 

Bancroft,  x.  ch.  8,  gives  an  account  of  the  ex 
pedition,  and  of  the  bearings  of  this  conquest  of 
the  northwestern  territory,  as  influencing  subse 
quent  control  by  the  United  States.  Accounts, 
more  or  less  extended,  are  given  as  follows :  — 

Clark's  own  account,  dated  Nov.  19,  1779,  has 
been  edited  by  H.  Pirtle,  and  published  by  Clarke 
of  Cincinnati  in  1869  ;  and  m  the  Appendix  of 


1778.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  199 

this  volume  will  be  found  Patrick  Henry's  private 
and  public  instructions  to  Clark,  and  Bowman's 
Journal  of  the  Expedition,  Jan.  27  to  March  20, 
1779.  Stone's  Life  of  Brant,  i.  ch.  16.  Almon's 
Remembrancer,  vi.  82.  Dawson's  Battles,  ch.  40, 
for  the  attack  on  Fort  Boone,  Aug.  8th-20th. 
Jefferson's  Writings,  i.  221,  and  Randall's  Jeffer 
son,  i.  248,  256,  273.  Parton's  Jefferson,  p.  233. 
Girardin's  History  of  Virginia.  Pennsylvania 
Archives.  Butler's  Kentucky.  Law's  Colonial 
History  of  Vincennes.  Imlay's  Western  Terri 
tory.  T.  M.  Smith's  Legends  of  the  War  of  In 
dependence,  Louisville,  1855.  G.  W.  Hill's  Cap 
tivity  of  Christian  Fast,  an  episode  of  the  Indian 
invasion  of  the  Northwest,  in  Beach's  Indian  Mis 
cellany.  Adventures  of  Daniel  Boone.  Dod- 
dridge's  Notes  on  the  Indian  Wars.  Hecker- 
welder's  Moravian  Missions.  C.  I.  Walker's  Ad 
dress  on  the  Northwest  in  the  Revolution,  before 
the  Wisconsin  Historical  Society,  1871. 

There  is  a  sketch  of  Col.  Clark  in  the  Histori 
cal  Magazine,  June,  1857  ;  another  in  Lewis  Col- 
lins's  Historical  Sketches  of  Kentucky,  which  is 
copied  in  Pirtle's  edition  of  Clark's  letter  to  George 
Mason. 

Prisoners  of  "War. 

For  the  early  period  of  the  war  there  is  much 
illustrative  matter  in  the  several  volumes  of  Force's 
American  Archives.  The  memoirs  of  various  suf- 


200  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1778. 

ferers  throw  light  upon  prison  experiences.  Ethan 
Allen's  Narrative  of  his  Captivity.  Memoirs  of 
Andrew  Sherburne.  Adventures  of  Ebenezer 
Fox. 

Jersey  Prison  Ship.  —  Dring's  Recollections  of 
the  Jersey  Prison  Ship,  ed.  by  Albert  G.  Greene, 
1829,  and  again  by  H.  B.  Dawson,  with  an  App. 
1865.  Thomas  Andross's  Old  Jersey  Captive. 
Dunlap's  New  York,  ii.  ch.  10.  Prisons  and 
Prison  Ships  in  the  Revolution,  privately  printed, 
45  copies,  New  York,  1865.  History  of  the  Inter 
ments  at  Wallabout,  1808.  Harper's  Monthly, 
xxxvii.  187. 

Mrs.  Ellet's  Domestic  History  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  ch.  10,  11.  Onderdqnk's  Suffolk  and  Kings 
Counties.  George  Taylor's  Martyrs  to  the  Rev 
olution,  1855.  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii.  865. 
New  York  Historical  Society's  Proceedings,  Dec. 
1861.  Historical  Magazine,  1866,  supplement. 
Pennsylvania  Archives,  passim.  —Moore's  Diary 
of  the  American  Revolution,  ii.  index. 

An  account  of  the  "  Fleet  Prison  "  kept  by  the 
Americans  at  Esopus,  on  the  Hudson,  is  given  in 
Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  L 
705/ 

Much  about  the  American  prisoners  detained 
in  England  will  be  found  in  the  Diplomatic  Corre 
spondence,  the  letters  of  Franklin,  Lee,  and  John 
Adams.  Charles  Herbert's  Relics  of  the  Revolu 
tion  gives  experiences  in  the  English  prisons. 


1778.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  201 

Exchanges  of  Prisoners.  —  George  Bancroft 
printed,  New  York,  1862,  A  Letter  on  the  Ex 
change  of  Prisoners  during  the  Revolution.  More 
or  less  details  will  be  found  as  follows :  Washing 
ton's  Writings,  Sj^arks's  edition,  iv.  547,  and  gen 
erally  throughout  his  correspondence  ;  v.  306 ;  vi. 
508,  on  the  vacillating  policy  oi!  Congress;  and  vii. 
3,  on  the  unwillingness  of  the  British  to  treat  on 
"  national  grounds."  The  Gentleman's  Magazine, 
177T,  printed  the  correspondence  of  Howe  and 
Washington.  Irving's  Washington,  iii.  ch.  2. 
Hamilton's  History  of  the  Republic.  Graydon's 
Memoirs,  ch.  8.  A  report  of  the  Commissioners 
for  settling  a  cartel  detailing  their  unsuccessful 
negotiations,  was  printed  in  Philadelphia,  1779. 
Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  i. 
93,  gives  a  loyalist  view. 


202  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1779. 


EVENTS  OF   1779. 

In  General. 

WASHINGTON  was  in  camp  at  Middlebrook 
during  the  winter.  living's  Washington,  iii. 
Greene's  Greene,  ii.  160.  His  views  in  January 
are  given  in  a  letter  to  Congress.  Sparks,  vi.  158. 
He  resolved  on  a  defensive  campaign.  Bancroft, 
x.  ch.  9.  Heath  was  in  command  east  of  the 
Hudson.  Memoirs,  p.  205. 

Bancroft,  x.  ch.  10,  summarizes  the  military 
movements  in  the  north,  and,  ch.  13,  in  the  south. 
Cf.  Hildreth,  iii.  ch.  39. 

The  Journals  and  Secret  Journals  of  Congress 
and  the  Diplomatic  Correspondence  hardly  in 
dicate  the  infelicitous  bickerings  of  Congress. 
Greene's  Historical  View  gives  sections  to  Con 
gress  and  to  the  relation  of  Congress  to  the  States. 
Bancroft,  x.  208.  Washington  to  Mason  in  the 
Virginia  Historical  Register,  vol.  96.  Greene's 
Greene,  ii.  170,  175.  John  Adams's  Works,  i.  292. 

For  the  riots  in  Philadelphia,  and  the  efforts  to 
regulate  prices,  see  Reed's  Reed,  ii.  ch.  6. 

For  the  British  rule  in  New  York,  see  the  Me 
moirs  of  the  Baroness  Riedesel ;  New  York  City 
Manual,  1863;  Letters  of  Major-General  James 


1779.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION,  203 

Pattison,  a  British  officer  in  New  York,  Jan.  1779- 
Aug.  1780,  in  the  New  York  Historical  Society's 
Collections,  1875 ;  Memoirs  of  Lieut.  General  Sam 
uel  Graham,  Edinburgh,  1862,  and  abstracts  in 
the  Historical  Magazine,  Aug.,  Sept.,  Oct.,  and 
Nov.  1865. 

Try  on  in  Connecticut,  July,  1779. 

Clinton  dispatched  a  plundering  expedition  un 
der  Tryon,  which  invaded  New  Haven  and  de 
stroyed  Fairfield.  Part  of  the  plan  was  to  draw 
Washington  from  the  Highland  fastnesses. 

Hinman's  Historical  Collections  of  the  part 
sustained  by  Connecticut  in  the  Revolution. 
Stuart's  Life  of  Jonathan  Trumbull,  ch.  37. 
Chauncey  Goodrich  on  the  invasion  of  New  Ha 
ven  in  the  New  Haven  Historical  Society's  Col 
lections,  ii.  27.  Moore's  Diary  of  the  Revolution, 
ii.  180.  Ithiel  Town's  Particular  Services,  a 
British  account.  For  the  destruction  of  Fairfield, 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society's  Collections,  n 
103.  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  ii.  2 
Committee  of  Foreign  Affairs  to  Lee,  and,  iii.  99, 
for  Lovell  to  Franklin. 

Wayne  at  Stony  Point,  July  16,  1779. 

The  defenses  at  this  post  and  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  Hudson  were  the  outworks  of  West 
Point,  and  protected  King's  Ferry,  the  cross 
ing  below  the  Highlands.  Before  the  Americans 


204  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1779. 

had  completed  them,  Clinton  captured  them  in 
June.  Sparks's  Washington,  vi.  292.  Washing 
ton  planned  a  surprise  of  the  British  garrison, 
and  intrusted  the  execution  to  Wayne.  Arm 
strong's  Life  of  Wayne. 

The  contemporary  accounts  of  his  brilliant  suc 
cess  will  be  found  in  Washington's  letter  to  Con 
gress,  Sparks,  vi.  298,  and  Wayne's  account  in 
the  Appendix  of  the  same  volume.  Moore's 
Diary,  ii.  192.  Pennsylvania  Archives,  vii. 

Dawson  has  a  special  monograph  on  the  assault, 
and  gives  a  chapter  to  it  in  his  Battles  of  the 
United  States. 

Marshall's  Washington,  iv.  ch.  2.  Irving's 
Washington,  iii.  465.  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii. 
175.  Hull's  Revolutionary  Services,  ch.  16. 
Reed's  Joseph  Reed,  ii.  110.  Harper's  Monthly, 
July,  18T9,  by  H.  P.  Johnston. 

Steuben  was  interested  as  testing  his  bayonet 
instructions.  Kapp's  Steuben,  ch.  11.  Greene's 
review  of  Kapp  in  North  American  Review,  vol. 
xcix.  —  an  article  reprinted  in  Greene's  German 
Element  in  the  War  of  Independence.  Eberling's 
account  of  Steuben  in  the  Amerikanisches  Maga- 
zin,  1796.  J.  C.  Hamilton's  Republic  of  the 
United  States,  i.  443. 

At  the  Centennial  Celebration,  July  16,  1879, 
Gen.  Jos.  Hawley  delivered  an  historical  address. 

Maps.  —  Faden's  English  plan,  showing  also 
the  works  at  Verplanck's  Point,  after  surveys  by 


J779.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  205 

Simpson  and  Campbell,  by  John  Hills,  published 
in  London,  March  1,  1784,  is  fac-similed  in  the 
New  York  Calendar  of  Hist.  MSS.  p.  347.  The 
MS.  plans  used  in  the  attack  are  in  the  Sparks 
Collection  in  Harvard  College  Library.  Other 
plans  are  in  the  atlas  of  Guizot's  Washington ;  in 
Hull's  Revolutionary  Services,  ch.  16  ;  in  Sparks's 
Washington,  vi.  304. 

For  an  account  of  the  medal  given  to  Wayne 
see  Loubat's  Medallic  History  of  the  United 
States,  where  are  also  described  the  medals  given 
to  Lieut.  Col.  De  Fleury  and  Major  Stewart  for 
good  conduct  in  the  assault. 

Paulus  Hook,  August  19,  1779. 

This  was  a  brilliant  advance,  attack,  and  retreat 
by  Major  Lee.  This  British  post  was  where  Jer 
sey  City  now  stands.  See  the  general  histories; 
Marshall's  Washington,  iv.  87  ;  Irving's  Washing 
ton,  iii.  475 ;  Dawson's  Battles ;  Quincy's  Shaw, 
p.  65;  Reed's  Joseph  Reed,  ii.  125;  Duer's  Stir 
ling,  p.  204;  Moore's  Diary,  ii.  206;  and  S.  A. 
Green's  paper  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  Dec. 
1868. 

An  account  of  the  medal  given  to  Major  Lee 
is  in  Loubat's  Medallic  History  of  the  United 
States. 

The  Neutral  Ground. 

This  was  the  country  in  Westchester  County 
between  the  outposts  of  the  British  and  American 


206  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1779. 

lines.  See  the  general  histories,  Irving's  Wash 
ington,  histories  of  New  York,  and  Bolton's  West- 
chester.  For  the  interval  of  Burr's  command  see 
Parton's  Burr,  ch.  viii.,  and  Davis's  Burr. 

Events  that  took  place  here  are  fashioned  into 
the  substance  of  Cooper's  novel,  The  Spy ;  and 
H.  L.  Barnum's  Spy  Unmasked  collates  the  nov 
elist's  story  with  actual  occurrences.  See  other 
imaginative  renderings  in  Roe's  Near  to  Nature's 
Heart,  Gleig's  Day  on  the  Neutral  Ground  in  his 
Chelsea  Pensioners,  etc. 

Sullivan's   Expedition  against   the   Indians,   July — Septem 
ber,  1779. 

Stone's  Life  of  Brant,  i.,  gives  a  full  account  of 
the  Indian  depredations  in  the  spring  and  early 
summer.  Washington  had  early  given  his  atten 
tion  to  some  plan  of  chastising  the  Indians,  in 
retaliation  for  their  incursions  into  Wyoming  and 
Cherry  Valley.  Sparks,  vi.  183.  His  instruc 
tions  to  Sullivan  are  in  Sparks,  vi.  264,  and  His 
torical  Magazine,  Sept.  1867.  Sullivan's  com 
ments  in  Sparks's  Correspondence  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  ii.  264. 

Gordon  is  unfriendly  to  Sullivan  in  his  account. 
Bancroft's  strictures  are  noticed  in  T.  C.  Amory's 
Military  Services  of  Gen.  John  Sullivan,  p.  97. 

Accounts  of  greater  or  less  fullness  may  be 
found  in  O.  W.  B.  Peabody's  Life  of  Sullivan ; 
Stone's  Life  of  Brant ;  Marshall's  Washington, 


1779.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTIO^l        207 

iv.  105  ;  and  tetters  of  Washington  in  Sparks's 
edition,  and  in  the  Magazine  of  American  His 
tory,  Feb.  18T9,  p.  142 ;  F.  Moore's  Correspond 
ence  of  Henry  Laurens,.  and  his  Diary  of  the 
Revolution,  ii.  216  ;  Pennsylvania  Archives,  vii. ; 
Historical  Magazine,  Aug.  and  Sept.  1862,  and 
by  N.  Davis,  April,  1868;  Stuart's  Jonathan 
Trumbu.ll;  Lossing's  Field-Book,  i.  272;  Hamil 
ton's  Republic,  i.  543 ;  McSherry's  Maryland, 
p.  14  ;  Miner's  Wyoming  ;  Campbell's  Annals  of 
Tryon  County,  ch.  6  ;  Seaver's  Life  of  Mary  Jemi- 
son,  p.  278 ;  and  a  little  notice  of  the  Campaign, 
printed  at  Rochester,  1842. 

There  are.  several  other  contemporary  records  : 
Bleeker's  orderly-book  of  Gen. 'James  Clinton's 
brigade,  printed  1865,  edited  by  F.  B.  Hough. 
Major  Norris's  journal  in  Jones's  New  York  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  ii.  613,  notes.  Barton  and 
Elmer's  diary  in  New  Jersey  Historical  Society's 
Proceedings,  ii.  Jabez  Campfield's  diary,  in  the 
same,  2d  series,  iii.  1873,  covering  May  23-Oct. 
2,  1779.  Gookin's,  in  the  New  England  Histori 
cal  and  Genealogical  Register,  Jan.  1862.  Hub- 
ley's,  in  Miner's  Wyoming,  Appendix,  p.  82.  Rev. 
Wm.  Rogers's,  with  introduction  and  notes  by 
S.  S.  Rider,  and  map  of  the  campaign. 

Gen.  Sullivan  after  this  left  the  army  and  sat 
in  Congress  for  New  Hampshire.  His  character 
has  been  the  subject  of  controversy  between  Ban 
croft  and  T.  C.  Amory,  the  former  alleging  that 


208  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1779. 

Sullivan  was  a  pensioner  of  Luzerne,  the  French 
minister.  Amory's  reply  was  entitled,  General 
Sullivan  not  a  Pensioner  of  Luzerne.  Bancroft 
published  in  response  the  letter  on  which  his 
charge  was  founded.  Cf.  Massachusetts  Histori 
cal  Society's  Proceedings,  Dec.  1866;  Historical 
Magazine,  Supplement  vi.  of  1866.  An  account 
of  Sullivan  and  his  genealogy  is  given  in  the  New 
England  Historical  and  Genealogical  Register, 
Oct.  1865. 

The  Penobscot  Expedition,  August  and  September,  1779. 

Massachusetts  fitted  out  an  armament,  the  land 
forces  under  General  Lovell,  and  the  fleet  under 
Commodore  Saltonstall,  to  dislodge  the  British 
from  the  Penobscot  region.  A  British  reinforce 
ment  sent  from  New  York  shut  the  Americans  up 
within  the  bay,  and  their  whole  force  was  destroyed 
or  scattered. 

Accounts  more  or  less  full  are  found  as  follows  : 
John  Calef's  Siege  of  Penobscot,  with  Journals, 
London,  1781 ;  this  and  other  documents  are  re 
printed  in  Wheeler's  Pentagoet  (Castine),  ch.  5 
and  6.  Williamson's  Maine,  ii.  471.  William 
son's  Belfast,  ch.  12.  Willis's  Portland,  ch.  19. 
Various  other  local  histories  detail  the  connection 
of  separate  sections  with  the  expedition.  Barry's 
Massachusetts,  iii.  ch.  14.  Bradford's  Massachu 
setts.  Thomas  Philbrook's  Account  in  B.  Cowell's 
Spirit  of  Seventy-Six  in  Rhode  Island.  Thacher's 


1779.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  209 

Military  Journal,  p.  166.  Heath's  Memoirs,  p. 
235.  Sparks's  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution, 
ii.  460.  Ithiel  Town's  Particular  Services.  Bos 
ton  Gazette,  March  18,  25,  April  1  and  8,  1782. 
Peniberton's  Journal,  in  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society's  Collections,  ii.  172.  Journal  of  the 
Attack  on  his  Majesty's  Ships  and  Troops,  July 
24th,  1779,  from  the  Nova  Scotia  Gazette,  Sept. 
14,  1779,  reprinted  in  the  Maine  Historical  Soci 
ety's  Collections,  vii. 

Maps.  —  In  Calef's  Siege  of  Penobscot,  and  in 
Wheeler's  Pentagoet. 

Briar  Creek,  March,  1779. 

For  movements  in  the  spring  in  Georgia,  see 
Stevens's  Georgia,  ii.  180 ;  Moore's  Diary,  ii.  138 ; 
Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii. 

Siege  of  Savannah,  September  23— October  18,  1779. 

Lincoln  had  been  in  command  of  the  Southern 
department  since  Dec.  1778.  Sparks's  Corre 
spondence  of  the  Revolution,  ii.  241.  D'Estaing 
with  a  French  fleet  approached  the  town  by  water, 
and  Lincoln  marched  from  Charleston  to  invest  it 
by  land.  An  assault  failed.  The  fleet  went  to  the 
West  Indies ;  the  army  returned  to  Charleston. 

Contemporary  Accounts.  —  Two  Journals  of 
officers  of  the  fleet,  edited  by  C.  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  and 
published  in  folio.  A  Narrative  of  the  combined 
attack,  edited  with  notes,  by  F.  B.  Hough.  Col. 

14 


210  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1779. 

Crnger's  narrative  in  the  Magazine  of  American 
History,  Aug.  1878.  Maj.  Gen.  Provost's  Jour 
nal  of  the  Siege  in  Gentleman's  Magazine,  1779, 
p.  633.  Original  papers  in  the  Historical  Maga 
zine,  Jan.  and  Sept.  1864.  A  Journal  in  Frank 
Moore's  Correspondence  of  Henry  Laurens.  Caro 
line  Gilman's  Letters  of  Eliza  Wilkinson.  Moore's 
Diary,  ii.  221. 

D'Estaing's  orders  are  in  the  Magazine  of  Amer 
ican  History,  Sept.  1878. 

Later  Accounts.  —  Lee's  Memoirs  of  the  War, 
ch.  12.  Moultrie's  Memoirs  of  the  American 
Revolution.  Simms's  South  Carolina.  Bowen's 
Life  of  General  Lincoln.  Lossing's  Field-Book, 
ii.  736.  Carrington's  Battles,  ch.  61.  Stevens's 
Georgia,  ii.  200.  Flanders's  Life  of  Rutledge. 

British  Accounts.  —  In  Stedman's  American 
War,  ii.  ch.  30,  and  in  the  English  general  his 
tories. 

Pulaski.  —  This  general  was  mortally  wounded 
in  the  assault.  See  Sparks's  Life  of  Pulaski,  and 
his  North  American  Review  articles,  vol.  xx.  and 
xxiii.  The  account  of  Pulaski  in  Johnson's 
Greene,  brought  out  a  vindication  of  Pulaski  by 
Col.  Bentalou,  1824,  which  was  noticed  by  Sparks 
in  the  North  American  Review,  No.  47,  which  led 
to  Remarks,  etc.,  by  Johnson,  in  rejoinder. 

Maps.  —  In  Stedman's  American  War ;  Jones's 
ed.  of  the  contemporary  Journals  ;  Carrington's 
Battles ;  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii.  736.  Moore's 


1779.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  211 

Diary  of  the  Revolution,  ii.  221.  Two  contem 
porary  French  MS.  plans,  one  showing  more  of 
the  country  around  than  the  other,  are  in  the 
Boston  Public  Library,  described  in  Dufosse"'s 
Americana,  1879.  Dr.  S.  A.  Green  of  Boston 
has  another  French  MS.  plan. 

Paul  Jones  in  British  "Waters,  August  and  September,  1779. 

Correspondence  of  Franklin  and  Jones  will  be 
found  in  Franklin's  Works,  viii.  See  letters  in  the 
Proceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  So 
ciety,  Oct.  1872.  Cooper  in  his  Naval  History 
takes  a  favorable  view  of  Jones's  character.  Daw- 
son  in  his  Battles,  vol.  i.,  gives  a  full  collated  nar 
rative  of  the  action  between  the  Bon  Homme 
Richard  and  the  Serapis,  Sept.  23d.  Compare 
Peter  Landais's  account  in  his  Memorial,  printed 
in  Boston  in  1784,  justifying  his  conduct,  which 
gives  a  plan  of  the  action.  See  also  Parton's 
Franklin,  ii.  ch.  8;  Preble's  "Three  Historic 
Flags  "  in  the  New  England  Historical  and  Genea- 
6  logical  Register,  Jan.  1874 ;  Headley's  Miscella 
nies,  ii. 

A  British  view  is  taken  in  Allen's  Battles  of 
the  British  Navy,  and  in  the  English  histories. 
For  the  effect  in  England  of  his  exploits,  see  Al- 
bemarle's  Rockingham  and  his  Contemporaries,  ii. 

381. 

Of  the  monographs  on  Jones,  Sherburne,  who 
had  access  to  the  archives  of  the  United  States 


212  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1779. 

government,  and  possessed  some  of  Jones's  private 
papers,  particularly  his  correspondence  with  La 
Fayette  and  Jefferson,  published  the  earliest  au 
thoritative  life,  in  1825.  Five  years  later,  a  life 
was  published  in  Edinburgh,  based  upon  Jones's 
log-books  and  family  papers,  which  was  decidedly 
English  in  tone,  and  the  papers  used  by  its  author, 
being  shortly  after  brought  to  this  country,  Robert 
Sands  had  use  of  them  and  others,  in  preparing 
his  memoir ;  while  in  1840,  Mackenzie  made  the 
most  readable  narrative  of  all,  by  sifting  the  ma 
terial  of  his  predecessors.  A  more  popular  life  is 
that  by  J.  S.  C.  Abbott.  S.  P.  Waldo  printed  a 
sketch  of  Jones  in  his  American  Naval  Heroes, 
fifty  years  ago.  See  Lossing's  illustrated  paper 
in  Harper's  Monthly,  xi.  145 ;  and  "  Paul  Jones 
and  Denis  Duval  "  in  Hale's  Ingham  Papers,  or 
the  Atlantic  Monthly,  Oct.  1864 ;  and  in  this  last 
connection  see  Thackeray's  Denis  Duval  with  the 
notes  appended.  See  a  reactionary  British  view 
of  Jones,  in  All  the  Year  Round,  1870,  or  No. 
1353  of  Living  Age,  and  a  biographical  account 
Fraser,  April  1878. 

Jones  figures  in  Cooper's  Pilot  and  in  other 
tales  by  A.  Cunningham  and  T.  Miigge.  Dumas's 
Le  Capitaine  Paul,  is  a  sequel  to  Cooper's  Pilot. 
See  also  Herman  Melville's  Israel  Potter. 

An  account  of  the  medal  struck  in  Jones's 
honor,  for  his  action  with  the  Serapis,  is  given  in 
Loubat's  Medallic  History  of  the  United  States. 


1779.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  213 

Foreign  Relations,  1779-1780. 

The  unhappy  differences  between  Franklin  and 
Lee  and  Izard  still  went  on.  Lives  of  Franklin 
by  Sparks,  i.  ch.  11  and  Works,  viii.  444,  and  by 
Parton,  ii.  379.  John  Adams's  opinion  of  Franklin 
is  given  in  Works,  i.  319.  Samuel  Adams  held 
a  good  opinion  of  Lee.  Wells's  Samuel  Adams, 
iii.  120.  Correspondence  of  Ralph  Izard,  edited 
by  his  daughter  Mrs.  Deas,  one  volume  only  pub 
lished. 

To  put  a  stop  to  these  disturbances,  La  Fayette, 
in  Feb.  1779,  carried  over  a  commission  to  Frank 
lin,  as  sole  minister  plenipotentiary,  when  Adams 
returned  to  America.  Diplomatic  Correspondence, 
iv.  307.  Lee  still  filled  his  position  as  agent  to 
Spain. 

Congress  was  occupied  with  baffling  the  schemes 
of  France  which  were  aimed  to  secure  a  general 
peace,  at  the  price  of  curtailing  the  limits  of  the 
United  States  westward,  and  giving  up  the  nav 
igation  of  the  Mississippi  to  Spain.  Bancroft, 
x.  349.  Sectional  differences  resulted  in  a  com 
promise,  by  which  John  Adams  was  appointed  a 
commissioner  to  negotiate  with  Great  Britain,  and 
John  Jay  with  Spain,  thus  terminating  Lee's 
agency.  The  agitation  which  produced  this  re 
sult  can  be  traced  in  the  following  :  Life  of  John 
Adams,  ch.  6,  where  the  policy  of  France  is  repre 
sented  as  entirely  selfish  ;  also  his  diary  in  Works, 


214  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1779- 

iii.  186,  229,  259 ;  his  official  correspondence,  vii. 
119,  120,  139,  etc.,  which  is  full  on  the  European 
complications ;  his  private  letters,  ix.  476.  C. 
F.  Adams  thinks  the  French  translator  of  Botta 
had  access  to  Gerard's  papers.  Adams's  com 
mission  and  instructions  are  given  in  the  Diplo 
matic  Correspondence,  iv.  339,  and  his  letters  are 
continued  in  vol.  v.  arid  in  his  Correspondence 
with  Mercy  Warren,  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society's  Collections,  5th  series,  iv.  378.  Cf. 
Parton's  Franklin,  ii.  394  ;  Bancroft,  x.  442. 

For  Jay's  instructions  and  the  question  of  the 
free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi,  see  Rives's 
Madison,  i.  ch.  6  and  8;  Madison's  Debates  and 
Correspondence,  i.  App. ;  Writings,  iv.  441  ; 
Jay's  Life  of  Jay  ;  Niles's  Register,  1822  ;  Ban 
croft,  x.  ch.  8  and  9  ;  and  for  his  letters  to  Con 
gress,  the  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  vii.  171 
and  viii.  (1781)  ;  Francis  Dana's  correspondence 
from  St.  Petersburg,  begins  Aug.  1780,  in  Diplo 
matic  Correspondence,  viii.  239. 

Lossing  gives  a  summary  of  these  diplomatic 
mano3uvres,  in  his  Field-Book,  ii.  supplement. 
Condorcet,  QEuvres,  viii.,  gives  a  view  of  the  in 
fluence  of  the  Revolution  in  Europe.  Cf.  Cape- 
figue's  Louis  XVI.  and  contrast  with  Bancroft,  x. 
ch.  11  and  12. 

For  the  combination  of  the  northern  powers  in 
an  Armed  Neutrality,  1778-1780,  to  protect  them 
selves  against  British  interruptions  of  their  trade, 


1780.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  215 

see  Bancroft,  x.  ch.  12  and  20  ;  Anderson's  His 
tory  of  Commerce,  ed.  of  1790,  vi.  362;  note 
in  Thornton's  Pulpit  of  the  Revolution,  457 ; 
Wells's  Samuel  Adams,  iii.  109. 

Bancroft,  x.  ch.  11,  summarizes  the  abortive 
naval  movements  of  France  and  Spain  against 
England.  Adams  sent  to  Congress,  1780,  a  state 
ment  of  Great  Britain's  naval  losses  since  the  be 
ginning  of  the  war.  Diplomatic  Correspondence, 
iv.  483  ;  v.  234. 

Adolphus,  History  of  England,  iii.  ch.  40,  points 
out  the  complications  of  England  with  the  other 
powers.  Cf.  Stanhope,  the  Pictorial  History  and 
other  general  histories.  The  view  of  the  expa 
triated  loyalists  are  given  in  Curwen's  Journal, 
and  in  Reminiscences  of  an  American  Loyalist,  in 
Notes  and  Queries,  1876.  The  year  was  fertile  in 
political  tracts.  A  Short  History  of  the  Opposi 
tion  was  followed  by  Observations  on  the  same, 
and  again  by  a  Defence. 

The  King  and  ministry  made  fresh  efforts,  1780, 
to  bring  about  a  union  with  the  opposition.  Me 
moirs  and  Correspondence  of  Fox,  i.  251.  Wai- 
pole's  Last  Journals,  ii.  422.  Donne's  Corre 
spondence  of  George  III.  with  Lord  North,  ii.  327. 
Stanhope's  England,  vii.  73. 

Henry  Laurens,  late  president  of  Congress,  was 
sent  to  Europe,  armed  with  credentials  for  con 
cluding  a  treaty  of  alliance  with  the  Netherlands. 
His  instructions  are  given  in  the  Diplomatic 


216  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1779- 

Correspondence,  ii.  453.  The  British  captured 
him  at  sea,  and  securing  his  papers,  discovered  the 
complicity  of  the  Netherlands,  and  declared  war 
Dec.  20,  1780,  against  that  country.  Diplomatic 
Correspondence,  ii.  461,  v.  367.  Donne's  Corre 
spondence  of  George  III.  with  Lord  North,  ii.  350. 
Fitzmaurice's  Shelburne,  iii.  ch.  3.  Massey's  Eng 
land,  ii.  382.  Stanhope's  England,  vii.  81.  Adol- 
phus's  England,  iii.  221. 

Laurens  was  confined  in  the  Tower.  South 
Carolina  Historical  Collections,  i.  Parton's  Frank 
lin,  ii.  405. 

John  Adams's  letters  to  the  Dutch  jurist,  Cal- 
koen,  1780,  on  the  present  state  of  affairs  in 
America,  were  printed  by  Adams  in  London, 
1786;  reprinted,  New  York,  1789,  and  in  the 
Correspondence  of  the  late  President  Adams, 
Boston,  1809,  and  in  Adams's  Works,  vii.  265. 

Winter,  1779-1780. 

This  was  an  exceptionally  severe  winter.  Jones's 
New  York  in  the  Revolution,  i.  320  ;  Greene's 
Greene,  ii.  184  ;  Leake's  Lamb  ;  Almon's  Remem 
brancer,  ix. 

In  December  Clinton  went  south  with  a  force 
for  the  capture  of  Charleston,  leaving  Knyphausen 
in  command  in  New  York.  The  river  froze,  but 
Washington  was  unable  to  take  advantage  of  this 
natural  bridge  into  the  town,  on  account  of  the 
weakness  and  destitution  of  his  troops,  now  hutted 


1780.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  217 

at  Morristown.  An  Orderly-Book  of  Capt.  Parker 
at  Morristown,  is  in  the  New  York  Historical 
Society's  Cabinet.  See  Irving's  Washington,  iv. 
ch.  1  and  4  ;  J.  F.  Tuttle's  Washington  in  Morris 
County,  in  Historical  Magazine,  June,  1871,  p. 
364  ;  and  Washington  at  Morristown,  in  Harper's 
Monthly,  Feb.  1851,  also  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii. 
Some  account  of  the  suffering  of  the  troops  will  be 
found  in  Thacher's  Military  Journal. 

Washington  sent  an  unsuccessful  expedition  to 
Staten  Island.  Life  of  Pickering,  i.  ch.  17.  Rev 
olutionary  Correspondence  in  Rhode  Island  His 
torical  Society's  Collections,  p.  257.  Historical 
Magazine,  i.  104. 

Bret  Harte's  Thankful  Blossom  is  a  tale  of  the 
Jerseys  in  1779. 


218  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1780. 


EVENTS  OF  1780. 

The  Southern  Campaigns  in  General. 

UNABLE  to  make  progress  in  the  north,  the 
British  transferred  the  seat  of  war  to  the  south, 
where  the  finally  decisive  conflicts  of  the  war  were 
fought,  often  hardly  more  than  skirmishes  as  re 
gards  numbers,  but  exerting  a  determinate  influ 
ence  on  the  progress  of  political  events. 

/  Ramsay's  American  Revolution  is  the  one, 
more  particularly  of  the  general  histories,  to  serve 
the  reader.  Cf.  Bancroft,  x.,  and  Hildreth,  iii. 
ch.  40  and  41. 

American  Accounts.  —  Moultrie's  Memoirs  of 
the  American  War.  Joseph  Johnson's  Tradi 
tions  and  Reminiscences  of  the  American  Revolu 
tion  in  the  South,  particularly  concerns  the  upper 
country.  Garden's  Anecdotes  of  the  Revolution 
ary  War.  Caruther's  Revolutionary  Incidents  in 
the  Old  North  State.  Graham's  Lecture,  on  the 
invasion  of  North  Carolina  in  1780-1781,  is  in 
W.  D.  Cookers  Revolutionary  History  of  North 
Carolina.  McRee's  Life  of  Iredell,  ch.  13.  R. 
W.  Gibbs's  Documentary  History  of  the  Amer 
ican  Revolution,  1776-1782,  and  another  volume, 
1781-1782,  chiefly  concerns  events  in  South  Caro- 


1780.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  219 

lina.     W.  G.  Simms's  South  Carolina  in  the  Rev 
olutionary  War.     Johnson's  Life  of  Greene. 

G.  W.  Greene,  in  his  Life  of  Nathanael  Greene, 
iii.  ch.  1,  gives  a  description  of  the  country  and 
its  inhabitants ;  and  in  ch.  2  he  begins  a  review 
of  events  previous  to  the  arrival  of  Gen.  Greene. 

Partisan  Leaders.  —  The  lives  of  Morgan, 
Sumter,  Marion,  and  others,  are  sketched  by 
Greene  in  the  7th  ch.  of  his  Life  of  Greene. 
Other  accounts  are  in  the  Appendix  of  Lee's 
Memoirs  of  the  War ;  and  in  C.  B.  Hartley's 
Heroes  and  Patriots  of  the  South.  There  is  a 
life  of  Morgan  by  Graham,  and  chapters  on  him 
in  Custis's  Recollections  of  Washington,  and  in 
Headley's  Washington  and  his  Generals.  Sum 
ter  is  depicted  in  Irving's  Washington,  iv.  ch.  8. 
Lives  of  Marion  have  been  written  by  Weems, 
Simms,  and  James;  and  Lossing  has  a  paper  on 
him  in  Harper's  Monthly,  xvii. 

See  a  journal  in  the  southern  department  given 
in  the  Historical  Magazine,  April,  1867  ;  and  in 
Parton's  Life  of  Andrew  Jackson,  ch.  5  and  6, 
there  is  a  picture  of  family  vicissitudes  in  the 
Carolinas  during  this  period. 

British  Accounts.  —  Col.  Tarleton's  Campaign 
of  1780-1781,  London,  1787.  Roderick  Macken 
zie  published  the  same  year  in  London,  1787, 
Strictures  on  Tarleton's  Narrative,  defending  Corn- 
wallis.  Stedman's  American  War  accuses  Tarle- 
ton  of  misstatement  and  exaggeration.  Stanhope 


220  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1780. 

and  the  other  general  histories.  See  also  the 
Cornwallis  Correspondence,  i.,  for  much  in  illus 
tration. 

Loyalists.  —  The  narrative  of  Col.  David  Fan 
ning,  a  tory  in  North  Carolina,  was  privately 
printed  at  Richmond,  in  1861.  He  practiced  bar 
barities  on  the  whigs.  See  the  paper  on  a  Caro 
lina  loyalist  in  Col.  Chesney's  Military  and  Biog 
raphical  Essays. 

Maps.  —  The  American  Atlas,  by  Mouzon  and 
others.  Political  Magazine,  London,  Nov.  1780. 
Milliard  d'Auberteuil's  Essais,  ii.  Marshall's 
Washington,  atlas.  Greene's  Life  of  Greene,  iii. 
Johnson's  Life  of  Greene,  ii.  Carrington's  Bat 
tles.  Ridpath's  United  States,  p.  342. 

Tarleton  gives  a  large  map,  showing  the 
marches  of  his  legion,  and  of  the  army  of  Corn 
wallis.  Faden  published  in  1787  a  map  of  Corn- 
wallis's  marches. 

Collet,  governor  of  Fort  Johnson,  made  a  map 
of  North  Carolina,  which  was  published  in  Lon 
don  in  1770. 

A  large  map  of  South  Carolina  and  adjacent 
parts  is  given  in  Ramsay's  Revolution  in  South 
Carolina.  Cook's  Province  of  South  Carolina, 
engraved  by  Bowen,  was  published  in  1773. 

A  large  map  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia, 
made  by  Bull,  Gascoigne,  Bryan,  and  De  Brahm, 
was  published  in  1777,  both  in  London  and  in 
Paris;  and,  with  additional  surveys  by  Stuart, 
was  reissued  in  London  by  Faden  in  1780. 


1780.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  221 

Archibald  Campbell's  Northern  Frontiers  of 
Georgia  was  published  by  Faden  in  1780. 

Siege  of  Charleston,  March — May,  1780. 

Arbuthnot  with  the  English  fleet,  and  Clinton 
with  the  army,  advancing  from  Savannah,  gradu 
ally  inclosed  Lincoln  and  the  American  army 
within  the  defenses  of  Charleston. 

There  is  a  monograph  on  the  siege  by  F.  B. 
Ho-ugh.  See  also  Bancroft,  x.  ch.  13  and  14; 
Simms's  South  Carolina  in  the  Revolution  ;  Mar 
shall's  Washington,  iv.  135  ;  Irving's  Washington, 
iv.  ch.  3  and  5  ;  Tarleton's  History  of  the  Cam 
paigns  of  1780-1781;  Moore's  Diary,  ii.  269; 
A  Journal  of  the  Siege  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
New  Jersey  Historical  Society,  ii. ;  Carrington's 
Battles  of  the  American  Revolution,  ch.  63  ;  Mas 
sachusetts  Historical  Society's  Collections,  2d  se 
ries,  iii.,  on  Lincoln ;  Bowen's  Life  of  Gen.  Lin 
coln  ;  and  Lincoln's  letters  in  Sparks's  Corre 
spondence  of  the  Revolution,  ii.  401,  etc.,  as 
well  as  others  from  Woodford,  Col.  Laurens,  etc. ; 
Dawson's  Battles;  Sargent's  Andre",  p.  225 ; 
Moultrie's  Memoirs  of  the  American  War,  ii.  65 ;  . 
Ramsay's  Revolution  in  South  Carolina;  Flan- 
ders's  Life  of  Rutledge.  The  British  gazetted 
account  is  in  Gentleman's  Magazine,  June,  1780. 
For  the  political  significance  of  this  southern 
movement  of  the  British,  see  Sparks's  Washing 
ton,  vii.  92. 


222  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1780. 

Charleston  in  1774  is  described  by  an  English 
traveler  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  Nov.  1865, 
and  Faden  published  views  of  Charleston  in  1776, 
drawn  by  Lieut.  Col.  Thomas  James. 

The  tory  ascendency  in  South  Carolina  at  this 
time  is  depicted  in  J.  P.  Kennedy's  Horseshoe 
Robinson,  a  novel. 

Maps.  —  An  English  MS.  map  of  the  siege  is 
in  the  Faden  Collection  in  the  Library  of  Con 
gress.  Faden  published  a  plan  of  the  town  and 
environs  in  1780.  A  MS.  plan  of  Charleston,  by 
Cowley,  1781,  is  in  Harvard  College  Library. 
See  Ramsay's  Revolution  in  South  Carolina ; 
Johnson's  American  Revolution  in  the  South ; 
Stedman's  American  War,  ii.  ch.  33,  similar, 
but  not  the  same  with  the  one  published  London, 
March  1,  1787 ;  Marshall's  Washington,  atlas  ; 
Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii.  765 ;  Gordon's  American 
Revolution,  iii.  and  iv.,  for  a  map  of  the  campaign  ; 
Moore's  Diary  of  the  American  Revolution,  ii. 
258. 

Waxhaws,  May  29,  1780. 

A  defeat  and  massacre  of  Buford's  regiment  by 
the  legion  of  Tarleton,  who  was  sent  out  by  Clin 
ton  after  the  capture  of  Charleston.  See  Dawson, 
Lossing,  and,  on  the  English  side,  Tarleton's  Cam 
paigns. 

Ramsour  Mills,  June  20,  1780. 

A  deadly  encounter  in  North  Carolina  between 
whigs  and  tories.  See  Historical  Magazine,  July, 


1780.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  223 

1867,  beside  scanty  accounts  in  some  of  the  gen 
eral  histories,  etc. 

Springfield,  New  Jersey,  June,  1780. 

The  British  in  New  York,  getting  tidings  of  an 
insurrection  in  the  American  camp  in  the  Jer 
seys,  caused  by  want  of  pay,  made  an  incursion 
into  that  State.  Histories  of  New  Jersey.  Ban 
croft,  x.  ch.  18.  Marshall's  Washington.  Gor 
don's  American  Revolution,  iii.  368.  Historical 
Magazine,  i.  104.  Irving's  Washington,  iv.  6. 
Carrington's  Battles,  p.  502.  Sparks's  Washing 
ton,  vii.  75.  Lossing's  Field-Book,  i.  322.  Greene's 
Greene,  ii.,  and  Greene's  letters  in  Sparks's  Wash 
ington,  vii.  506. 

A  tory  view  is  given  in  Moore's  Diary,  ii.  285. 
A  Journal  of  a  British  officer  in  New  York,  and 
in  these  excursions,  Aug.  1779  to  Nov.  1780,  is 
in  the  Historical  Magazine,  i.  103.  Simcoe's 
Queen's  Rangers.  The  court-martial  of  Colonel 
Cosmo  Gordon,  a  British  officer,  for  neglect  of 
duty  in  the  action,  was  printed  in  London  in  1783, 
and  gives  some  details. 

Maps.  —  Faden  published,  April  12,  1784,  a 
plan  by  John  Hills,  showing  the  British  forces  at 
Elizabethtown  Point,  after  their  return  from  Con 
necticut  Farms,  June  8th,  giving  also  the  works 
erected  to  protect  the  army  while  passing  to  Stat- 
en  Island,  June  23,  1780.  Later  maps  are  in 
Carrington  and  Lossing. 


224  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1780. 

Bull's  Ferry,  July  21,  1780. 

This  was  an  effectual  attempt  by  Gen.  Wayne 
to  assault  a  blockhouse  (near  Fort  Lee,  on  the 
Hudson)  garrisoned  by  refugees.  Life  of  Wayne. 
Sparks's  Washington,  vii.  116 ;  Sparks's  Corre 
spondence  of  the  Revolution,  iii.  34,  37.  Sar 
gent's  Life  of  Andre*,  who  wrote  in  derision  his 
doggerel  of  "  The  Cow  Chase,"  part  of  Wayne's 
project  being  to  gather  cattle  from  the  neighbor 
hood.  Lossing's  Field-Book. 

Summer,  1780. 

During  the  inactivity  of  the  northern  army 
Steuben  exerted  himself  to  reorganize  the  forces. 
Kapp's  Steuben,  ch.  12-15.  Chastellux  gives  an 
account  of  camp  life.  Irving's  Washington,  iv. 
ch.  13. 

The  British  Government  erected  Maine  into  a 
province  called  New  Ireland,  to  serve  as  a  foil  to 
the  new  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts,  now 
reorganized  under  a  new  constitution.  Bancroft, 
x.  368.  Barry's  Massachusetts.  Maine  Histori 
cal  Society's  Collections,  vii.  The  efforts  which, 
before  this,  had  been  made  to  protect  the  frontier 
by  the  force  under  Col.  John  Allan  are  described 
in  F.  Kidder's  Military  Operations  in  Eastern 
Maine  and  Nova  Scotia.  Cf.  Journal  of  the  Ship 
Hunter  in  Historical  Magazine,  viii.  51,  and  Ithiel 
Town's  Particular  Services,  etc. 


1780.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  225 

In  June  martial  law  was  declared  in  Pennsyl 
vania  to  meet  the  emergencies  of  the  time.  Reed's 
Reed,  ii.  208. 

In  July  President  Reed  addressed  Washington 
a  long  letter  on  the  condition  of  affairs,  which  is  in 
Sparks's  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  iii.  lo. 

Washington's  vigorous  letter  to  Congress,  in 
August,  on  the  evils  which,  through  the  war,  had 
arisen  from  short  enlistments  and  the  temporizing 
action  of  that  body,  and  the  want  of  uniform  and 
concerted  action  by  the  States,  indicates  the  wiser 
feelings  of  the  patriots.  Sparks's  Washington,  vii. 
156. 

A  number  of  Washington's  letters,  1780-1781, 
are  printed  in  the  Magazine  of  American  History, 
Aug.  1879. 

In  August  there  was  a  convention  of  delegates 
from  the  several  States  to  advise  on  a  vigorous 
prosecution  of  the  war,  and  to  provide  a  generous 
reception  for  the  French  allies.  The  original  MS. 
of  their  proceedings  has  been  edited  by  F.  B. 
Hough,  Albany,  1867. 

The  French  Auxiliaries,  1780. 

Lafayette  gives  Washington  an  account  of  Hs 
efforts  to  induce  the  French  government  to  send 
troops  and  a  fleet  to  America.  Sparks's  Wash 
ington,  vii.  477.  Lafayette's  own  arrival  her 
alded  their  coming.  Memoirs  of  Lafayette.  J.  C. 
Hamilton's  Republic,  ii.  15.  The  measures  taken 

15 


226  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1780. 

by  Washington  in  anticipation  of  their  arrival  are 
detailed  in  Sparks,  vii.  Heath,  July  12th,  in 
forms  Washington  of  the  fleet's  arrival.  Sparks's 
Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  iii.  12.  Heath's 
Memoirs,  p.  243.  Irving's  Washington,  iv.  ch.  7. 
Washington's  first  letter  to  Rochambeau,  July 
16th,  is  in  Sparks,  vii.  110,  and  in  App.  No.  4  is 
Rochambeau's  reply,  where  is  also  Lafayette's 
report  of  his  interview  with  the  French  com 
mander,  held  by  Washington's  direction. 

The  French  took  post  in  Newport  harbor,  where 
they  were  blockaded  by  the  English  fleet. 

Contemporary  Accounts. — Rochambeau's  Me*- 
moires,  and  his  account  in  Walsh's  American 
Register,  ii.  Letters  of  an  aid  of  Rochambeau, 
written  from  Newport,  Aug.-Dec.  1780,  in  the 
Magazine  of  American  History,  May  1879,  etc. 
Letters  in  Rhode  Island  Colonial  Records,  ix. 
Luzerne's  letter  in  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  x. 
Marquis  de  Chastellux's  Voyage  de  Newport  a 
Philadelphie,  printed  on  board  the  French  fleet  in 
Newport  harbor,  and  afterwards  published  in  his 
Voyage  dans  1'Ame'rique  Septentrionale.  (Cf. 
Bibliographical  Contributions  of  Harvard  College 
Library,  No.  6 ;  the  Sumner  Collection,  p.  8.) 
Count  Segur's  Me*moires.  Me*moires  du  Due  de 
Lauzun.  The  New  Travels  of  the  Abbe  Robin, 
the  Chaplain.  The  Journal  of  Deuxponts,  1780- 
1781,  brought  to  light  and  edited  by  Dr.  Samuel 
A.  Green,  in  French  and  English.  An  English 


1780.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  227 

version  of  the  Journal  of  Claude  Blanchard,  a 
commissary  of  the  French  army,  which  gives 
daily  experiences.  (Cf.  Revue  militaire  franchise, 
new  series,  in.,  and  vol.  ii.,  for  1870.)  There 
was  printed  at  Amsterdam  in  1783,  another 
French  narrative,  Journal  d'un  officier  de  Parmde 
navale  en  Amerique,  en  1781-1782.  New  Eng 
land  Historical  and  Genealogical  Register,  Oct. 
1873,  p.  409. 

G-eneral  Accounts  of  the  French  Participation 
in  the  War.  —  Leboucher's^Histoire  de  la  guerre 
de  Tinde'pendance  des  Etats  Unis.  Thomas 
Balch's  Les  Fran$ais  en  Amerique,  1872,  covering 
1777-1783.  Cf.  Tuckerman's  America  and  her 
Commentators,  ch.  3. 

Clinton's  purpose  to  attack  the  French  at  New 
port  was  thwarted  partly  by  want  of  harmony 
between  him  and  the  British  admiral,  and  partly 
by  Washington's  movements  about  New  York. 
Sparks's  Washington,  vii.  130,  137,  and  the  gen 
eral  histories  ;  Irving's  Washington.  Cf.  Jones's 
New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  i.  358,  etc. 

For  the  subsequent  plan  of  a  concerted  attack 
on  New  York,  see  Sparks's  Washington,  vii.  171, 
and  App.  No.  6  ;  Memoires  de  Rochambeau,  and 
the  general  works.  'The  English  blockaded  the 
second  division  of  the  French  fleet  at  Brest,  and 
this  caused,  in  August,  the  final  abandonment  of 
the  plan.  The  next  month,  September,  Washing 
ton  met  Rochambeau  at  Hartford  to  devise  further 


228  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1780. 

methods  of  cooperation.  Irving's  Washington. 
J.  C.  Hamilton's  Republic  of  the  United  States, 
ii.  49. 

Maps.  —  The  Political  Magazine,  London,  1780, 
has  a  map  of  Rhode  Island  and  surrounding 
waters,  showing  the  station  of  Admiral  Arbuth- 
not  in  blockading  Admiral  Ternay. 

Charles  Blaskowitz's  chart  of  Narragansett  Bay 
and  his  plan  of  Newport  were  engraved  by  Faden 
in  1777  ;  and  Almon  published  the  same  year  a 
map  of  Rhode  Island,  engraved  by  Lodge. 

Gates  in  Command,  June,  1780. 

Gates. was  sent  to  take  command  of  the  south 
ern  army  in  June.  Washington,  in  a  letter  to 
the  President  of  Congress,  traces  the  growth  of 
Gates's  sinister  feelings  towards  him.  Sparks, 
vi.  214.  See  the  general  histories,  the  lives  of 
Gates,  and  G.  W.  Greene's  summary  in  his  Life 
of  N.  Greene,  iii.  17.  The  chief  original  authority 
for  Gates's  campaign  is  the  Narrative  of  Otho 
Williams,  first  published  in  Johnson's  Life  of 
Greene.  It  is  valuable,  though  controversial  in 
character.  Lee's  Memoirs  of  the  War,  ch.  18. 
The  Letter  on  Gates's  Campaign,  published  in 
1822,  by  Gen.  Thomas  Pinckney,  who  was  aid  to 
Gates.  Lives  of  Washington  by  Marshall,  iv. 
169,  and  by  Irving,  iv.  ch.  8. 


1780.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  229 

Camden,  August  16,  1780. 

Gates  was  confronted  by  Cornwallis  at  Camden, 
and  the  American  army  was  routed. 

American  Accounts.  —  Gates's  letter  is  in 
Sparks's  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  iii. 
66,  76.  Greene's  letter  in  Rhode  Island  Colonial 
Records,  ix.  243.  Bancroft,  x.  ch.  15.  Hamil 
ton's  History  of  the  Republic,  ii.  120.  Simms's 
South  Carolina.  Marshall's  Washington,  iv.  181. 
Irving's  Washington,  iv.  ch.  8.  Lives  of  Gates. 
Lossing's  Field-Book.  Dawson's  Battles.  Car- 
ringtoii's  Battles,  ch.  65.  New  England  Histori 
cal  and  Genealogical  Register,  Oct.  1873. 

De  Kalb  was  mortally  wounded.  Kapp's  Life 
of  De  Kalb.  J.  S.  Smith  on  De  Kalb  in  the 
Maryland  Historical  Society's  Publications,  1858. 

British  Accounts.  —  Cornwallis's  dispatches  are 
in  the  Cornwallis  Correspondence,  i.  492,  and  in 
the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  Oct.  1780.  Rawdon's 
letters  are  preserved  among  the  Percy  papers, 
according  to  the  third  report,  1872,  of  the  English 
Commission  on  historical  manuscripts.  Captured 
letters  of  Rawdon  are  in  Sparks's  Washington, 
vii.  554,  and  Almon's  Remembrancer,  xi.  156. 
Stedman's  American  War,  ii.  210.  Moore's  Diary, 
ii.  310. 

Maps.  —  A  British  plan  is  in  the  Faden  Col 
lection.  Stedman,  ii.  ch.  34,  the  same  published 
London,  March  1,  1787.  Johnson's  Greene,  ii. 
Carrington's  Battles. 


230  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1780. 

W.  G.  Simms's  novel,  The  Partisan,  covers  the 
events  of  this  period,  and  for  the  events  following 
down  to  Greene's  arrival,  see  his  Mellichampe. 

Arnold's  Treason,  September,  1780. 

Arnold,  who  had,  while  in  command  in  Phila 
delphia,  circuitously  opened  correspondence  with 
Clinton,  also  approached  Robinson  to  secure  a 
confederate.  Sabine's  American  Loyalists.  Sar 
gent's  Andre",  Appendix.  He  then  sought  from 
Washington  and  obtained  the  command  at  "West 
Point.  Irving's  Washington.  Lossing's  Schuy- 
ler,  ii.  412.  Hamilton's  Republic,  ii.  52. 

While  Washington  was  absent,  holding  a  con 
ference  at  Hartford  with  Rochambeau,  Arnold 
planned  to  betray  the  garrison  at  West  Point. 
For  arranging  details,  Major  Andre,  adjutant- 
general  of  the  British  army,  was  dispatched  by 
Clinton  up  the  river,  under  a  flag  of  truce,  to  an 
interview  with  Arnold.  This  over,  Andre*,  in 
disguise,  attempted  to  return  to  New  York  by 
land.  Near  Tarrytown  he  was  stopped  by  a  party 
of  Americans  ;  his  papers  found  in  his  boots ;  and 
word  was  incautiously  sent  to  Arnold,  who,  find 
ing  the  plan  had  miscarried,  fled  down  the  river 
under  a  flag  in  a  boat  to  a  frigate  of  the  enemy. 

Contemporary  Accounts.  —  The  papers  found 
on  Andre's  person  are  in  the  State  Library  at 
Albany,  and  they  are  printed  in  Boynton's  West 
Point,  ch.  7,  and  elsewhere.  Correspondence  in 


1780.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  231 

Sparks's  Washington,  vii.  520-544,  The  papers 
used  by  Sparks  in  writing  his  Life  of  Arnold  are 
in  Harvard  College  Library.  Hamilton's  letter 
to  Laurens  in  Works,  i.  172-182  ;  also  his  letters 
to  Sears  and  Miss  Schuyler.  Pennsylvania  Packet 
quoted  in  Moore's  Diary,  ii.  333.  Gen.  Greene's 
letters  in  Rhode  Island  Colonial  Records,  ix.  246, 
and  in  the  Revolutionary  Correspondence  in  the 
Rhode  Island  Historical  Collections,  vi.  Journal 
of  General  Matthews. 

Clinton's  official  dispatches  are  preserved  in  the 
State  Paper  Office,  and  have  been  used  by  Sparks 
and  others.  His  letters,  Oct.  llth  and  12th ;  his 
report  to  Lord  Amherst,  Oct.  16th;  his  secret 
letter,  Oct.  30th.  Extracts  from  his  journal 
printed  in  Stanhope's  England,  vii.  App.  His 
statement,  written  at  some  length  in  his  copy  of 
Stedman  (now  in  the  Carter-Brown  Library)  is 
printed  in  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,  i.  737 ;  in  Stanhope,  vi.  App. ;  in  Sargent's 
Andre* ;  and  in  the  New  York  Tribune,  May  24, 
1875. 

Joshua  H.  Smith  was  brought  to  trial  for  com 
plicity  in  the  plot.  A  report  of  his  trial,  edited 
by  Dawson,  was  printed  in  New  York,  1866.  The 
Gentleman's  Magazine,  1780,  Supplement,  p.  610, 
gave  an  account  of  the  trial  and  printed  the  chief 
documents.  Historical  Magazine,  1866,  Supple 
ments  1  and  2.  Smith's  Narrative  of  the  Causes 
which  led  to  the  death  of  Major  Andre*,  London, 


232  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1780. 

1808,  was  written  for  the  English  public,  and  must 
be  cautiously  used.  It  has  been  a  disputed  ques 
tion  if  Mrs.  Arnold  was  privy  to  the  plot.  Da  vis's 
Life  of  Burr,  i.  219.  Parton's  Burr,  p.  126. 
Stone's  Life  of  Brant,  ii.  101.  Reed's  Joseph 
Reed,  ii.  3T3.  Sargent's  Andr£,  220. 

Washington  gave  in  1786  an  account  at  a  din 
ner-table  of  the  treason  of  Arnold,  which  is  repro 
duced  in  Richard  Rush's  Washington  in  Domestic 
Life,  being  letters  addressed  to  his  secretary,  Lear, 
1790-1797. 

The  Captors.  —  Williams  and  Van  Wart's  ac 
count  of  the  capture  is  in  the  Historical  Maga 
zine,  June,  1865.  American  Historical  Record, 
Dec.  1873.  Bolton's  Westchester,  i.  Simms's 
Schoharie  County,  p.  646.  Quincy's  Journals  of 
Samuel  Shaw.  Sargent's  Andrd,  App. 

Paulding  in  1817  petitioned  Congress  for  an  in 
crease  of  his  pension,  and  Judge  Egbert  Benson 
vindicated  the  captors  against  aspersions  of  their 
character.  Analectic  Magazine,  x.  This  Vindica 
tion  was  printed  with  documentary  evidence,  in 
cluding  proceedings  of  the  Board  that  tried  Andre*, 
affidavits,  etc.  The  Journals  of  the  House,  1817, 
give  Major  Talmadge's  recollections.  Statements 
of  one  of  Andre's  guards,  printed  in  the  news 
papers,  1817,  are  given  in  Jones's  New  York  in 
the  Revolutionary  War,  i.  734. 

Loubat's  Medallic  History  of  the  United  States 
shows  the  medal  given  by  Congress  to  the  cap 
tors. 


1780.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  233 

H.  J.  Raymond  delivered  in  1853  an  address  at 
Tarry  town  in  commemoration  of  the  captors. 

Andr£.  —  Boynton's  West  Point  reprints  entire 
the  proceedings  of  a  board  of  general  officers  re 
specting  Major  John  Andre*,  Sept.  29,  1780.  The 
original  MS.  of  these  proceedings  is  in  Washing 
ton  ;  and  Sargent  (Life  of  Andre*)  collated  the 
printed  account  with  the  original. 

Accounts  of  Andrews  connection  with  the  plot 
will  be  found  in  P.  W.  Chandler's  American 
Criminal  Trials,  ii. ;  Earl  Stanhope's  Miscellanies, 
2d  series;  Atlantic  Monthly,  Dec.  1860;  Har 
per's  Monthly,  iii.  and  xxiii. ;  North  American 
Review,  by  C.  C.  Smith,  July,  1861 ;  L.  M.  Sar 
gent's  Dealings  with  the  Dead ;  Paulding's  Paper 
in  the  Historical  Magazine,  Nov.  1857. 

Dr.  Thacher  furnished  some  Observations  on 
Andre's  execution  in  the  New  England  Magazine, 
May,  1834. 

On  the  removal  of  Andrews  remains  to  England, 
see  United  Service  Journal,  Nov.  1833;  Sargent's 
Andre* ;  Stanley's  Westminster  Abbey  ;  Pennsyl 
vania  Historical  Society's  Memoirs,  vi.  373 ;  New 
York  Evangelist,  Jan.  30  and  Feb.  27,  1879. 

Memorials  of  Andre.  —  Sabin's  American  Bib- 
liopolist,  1869-1870.  Political  Magazine,  March, 
1781.  New  Jersey  Historical  Society's  Proceed 
ings,  1876.  Smith  and  Watson's  American  His 
torical  and  Literary  Curiosities.  Galaxy,  Feb. 
1876,  on  Andre*  and  Miss  Seward,  and  the  latter's 


234  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1780. 

monody  is  given  in  J.  H.  Smith's  Narrative,  etc., 
and  in  other  places. 

Portraits  of  Andre.  —  In  Smith ;  Political  Mag 
azine,  March,  1781;  Sargent's  Andre* ;  Moore's 
Diary,  etc. 

Andre's  fate  has  given  rise  to  dramas  by  Cal- 
vert,  Lord,  Dunlap,  Haid,  etc.  For  Arnold  as 
the  subject  of  fictitious  stories,  see  W.  G.  Simms's 
Views  and  Reviews. 

In  G-eneral.  —  Bancroft,  x.  395,  follows  only 
"  contemporary  documents,  which  are  abundant 
and  of  the  surest  character,  and  which  taken  col 
lectively  solve  every  question."  Hildreth,  iii.  ch. 
41,  gives  an  outline.  Marbois,  secretary  to  the 
French  legation  at  the  time,  published  Complot 
d'Arnold  et  Clinton,  Paris,  1816,  and  G.  W. 
Greene  says  it  is  "  neither  so  accurate  nor  so  com 
plete  as  might  have  been  expected."  Cooper's 
Travelling  Bachelor,  says  Sargent,  gives  "  several 
particulars  which  possess  value  from  those  [La 
fayette,  etc.]  that  supplied  them."  Thacher's 
Military  Journal  and  New  England  Magazine,  vi. 
363.  Walsh's  American  Register,  ii. 

Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii.  ch.  6,  7,  and  8.  Dun- 
lap's  New  York,  ii.  ch.  13.  Marshall's  Washing 
ton,  iv.  274.  Irving's  Washington,  iv.  ch.  9,  10, 
and  11.  Sparks's  Arnold.  '  Sargent's  Andre. 
Leake's  Life  of  Lamb.  Gen.  Hull's  Revolution 
ary  Services,  on  Andre  and  Nathan  Hale.  Hamil 
ton's  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  i.  262.  Greene's 


1780.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  235 

Life  of  Greene,  ii.  227.  Quincy's  Life  of  Shaw,' 
p.  77.  E.  G.  Holland's  Highland  Treason,  in  his 
Essays. 

Boynton's  West  Point  points  out  the  military 
importance  of  that  post,  and  gives  ch.  6,  7,  and  8 
to  these  transactions. 

Lossing's  Papers  in  Harper's  Monthly,  iii., 
xxiii.,  and  again,  May,  1876.  Historical  Magazine, 
Aug.  1859;  Aug.  1863;  Supplement  of  1866; 
Dec.  1870.  Niles's  Register,  xx.  Southern  Lit 
erary  Messenger,  xi.  National  Quarterly  Review, 
Dec.  1862.  Cf.  titles  in  the  Menzies  Catalogue. 

Col.  Trumbull  gives  an  account  in  his  Memoirs 
(pp.  69,  317)  of  his  arrest  in  London  as  &  pendant 
to  Andre*.  Simcoe  (Queen's  Rangers,  App.)  of 
fered  to  rescue  Andre". 

English  Comment.  —  Sargent,  ch.  22,  gives,  the 
characters  of  the  members  of  the  board  that  con 
demned  Andre*,  to  refute  the  claim,  sometimes  put 
forward  by  English  writers,  of  their  unfitness  to 
act  by  virtue  of  their  ignorance  of  law  and  prec 
edents;  and  also  collates  the  different  English 
commentators  on  the  justice  of  the  execution. 
Clinton's  views  are  given  in  Sargent,  p.  415. 
Adolphus  (History  of  England,  iii.  ch.  39)  takes 
an  adverse  view  of  the  American  grounds.  Stan 
hope,  in  his  History  and  in  his  Miscellanies,  cen 
sures  Washington  and  the  court,  and  his  position 
is  examined  by  C.  J.  Biddle  in  the  Pensylvania 
Historical  Society's  Memoirs,  vi.  (cf.  Allibone,  iii. 


236  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1780. 

1204),  and  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  July,  1857. 
Massey  (History  of  England,  iii.  ch.  25)  exoner 
ates  Washington.  A  British  estimate  from  the 
Saturday  Review,  1872,  is  given  in  Sabin's  Amer 
ican  Bibliopolist,  Oct.  1872.  Cf.  contemporary 
British  view  in  Moore's  Diary  of  the  American 
Revolution,  ii.  393. 

Jones,  the  loyalist,  in  his  New  York  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  i.  ch.  18,  judges  Arnold  to 
have  played  "  a  noble  and  virtuous  part." 

Sargent  thinks  a  vindication  of  Arnold  (Re 
marks  on  the  Travels  of  M.  de  Chastellux,  Lon 
don,  1787)  was  instigated  by  Arnold  himself. 

Maps.  —  Carrington's  Battles,  p.  512.  Los- 
sing's  Field-Book,  ii.  148.  Guizot's  Washington, 
atlas.  Sargent's  Andre*,  p.  303.  Marbois's  Com- 
plot  has  a  plan  of  West  Point.  Sparks's  Wash 
ington,  vii.  216,  gives  a  map  of  the  region.  Maj. 
Villefranche,  a  French  engineer,  made  several 
plans  at  this  time,  and  they  are  given  in  fac-simile 
in  Boynton's  History  of  West  Point,  viz. :  map  of 
Fort  Constitution,  opposite  West  Point,  p.  26; 
map  of  the  river  and  military  positions,  p.  45 ; 
plan  of  the  lower  works  at  West  Point,  p.  79 ;  of 
all  the  works  and  river,  p.  86.  The  same  book 
has  a  contemporary  panoramic  view  of  West 
Point. 

Note.  —  I  have  been  favored  by  the  Hon.  Isaac  N.  Arnold  of 
Chicago  with  the  proofs  of  the  chapter  on  Arnold's  treason, 
which  makes  part  of  a  Life  of  Arnold  by  that  gentleman,  now 


1780.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  237 

in  press.  He  has  used  the  Arnold  and  Shippen  papers,  and  sets 
distinctly  forth  the  incentives  to  Arnold's  plotting  of  treason.  He 
does  not  think  Mrs.  Arnold  guilty  of  any  complicity ;  and  defends 
the  action  of  the  board  that  condemned  Andre  to  death.  Gen. 
King,  the  officer  who  had  charge  of  Andre  immediately  after  his 
capture,  wrote,  in  1817,  a  letter  describing  these  events,  which  was 
first  printed  in  the  New  Haven  Palladium,  1879,  and  copied  in 
the  Boston  Sunday  Herald,  Sept.  14,  1879.  Cf.  also  Sargent's 
Andre. 

The  Northern  Invasion,  1780. 

The  several  attempts  at  invasion  from  Canada 
at  this  time  are  supposed,  in  F.  B.  Hough's  North 
ern  Invasion,  published  by  the  Bradford  Club, 
New  York,  1866,  to  have  had  connection  with 
Arnold's  plot,  and  they  are  outlined  in  Lossing's 
Schuyler,  ii.  407. 

"Washington  in  Camp,  October  and  November,  1780. 

An  account  of  Washington's  camp  at  Totowa 
and  Preakness  in  New  Jersey,  with  a  map  and 
view  of  his  headquarters,  is  given  in  the  Magazine 
of  American  History,  Aug.  1879. 

King's  Mountain,  October  7,  1780. 

Fergusson,  one  of  Cornwallis's  marauding  offi 
cers,  in  endeavoring  to  rejoin  that  British  general, 
was  attacked  by  the  mountain  militia  and  de 
feated.  This  checked  Cornwallis's  advance.  Mar 
shall's  Washington,  i.  397.  Irving's  Washington, 
iv.  ch.  14  ;  Foote's  Sketches  of  North  Carolina ; 
Lee's  Southern  War ;  Hamilton's  Republic  of  the 


238  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1780. 

United  States,  ii.  161 ;  Bancroft,  x.  ch.  16 ;  Los- 
sing's  Field-Book,  ii.  629;  Carrington's  Battles; 
Dawson's  Battles;  Tarleton's  Campaigns;  Mac 
kenzie's  Strictures  on  Tarleton  ;  Moore's  Diary, 
ii.  338 ;  J.  W.  De  Peyster  in  the  Historical  Mag 
azine,  March,  1869;  Ramsay's  South  Carolina; 
Simms's  South  Carolina.  J.  S.  Preston  delivered 
a  commemorative  address  in  Oct.  1855,  which 
was  printed  with  a  documentary  appendix. 

Leslie's  Expedition  into  Virginia,  October,  1780. 

See  the  accounts  in  the  general  narratives. 
Leslie  made  his  way  to  North  Carolina  to  cooper 
ate  with  Cornwallis.  Parton's  Jefferson,  ch.  27. 
Sparks's  Washington,  vii.  269.  Correspondence 
of  the  Revolution,  iii.  141. 

Map.  —  Political  Magazine,  Dec.  1780. 

Greene  in  Command,  October,  1780. 

Late  in  the  year  Greene  resigned  as  quarter 
master-general  of  the  army.  Life  of  Pickering. 
J.  C.  Hamilton's  Republic  of  the  United  States, 
ii.  41.  Greene's  Life  of  Greene,  ch.  10.  In 
October  Greene  was  appointed  to  succeed  Gates 
in  command  of  the  southern  army.  Washing 
ton's  instructions  to  Greene  are  given  in  Sparks, 
vii.  271.  Cf.  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution, 
iii.  116,  137;  Greene's  Greene,  ch.  12;  J.  C. 
Hamilton's  Republic,  ii.  133,  and  his  Alex.  Ham 
ilton,  i.  308 ;  and  the  latter's  eulogy  on  Greene, 


1780.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  239 

1789,  in  Works,  ii.  481.  Marshall's  Washington, 
iv.  336.  Irving's  Washington,  iv.  ch.  15.  Ban 
croft,  x.  ch.  22. 

Steuben  accompanied  Greene  as  far  as  Virginia, 
where  he  was  left  in  command,  with  orders  to 
send  forward  reinforcements  to  Greene.  See 
Kapp's  Steuben,  ch.  16  ;  Greene's  Greene,  ii.  ch. 
3  and  5  ;  and  the  Life  of  General  Miihlenberg, 
who  was  under  Steuben  in  Virginia.  Randall's 
Jefferson,  i.  ch.  8. 

Greene  arrived  on  the  field  in  December.  Cor 
respondence  of  the  Revolution,  iii.  165. 

Mrs.  Sedgwick's  Walter  Thornley  gives  the 
guise  of  fiction  to  events  of  this  year. 


240  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1781. 


EVENTS  OF  1781. 

Mutiny  of  the  Pennsylvania  Line,  January,  1781. 

THESE  troops,  under  Wayne,  stationed  at  Mor- 
ristown,  without  pay  and  supplies,  revolted  and 
marched  toward  Philadelphia  to  claim  redress  of 
Congress.  Wayne  visited  their  camp  to  expostu 
late.  Clinton  sent  emissaries,  whom  they  hung. 

Wayne's  letters  to  Washington  in  the  Corre 
spondence  of  the  Revolution,  iii.  192—199.  Life 
of  Anthony  Wayne.  Sparks's  Washington,  vii. 
348,  and  the  account  in  App.  10.  Marshall's 
Washington,  iv.  393.  Irving's  Washington,  iv. 
195.  Hamilton's  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  i. 
323,  and  Works,  ii.  147.  Amory's  Sullivan,  181. 
Hildreth's  United  States,  iii.  ch.  42.  Madison 
Papers,  i.  77. 

Pennsylvania  Archives,  viii.  and  ix.  Hazard's 
Register  of  Pennsylvania,  ii.  160.  Bland  Papers, 
ii.  Reed's  Life  of  Joseph  Reed,  ii.  ch.  14. 

Sir  Henry  Clinton's  report  is  in  Almon's  Re 
membrancer,  xi.  148.  Jones's  New  York  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  ii.  179. 

Political  Aspects,  1781. 

On  March  1st  the  final  ratification  of  the  arti 
cles  of  confederation  was  made.  Journals  of 


1781.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  241 

Congress.  Bancroft,  x.  ch.  19.  G.  W.  Greene's 
Historical  View,  p.  111.  The  executive  business 
was  taken  from  committees  and  delegated  to 
Leads  of  departments.  Hamilton's  Republic,  ii. 
ch.  28.  R.  R.  Livingston  became  head  of  the 
department  for  foreign  affairs.  Diplomatic  Cor 
respondence,  xi.  201. 

The  want  of  power  in  Congress  to  compel  the 
States  began  to  be  seriously  felt.  Rives's  Madison, 
i.  ch.  10.  G.  W.  Greene's  Historical  View  of  the 
American  Revolution. 

Bancroft,  x.  ch.  17,  traces  the  beginnings  of  the 
abolition  of  slavery  ;  and  the  origin  of  the  appor 
tionment  of  five  slaves  as  three  persons  is  traced 
in  Rives's  Madison,  i.  424;  Madison's  Debates, 
etc.  i.  422 ;  Journals  of  Congress,  iv. 

A  new  commission  was  formed  to  negotiate  a 
peace,  and  new  instructions  given.  Life  of  John 
Adams,  i.  341 ;  vii.  349.  Rives's  Madison,  i.  ch. 
11.  Madison  Papers,  i.  Hamilton's  Life  of  Alex 
ander  Hamilton.  Flanders's  Life  of  Rutledge, 
p.  596.  Franklin's  Works,  viii.  526 ;  ix.  Jour 
nals  of  Congress,  vii.  Diplomatic  Correspondence, 
vi.  3,  for  John  Adams's  letters.  See  under  "  Ne 
gotiations  for  Peace,"  1782. 

Lafayette's  letters  during  his  visit  to  Europe 
are  in  the  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  x. 

16 


242  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1781. 

Finances. 

The  question  of  the  finances  of  the  Revolution 
has  had  special  treatment  in  Bancroft,  x.  ch.  7 ; 
Hildreth's  United  States,  iii.  ch.  40,  4.3  ;  Greene's 
Historical  View  of  the  American  Revolution,  p. 
137  (with  tables  of  expenses,  federal  and  state, 
with  emission  of  Continental  money  in  the  Ap 
pendix),  and  his  Life  of  Greene,  ii. ;  Pitkins's 
United  States,  ii.  ch.  16;  Rives's  Madison,  i. 
217,  229,  and  ch.  14;  Madison's  Debates  and 
Correspondence,  i.  Sparks's  Life  of  Gouverneur 
Morris,  i.  ch.  13  and  14 ;  J.  W.  Schucker's  Brief 
Account  of  the  Finances  of  the  Revolution,  1874. 

Special  or  Local  Aspects.  —  Felt's  History  of 
Massachusetts  Currency ;  Amory's  Sullivan,  p. 
187 ;  Reed's  Life  of  Joseph  Reed,  ii.  287 ;  Mul- 
ford's  New  Jersey,  p.  457,  etc. 

Continental  Money.  —  Force's  American  Ar 
chives,  5th  series,  vol.  ii.  index;  S.  Breck's  His 
torical  Sketch  of  Continental  Paper  Money  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  American  Philosophical  So 
ciety,  1843;  Lossing's  Field-Book,  i.  317,  and 
Harper's  Monthly,  xxvi. ;  National  Quarterly  Re 
view,  Dec.  1875. 

Depreciation  of  the  Paper  Money.  —  Gouge's 
Short  History  of  Paper  Money ;  Greene's  Greene, 
ii.  163,  243,  248 ;  Moore's  Diary,  ii.  422 ;  Rhode 
Island  Colonial  Records,  ix.  282. 

Loans  in  Europe.  —  Diplomatic  Correspondence, 


1781.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  243 

ix.  199 ;  xi.  291 ;  Franklin's  lives  and  letters ; 
Sparks's  Washington,  viii.  525.  Col.  John  Lau- 
rens  was  sent  in  1781  to  negotiate  a  loan.  His 
instructions  are  given  in  Diplomatic  Correspond 
ence,  ix.  199,  and  for  his  efforts  and  success,  ix. 
195-249;  Hamilton's  Republic,  ii.  150.  John 
Adams  secured  a  loan  in  Holland.  Works,  vii. 
599. 

John  Adams's  Relation  to  the  Question.  —  Works, 
vii.  292,  355;  viii.  193. 

Hamilton's  Views.  —  Writings,  i.  116,  150, 
223;  his  Life  by  J.  C.  Hamilton,  i.  241,  352;  ii. 
etc.  J.  C.  Hamilton's  Republic  of  the  United 
States,  i.  570;  ii.  .80,  100,  351,  and  ch.  35,  etc. 
For  the  diverse  views  of  Hamilton  and  Madison, 
see  Rives's  Madison,  i.  433.  A  charge  is  made  in 
the  Republic  of  the  United  States,  ii.  398,  that 
Madison  falsified  the  record  of  Hamilton's  votes, 
which  is  answered  in  Rives,  i.  437.  Cf.  Atlantic 
Monthly,  Nov.  1865,  p.  628. 

Robert  Morris  was  made  Superintendent  of 
Finance,  Feb.  20,  1781,  and  entered  upon  his 
duties  in  May.  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  xi. 
347,  431.  Pennsylvania  Archives,  ix.  Sparks's 
Washington,  viii.  136.  Custis's  Recollections  of 
Washington.  Bancroft's  United  States,  x.  566. 
Franklin's  Works,  ix.  59,  etc.  Life  of  Morris  in 
Hunt's  American  Merchants.  Michael  bourse's 
account  of  Morris,  1781-1784,  in  Banker's  Maga 
zine,  Feb.  1860.  Albert  S.  Bolles  in  the  Penn 


244  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1781. 

Monthly,  Oct.  1878,  on  the  Financial  Administra 
tion  of  Morris,  also  issued  separately.  Turner's 
Pioneer  History  of  the  Holland  Purchase.  Pot 
ter's  American  Monthly,  Dec.  1T75. 

Greene's  Campaigns  in  General,  1780-1782. 

Greene,  leaving  Steuben  in  Virginia  late  in 
1780,  pushed  on  and  took  command  of  the  south- 
ern  army  at  Charlotte.  His  conduct  of  the  cam 
paign  gave  him  a  reputation  second  only  to  that 
of  Washington  ;  and  though  he  never  gained  a 
decisive  victory,  his  battles  were  always  followed 
by  the  retreat  of  the  enemy.  The  general  works 
on  the  southern  campaign  have  been  referred  to 
under  1780.  The  fullest  record  of  Greene's  own 
participation  in  it  is  in  the  elaborate  life  of  him 
(1867-1871)  by  his  grandson,  George  W.  Greene. 
The  same  writer  had  already  furnished  a  sum 
marized  narrative  in  the  Life  of  Greene  in  S parka's 
series  of  American  Biography.  Another  Life  of 
Greene,  published  in  1822,  by  Judge  Johnson, 
who  had  possession  of  Greene's  papers,  had  re 
flected  on  Gen.  Lee,  one  of  Greene's  lieutenants, 
and  this  drew  out  a  vindication  of  Lee  from  his 
son,  Henry  Lee,  entitled  The  Campaign  of  1781, 
which  has  an  Appendix  of  original  documents. 
G.  W.  Greene  calls  this  book  both  "  clever  and 
lively,  but  too  controversial  to  be  perfectly  trust 
worthy."  Lee  is  the  subject  of  a  chapter  in  Cus- 
tis's  Recollections  of  Washington ;  and  he  wrote 


1781.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  245 

thirty  years  later,  in  1809,  his  own  recollections 
in  his  Memoirs  of  the  War  in  the  Southern  De 
partment. 

Greene's  own  letters  are  given  in  Sparks's  Cor 
respondence  of  the  Revolution,  iii.  207,  etc. ;  in 
Reed's  Life  of  Joseph  Reed,  ii.  344,  etc.,  and  in 
the  lives  of  him. 

On  the  British  side  we  have  contemporary  au 
thorities  in  Clinton's  Narrative  of  the  Campaign 
of  1781  ;  Cornvvallis's  Answer  to  Clinton,  and  an 
other  Reply  to  Clinton,  likewise  vindicating  Corn- 
wallis,  all  published  in  London,  and  reprinted  in 
Philadelphia,  1865-1866. 

Later  summarized  accounts  will  be  found  in 
Bancroft,  x.  ch.  22  ;  Hildreth,  iii.  ch.  42  ;  Irving's 
Washington,  iv. ;  McRee's  Iredell,  ch.  14;  Moid- 
trie's  Memoirs. 

Contemporary  likenesses  of  Greene  and  Corn- 
wallis  are  in  Andrews's  History  of  the  War  and 
in  Lee's  Memoirs. 

Maps.  — Greene's  Life  of  Greene.  Carrington's 
Battles,  540,  556.  Caruthers's  Incidents  in  the 
Old  North  State  in  1781,  two  series.  Balch's 
Les  Fran^ais  en  Amerique. 

The  British  in  Virginia,  January  —  May,  1781. 

It  was  the  British  plan  for  Cornwallis  to  move 
north  in  the  end  and  join  the  forces  to  be  sent 
from  New  York;  to  the  James.  Clinton  had  al 
ready  dispatched  Leslie,  who  had  reached  Vir- 


246  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1781. 

ginia,  as  already  stated,  Oct.  22,  1780.  Arnold, 
the  traitor,  was  now  sent  with  a  detachment, 
arriving  Dec.  29th.  Gen.  Phillips  arrived  and 
superseded  Arnold,  March  26,  1781,  and  dying, 
May  13th,  Arnold  again  took  command,  which  he 
held  till  the  20th,  when  Cornwallis  (arriving  at 
Petersburg,  as  hereafter  stated)  ordered  Arnold  to 
New  York  and  assumed  command. 

General  accounts  of  transactions  in  Virginia 
during  the  summer,  and  of  the  inertness  and  un 
prepared  condition  of  the  Virginians,  can  be 
found  in  the  histories  of  Virginia  by  Campbell, 
p.  168,  and  by  Howison,  ch.  4.  Hamilton's  Re 
public  of  the  United  States,  ii.  ch.  27,  reflects 
on  Jefferson,  at  the  time  governor,  and  lives  of 
Jefferson  by  Tucker,  i.  ch.  6  ;  by  Randall,  i.  295 ; 
by  Parton,  ch.  27,  need  to  be  compared.  In  Jef 
ferson's  Writings,  ix.  212,  220,  there  are  extracts 
from  his  diary,  etc.  Also  Wirt's  Patrick  Henry ; 
Jefferson's  Notes  on  Virginia ;  Rives's  Madison, 
i.  289 ;  and  Madison's  Writings,  i.  45. 

Arnold's  Military  Movements.  —  Sparks's  Life 
of  Arnold.  Marshall's  Washington,  iv.  387. 
Sparks's  Washington,  vii.  347.  Correspondence 
of  the  Revolution,  iii.  200.  Irving's  Washington, 
iv.  ch.  14  and  17.  Bancroft,  x.  ch.  25.  Hamil 
ton's  Republic,  ii.  170.  Arnold's  own  report  in 
Almon's  Remembrancer,  ii.  350.  Kapp's  Steuben, 
ch.  17-19,  records  that  officer's  watch  upon  Ar 
nold's  movements.  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii.  434, 


1781.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  247 

546.  Carrington's  Battles.  Life  of  Miihlenberg. 
Moore's  Diary  of  the  Revolution,  ii.  384.  The 
Life  of  Arnold,  now  in  press,  by  Isaac  N.  Arnold. 

British  Accounts.  —  Simcoe's  Military  Journal 
of  the  Queen's  Rangers,  privately  printed,  1787, 
and  subsequently  published  in  New  York,  1843. 
Stedman's  American  War.  Jones's  New  York  in 
the  Revolutionary  War,  ii.  177. 

Washington  was  disappointed  in  not  entrapping 
Arnold  by  aid  of  the  French  fleet.  Sparks's 
Washington,  vii.  410.  This  fleet  encountered  the 
British  squadron,  which  succeeded  in  command 
ing  the  Chesapeake  waters.  Meanwhile,  in  April, 
Lafayette  reached  Virginia  with  a  detachment  of 
timps.  For  his  movements,  see  Sparks's  Wash- 
irjton,  viii.  118,  509;  Correspondence  of  the 
Revolution,  iii.  ;  Marshall's  Washington,  iv.  418  ; 
Irving's  Washington,  iv.  ch.  21  and  23.  Lafay 
ette's  Memoirs  and  lives  of  him  by  Regnault,  etc. ; 
Bancroft,  x.  ch.  21 ;  Dawson's  Battles ;  Carring 
ton's  Battles,  ch.  72  and  73  ;  Kapp's  Steuben,  ch. 
20,  in  which  justice  is  hardly  done  to  Lafayette  ; 
J.  A^Stevens's  Expedition  of  Lafayette  against 
Arnold,  published  by  the  Maryland  Historical  So 
ciety,  1878 ;  Balch's  Maryland  Line,  published  by 
the  Seventy-Six  Society. 

Simcoe,  Stedman,  and  Moore's  Diary. 

Maps  and  Plans.  —  Carrington's  Battles.  Sim 
coe's  Queen's  Rangers. 


248  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1781. 

Cowpens,  January  17,  1781. 

Cornwallis,  advancing,  sent  Tarleton  to  rid  his 
flank  of  Morgan,  who  encountered  Tarleton  at  the 
Cowpens  and  defeated  him.  Graham's  Life  of 
Morgan,  according  to  G.  W.  Greene,  "  a  full  and 
trustworthy  narrative  founded  on  authentic  mate 
rial."  Morgan's  papers  were  offered  for  sale  in 
New  Orleans,  July,  1879. 

Greene's  Life  of  Greene,  iii.  139.  Marshall's 
Washington,  iv.  342.  Irving's  Washington,  iv. 
ch.  18.  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  iii. 
217.  Bancroft,  x.  ch.  22.  Dawson's  Battles. 
Carrington's  Battles,  p.  546.  Lossing's  Field- 
Book,  ii.  636.  Simms's  South  Carolina. 
trie's  Memoirs,  ii.  Harper's  Monthly, 
Historical  Magazine,  Dec.  1867.  Some  details 
were  picked  up  by  Chastellux  in  his  Travels, 
English  translation,  ii.  60.  New  York  Historical 
Society's  Collections  for  1875,  p.  476. 

British  Accounts.  —  Annual  Register.  Sted- 
man's  American  War,  ii.  ch.  41.  Tarleton's  His 
tory  of  his  Campaigns,  with  Mackenzie's  Strictures 
on  Tarleton. 

Congress  gave  medals  to  Gen.  Morgan,  Lieut. 
Col.  Washington,  and  Lieut.  Col.  Howard,  which 
are  described  in  Loubat's  Medallic  History  of  the 
United  States. 


1781.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  249 

Cornwallis  and  Greene. 

In  January  Cornwallis  detached  a  force  to  the 
region  of  Cape  Fear  River,  and  the  Political  Mag 
azine,  March,  1781,  gave  a  map  of  the  locality. 

After  Cowpens,  Greene  and  Morgan  united, 
and,  Cornwallis  pursuing,  Greene  conducted  his 
famous  retreat  across  the  Dan  River,  when  the 
British  general  in  turn  falling  back,  Greene  re- 
crossed  the  river  in  pursuit.  Lives  of  Greene  by 
Johnson  and  Greene,  iii.  Marshall's  Washington. 
Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  iii.  225,  233. 
Ramsay's  Revolution.  Lee's  Memoirs.  Histories 
of  the  United  States  by  Bancroft,  x.  ch.  23,  and 
others. 

British  Accounts.  —  Stedman,  Tarleton,  Lamb's 
Journal. 

Guilford,  March  15,  1781. 

Greene  offered  battle  to  Cornwallis  at  Guilford 
Court  House  and  was  defeated.  Lives  of  Greene 
by  Johnson  and  Greene,  iii.  176,  and  Moore's 
Diary  of  the  Revolution,  ii.  400.  Sparks's  Wash 
ington  and  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution. 
Lives  of  Washington  by  Marshall,  iv.  366,  and 
by  Irving,  iv.  ch.  19  and  20.  Gordon's  American 
Revolution.  Bancroft,  x.  ch.  23.  Lossing's  Field- 
Book,  ii.  594,  608.  Dawson's  Battles.  Carring- 
ton's  Battles,  ch.  69. 

Cornwall's  letters  and  dispatches  are  in  Ross's 
Cornwallis  Correspondence,  i.  85,  506.  Moore's 


250  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1781. 

Diary,    ii.    400.      The   discussion   in   Parliament 
upon  the  battle  is   noted  in   Macknight's  Burke, 

11.  437. 

Maps.  —  MS.  plans  in  the  Faden  Collection, 
Library  of  Congress.  Tarleton's  Campaigns. 
Stedman's  American  War,  ii.  ch.  41.  Caruthers's 
Revolutionary  Incidents,  2d  series.  Greene's 
Greene,  iii.  Carrington's  Battles. 

Greene's  statement  of  the  aspect  of  affairs  sub 
sequently,  April  22,  1781,  is  given  in  the  Rhode 
Island  Colonial  Records,  ix.  380 ;  Revolutionary 
Correspondence  of  the  Rhode  Island  Historical 
Collections,  vi.  284. 

Hobkirk's  Hill,  April  25,  1781. 

Cornwallis,  unable  to  profit  by  his  victory  at 
Guilford,  retreated  to  Wilmington,  while  Greene, 
pushing  by  Cornwallis's  left  flank,  carried  the  war 
into  South  Carolina.  Greene's  Greene,  iii.  ch. 

12.  Lord  Rawdon  attacked  Greene  at  Hobkirk's 
Hill,  near  Camden,  defeating  him. 

Greene's  Greene,  iii.  241.  Johnson's  Greene, 
ii.  83.  Gordon,  iv.  81.  Marshall's  Washington, 
iv.  510,  following  Davie's  MS.  Lee's  Campaign 
of  1781.  Gibbes's  Documentary  History.  Ir- 
ving's  Washington,  iv.  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii. 
676.  Simms's  South  Carolina.  Dawson's  Bat 
tles.  Carrington's  Battles. 

Stedman's  American  War,  ii.  ch.  42. 

Maps.  —  Stedman,  ii.  358,  the  same  published, 


1781.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  251 

with  slight  differences,  by  Faden,  Aug.  1,  1783. 
Greene's  Greene,  iii.  241.  Carrington's  Battles, 
p.  576. 

A  series  of  minor  reverses  compelled  Rawdon 
to  fall  back  to  Charleston.  Greene's  Greene. 
Bancroft,  x.  ch.  24. 

Ninety-Six,  May— June,  1781. 

Greene  laid  siege  to  this  post,  and,  on  the  ap 
proach  of  Rawdon  with  relief,  assaulted  it  unsuc 
cessfully  and  retired. 

Greene's  Greene,  iii.  299.  Johnson's  Greene, 
ii.,  which  apologizes  for  Sumter's  harassing  of 
Greene  ;  but  see  Greene's  Greene,  iii.  319.  Mar 
shall's  Washington,  iv.  524.  Bancroft,  x.  ch.  24. 
Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii.  690.  Dawson's  Battles. 

British  Accounts.  —  Stedman,  ii.  ch.  43.  Tarle- 
ton  and  Mackenzie.  Jones's  New  York  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  ii.  376. 

Sparks's  Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  iii., 
gives  various  letters  of  Greene. 

Maps.  —  Johnson's  and  Greene's  Greene. 

For  Greene's  camp  life  during  the  summer,  see 
Greene's  Greene,  iii.,  and  his  letters  to  Washing 
ton  in  Sparks's  Correspondence  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  iii. 

W.  G.  Simms  covers  the  events  of  the  siege  of 
Ninety-Six  in  his  novel,  The  Scout,  and  the  story 
is  pursued  in  his  other  tales,  —  Katharine  Wal 
ton,  Woodcraft,  Forayers,  and  Eutaw. 


252  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1781. 

Eutaw,  September  8,  1781. 

Greene,  advancing  towards  Charleston,  was  suc 
cessful  at  first  at  Eutaw,  but  checked  towards  the 
close  of  the  fight.  Greene's  Greene,  iii.  384. 
Johnson's  Greene.  Marshall's  Washington,  iv. 
542.  Irving's  Washington,  iv.  ch.  27.  Bancroft, 
x.  ch.  24.  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii.  698.  Simms's 
South  Carolina.  Dawson's  Battles.  Carrington's 
Battles,  ch.  71.  Lee's  Memoirs.  Greene's  Re 
port  to  Congress.  Stuart's  Report  to  Cornwallis, 
—  Moore's  Diary,  ii.  486.  The  medal  given  to 
Greene  is  described  in  Loubat's  Medallic  History 
of  the  United  States. 

Maps.  —  Johnson's  and  Greene's  Greene.  Car 
rington's  Battles. 

End  of  Southern  Campaigns. 

For  final  movements  in  South  Carolina :  Greene's 
Greene,  iii. ;  Bancroft,  x.  ch.  28 ;  Sparks's  Corre 
spondence  of  the  Revolution  ;  and  the  histories  of 
Ramsay  and  Monltrie.  Some  of  Greene's  letters 
are  given  in  Reed's  Reed,  ii.  377,  468. 

For  the  case  of  Isaac  Hayne,  who  was  hung  by 
the  enemy,  see  Greene's  Greene,  iii.  356 ;  Ram 
say's  South  Carolina,  ii.  277 ;  Moultrie's  Revolu 
tion,  etc. ;  Lee's  Campaign  of  1781. 

For  movements  round  Charleston  in  1782,  see 
Ellis's  Count  Rumford,  p.  127. 

Conquest   of   G-eorgia.  —  Armstrong's   Life   of 


1781.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  253 

Wayne  ;  Historical  Magazine,  May,  1860 ;  Ste- 
vens's  Georgia,  ii.  240 ;  Greene's  Greene,  iii.  435 ; 
Johnson's  Greene ;  Lee's  Memoirs ;  Marshall's 
Washington.  , 

Siege  of  Penzacolal  —  Historical  Magazine,  iv. 
166. 

Cornwallis  in  Virginia,  May,  1781. 

Meanwhile  Cornwallis,  not  regarding  Greene's 
march  to  the  south,  moved  north  to  Virginia,  and 
reached  Petersburg  May  20th,  superseding  Ar 
nold  in  command,  as  before  noted. 

Bancroft,  x.  ch.  23-25.  Marshall's  Washing 
ton,  iv.  430.  Irving's  Washington,  iv.  ch.  20  and 
21.  Lossing's  Field-Book. 

Ross's  Cornwallis  Correspondence.  Sparks's 
Correspondence  of  the  Revolution,  iii.,  gives  La 
fayette's  letters,  detailing  his  movements  in  the 
presence  of  the  enemy. 

In  June,  Tarleton  raided  to  Charlottesville  and 
Monticello.  Tarleton's  Campaigns.  Life  of  Jef 
ferson  by  Randall,  i.  337,  and  by  Parton,  ch.  28. 
Harper's  Monthly,  vii.  145. 

For  movements  about  Williamsburg,  see  Den 
ny's  Journal  in  the  Pennsylvania  Historical  So 
ciety's  Memoirs,  vii.  240. 

The  Allies  in  Virginia,  1781. 

Washington  had  contemplated  a  combined  at 
tack  by  the  Americans  and. French  on  New  York, 
and,  after  the  scheme  was  abandoned,  he  kept  up 


254  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1781. 

the  appearance  of  preparation  to  deceive  the 
enemy.  Sparks's  Washington,  viii.  54,  130,  517. 

Stuart's  Jonathan  Trumbull  describes  the  plan 
ning  of  the  movemen£  to  Virginia.  Washington, 
Aug.  2d,  informs  Robert  Morris  of  his  intentions. 
Diplomatic  Correspondence,  xi.  417.  Heath  (Me 
moirs,  p.  298)  was  left  in  command  on  the  Hud 
son,  and  Washington  and  Rochambeau  moved 
south.  Robin's  Nouveau  Voyage,  translated  as 
New  Travels  through  America,  Boston,  1784. 
There  is  a  map  of  the  march  in  Sould's  Histoire 
des  Troubles  de  1'Anie'rique  Anglaise.  Lincoln 
had  the  immediate  command  on  the  march.  Bow- 
en's  Life  of  Lincoln.  Life  of  Timothy  Pickering, 
i.  294.  Journal  of  William  Feltman.  Diplo 
matic  Correspondence,  xi.  462,  for  Washington's 
passage  through  Philadelphia. 

On  Rochambeau  and  his  participation,  see  Maga 
zine  of  American  History,  July,  1879.  The  rep 
resentatives  of  his  family  offered  Rochambeau's 
papers  to  Congress  in  1879. 

Arnold  in  Connecticut,  September,  1781. 

Meanwhile,  a  marauding  expedition  from  New 
York,  under  Arnold,  was  sent  along  the  shore  of 
Long  Island  Sound.  The  points  of  attack  were 
New  London,  Fort  Griswold,  and  Groton.  See 
Hollister's,  ii.  ch.  17,  and  the  other  histories  of 
Connecticut ;  Sparks's.  Arnold  ;  Stuart's  Life  of 
Jonathan  Trumbull,  ch.  45;  and  Gov.  Trumbull's 


1781.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  255 

letter  to  Washington  in  Sparks's  Correspondence 
of  the  Revolution,  iii.  403 ;  Moore's  Diary,  ii. 
479 ;  Dawson's  Battles  ;  Carrington's  Battles, 
with  plan,  p.  630  ;  living's  Washington,  iv.  ch. 
25;  Caulkins's  New  London,  ch.  32;  Niles's 
Principles  of  the  Revolution;  Hinman's  Historical 
Collections.  Cf.  Isaac  N.  Arnold's  Life  of  Gen. 
Arnold. 

MS.  plans  of  New  London  and  Groton  are  in 
the  Faden  Collection  in  the  Library  of  Congress. 

Cf.  Tuttle's  address  at  Fort  Griswold,  1821; 
C.  Griswold's  address  in  commemoration  of  Led- 
yard  in  1826 ;  W.  F.  Brainerd's,  1825 ;  and  Rath- 
burn's  Narrative  of  capture  of  Groton  fort,  and 
of  the  massacre. 

Off  the  Capes  of  Chesapeake,  September,  1781. 

De  Grasse,  with  a  French  fleet,  had  arrived 
within  the  Capes  to  cooperate  with  the  American 
land  forces,  when  Admiral  Graves  with  a  British 
fleet  appeared  off  the  Capes.  To  engage  him, 
while  De  Barras,  expected  with  a  smaller  French 
fleet,  made  the  bay,  De  Grasse  stood  to  sea,  and 
the  two  fleets  partially  engaged,  Sept.  5th,  and 
manoeuvred  for  some  days,  till,  his  purpose  ac 
complished,  De  Grasse  drew  off  and  returned  to 
Lynn  "Haven  Bay,  and  the  blockade  of  Cornwallis 
was  made  complete.  Stedman's  American  War, 
ii.  ch.  44,  with  a  map.  The  Political  Magazine, 
1781  and  1784.  John  G.  Sbea  edited  in  1864  for 


256  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1781. 

the  Bradford  Club  two  contemporaneous  journals, 
showing  the  Operations  of  the  French  fleet,  and 
gave  a  plan.  Cf.  also  Chevalier's  Histoire  de  la 
Marine  franQaise  pendant  la  guerre  de  1'independ- 
ance  Ame'ricaine,  Paris,  1877,  ch.  7.  Moore's 
Diary,  ii.  476. 

Siege  of  Yorktown,  September— October,  1781. 

The  French  secure  within  the  Capes,  Corn- 
wallis,  posted  at  Yorktown  and  Gloucester,  was 
shut  off  from  escape  by  water  and  from  succor 
from  Clinton,  while  Washington  and  Rochambeau 
opened  their  trenches  on  the  land  side. 

Contemporary  Records.  —  Washington's  Writ 
ings,  viii. ;  Thacher's  Military  Journal ;  Colonel 
Tilghman's  Diary,  p.  103 ;  Journal  in  Historical 
Magazine,  March,  1864  ;  Journal  of  William  Felt- 
man  of  the  Pennsylvania  line;  Denny's  Journal 
in  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society's  Memoirs, 
vii. ;  papers  in  Almon's  Remembrancer,  xiii. 

French  Accounts.  —  Memoirs  of  Rochambeau, 
S£gur,  and  Dumas;  De  Fersen's  Journal  in  the 
Magazine  of  American  History,  July,  1879  ;  Chas- 
tellux's  Travels.  Robin's  New  Travels. 

English  Accounts.  —  Cornwallis's  Correspond 
ence.  Cornwallis's  letter  to  Clinton  is  in  Robin's 
New  Travels,  App.  Moore's  Diary,  ii.  512.  A  con 
troversy  between  Cornwallis  and  Clinton  gave  rise 
to  several  pamphlets.  Cf.  Menzies's  Catalogue, 
p.  79 ;  and  on  this  point  see  Ross's  Cornwallis,  i. 


ff 


1781.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION?          257 

130;  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,  ii.  464,  466. 

The  return  of  Cornwallis  to  England  gave 
occasion  to  Walpole  to  compare  him  as  a  general 
with  the  other  British  leaders.  Last  Journals,  ii. 
499. 

Stedman's  American  War.  Tarleton's  Cam 
paigns.  Simcoe's  Queen's  Rangers.  Robertson 
to  Lord  George  Germain  in  Documents  relative 
to  the  Colonial  History  of  New  York,  viii.  814. 

Correspondence  and  Articles  of  Capitulation.  — 
Sparks's  Washington,  viii.,  App.  No.  8.  Moore's 
Diary,  ii.  508.  Ross's  Cornwallis  Correspondence, 
App. 

Later  Accounts.  —  Lee's  Memoirs  of  the  War, 
Force's  edition.  Histories  of  the  United  States 
by  Bancroft,  x.  ch.  35;  Hamilton,  ii.  263;  Hil- 
dreth,  iii.  ch.  43  ;  Ridpath,  etc.  Lives  of  Wash 
ington  by  Marshall,  iv.  472;  Irving,  iv.  ch.  25, 
26,  and  28  ;  and  in  the  Recollections  by  Custis, 
ch.  6.  Lossing's  Field-Book  of  the  Revolution,  ii, 
508,  and  his  Operations  in  Virginia  Eighty  Years 
Ago,  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  June,  1862,  also  an 
article  in  Harper's  Monthly,  vii.  452.  Dawson's 
Battles  of  the  United  States.  Carrington's  Bat 
tles  of  the  Revolution,  ch.  75.  Hollister's  Con 
necticut,  ii.  ch.  18,  etc.  J.  E.  Cooke's  Virginia  in 
the  Revolution,  in  Harper's  Monthly,  June,  1876. 
Lives  of  Timothy  Pickering,  ch.  19  and  20  ;  of 
Alexander  Hamilton,  by  J.  C.  Hamilton,  i.  384  ; 

17 


258  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1781. 

of  Steuben,  by  Kapp,  ch.  21 ;  of  Anthony  Wayne ; 
of  Henry  Knox,  by  Drake. 

How  the  King  received  the  news  is  told  in 
Wraxall's  Memoirs,  2d  ed.  ii.  108.  Cf.  Donne's 
Correspondence  of  George  III.  with  Lord  North, 
ii.  390.  For  the  effect  of  the  news  in  general : 
Walpole's  Last  Journals,  ii.  474 ;  Macknight's 
Burke,  ii.  457;  Annual  Register,  xxv. ;  Massey's 
England,  i.  407 ;  Parton's  Franklin,  ii.  448;  Fitz- 
maurice's  Life  of  Shelburne,  iii.  123;  Parlia 
mentary  History,  xxii.  639,  where  the  debate  is 
given. 

Maps.  —  The  Political  Magazine,  Nov.  1781, 
has  a  contemporary  map  of  the  campaign,  and  a 
MS.  one  is  in  the  Faden  Collection.  Hilliard 
d'Auberteuil's  Essais,  ii.,  gives  a  map  of  Virginia 
and  Maryland ;  and  a  map  by  Fry  and  Jefferson, 
1775,  is  No.  31  of  the  American  Atlas.  Sparks's 
Washington,  viii.  158. 

There  was  a  French  map  of  this  part  of  Vir 
ginia  published  in  Paris  by  Esnauts  et  Rapilly, 
and  another  of  the  Baie  de  Chesapeak,  with  a 
"  plan  de  1'attaque."  A  German  plan  was  made 
by  Sotzman. 

For  the  Siege.  —  Soule"s  Histoire  des  Troubles 
de  1'Am^rique  Anglaise,  Paris,  1787.  Gordon's 
History  of  the  American  War,  iv.  Ramsay's 
Revolution  in  South  Carolina.  Tarleton's  Cam 
paigns,  ch.  7.  Sparks's  Washington,  viii.  186. 
Atlases  to  Marshall's  and  Guizot's  Washington. 


1781.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  259 

Hamilton's  Republic  of  the  United  States,  ii.  263, 
following  an  English  plan.  Carrington's  Battles, 
p.  646.  Ridpath's  United  States.  Faden  issued 
in  London,  Oct.  7,  1785,  a  large  plan  of  the 
siege,  made  by  John  Hills.  That  in  Stedman's 
American  War,  ii.  412,  is  substantially  the  same 
with  one  published  in  London,  March  1,  1787, 
but  from  a  different  plate. 

Congress  struck  a  medal  in  commemoration  of 
the  double  surrenders  of  Yorktown  and  Saratoga, 
and  it  is  described  in  Loubat's  Medallic  History 
of  the  United  States.  Cf.  Sparks's  Franklin,  ix. 
173. 

For  landmarks  see  Lossing's  Field-Book,  and 
Porte  Crayon's  Shrines  of  Old  Virginia,  in  Lip- 
pincott's  Magazine,  April,  1879. 


WINTER,  1781-1782. 

The  Situation. 

THE  French  remained  in  Virginia.  Parton's 
Jefferson,  ch.  29.  Washington  went  with  the 
American  troops  to  the  Hudson.  Sparks's  Wash 
ington,  viii.,  gives  successive  schemes  of  further 
concerted  action  with  the  French.  Irving's  Wash 
ington,  iv.  ch.  29  and  30.  Kapp's  Steuben,  ch. 
23.  Lossing's  Field-Book,  ii.  ch.  5.  The  question 
whether  Washington  was  ever  made  a  marshal 
of  France  has  given  rise  to  some  dispute.  See 
Historical  Magazine,  ii.  98 ;  iii.  etc.  Potter's 
American  Monthly,  1876,  on  Washington's  order 
books.  R.  R.  Livingston  to  the  governors  of  the 
states  on  the  next  campaign  in  Diplomatic  Cor 
respondence,  xi.  221.  Reed's  letter  on  the  condi 
tion  of  affairs  in  Reed's  Reed,  ii.  371.  Political 
movements,  Rives's  Madison,  i.  ch.  10. 


EVENTS  OF  1782-1783. 

Various. 

THOMAS  PAINE  was  employed  by  Robert  Mor 
ris,  Feb.  1782,  to  sustain  the  action  of  Congress 
in  the  public  prints.  Diplomatic  Correspondence, 
xii.  95.  Sparks's  Washington,  viii.  345.  Par- 
ton's  Franklin,  ii.  454.  North  American  Review, 
No.  120,  p.  40. 

In  general  for  the  connection  of  Paine  with  the 
American  Revolution,  see  lives  of  him  by  J.  Cheet- 
ham,  an  English  radical,  and  by  G.  Vale,  some 
what  sympathetic.  In  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  for 
Nov.,  1859,  there  is  a  paper  on  his  first  appear 
ance  in  this  country ;  for  July,  one  on  his  second 
appearance,  and  in  that  for  Dec.,  one  on  his  ca 
reer  in  England  and  France.  M.  A.  Casey's  Plea 
for  a  Patriot,  in  the  Galaxy,  xxi.  Parton's  Jeffer 
son.  Recollections  of  his  residence  in  New  York, 
in  the  New  York  City  Manual,  1864.  Potter's 
American  Monthly,  Feb.  1877.  M.  D.  Conway  in 
Fortnightly  Review,  March,  1879.  Allibone,  p. 
1485,  gives  numerous  minor  references. 

April,  1782.  A  plan  to  capture  Prince  Wil 
liam  Henry,  at  this  time  in  New  York.  Sparks's 


262  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1782. 

Washington,  viii.  262.  Irving's  Washington,  iv. 
Historical  Magazine,  Feb.  1869,  p.  130. 

April,  1782.  Loyalists  hung  in  New  Jersey  a 
Capt.  Huddy ;  and  Capt.  Asgill,  a  British  officer 
and  prisoner  in  the  Americans'  hands,  was  selected 
to  suffer  in  retaliation.  The  case  was  one  of  per 
plexity  to  both  Carleton  and  Washington.  Diplo 
matic  Correspondence,  xi.  105, 128, 140.  Sparks's 
Washington,  i.  378 ;  viii.  265,  301,  336,  361.  Ir 
ving's  Washington,  iv.  ch.  29.  Correspondence 
of  the  Revolution,  iii.  Heath's  Memoirs,  p.  335. 
Franklin's  Works,  ix.  376.  J.  C.  Hamilton's  Re 
public,  ,ii.  282.  Political  Magazine,  iii.  472. 
Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  ii. 
232,  483. 

May,  1782.  Crawford's  expedition  against  the 
Wyandottes  on  the  Muskingum,  near  Sandusky, 
is  the  subject  of  a  monograph  by  C.  W.  Butter- 
field,  1873. 

The  affairs  of  the  loyalists  on  Long  Island  dur 
ing  1782-1783.  Ellis's  Memoir  of  Count  Rum- 
ford,  132,  and  Onderdonk's  Queens,  Suffolk,  and 
Kings  Counties. 

June,  1783.  The  mutiny  of  troops  in  Pennsyl 
vania  and  their  insult  to  Congress.  Rives's  Madi 
son,  i.  eh.  16  ;  the  histories  of  Pennsylvania  ;  and 
W.  P.  Hazard's  edition  of  Watson's  Annals  of 
Philadelphia  and  Pennsylvania,  a  book  much  im 
proved  over  the  original  issue. 


1782.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  263 

Fall  of  the  North  Ministry,  March,  1782. 

The  tidings  of  Yorktown  had  reached  London 
in  November.  Walpole's  Last  Journals,  ii.  The 
Life  of  Van  Schaack,  p.  267,  gives  the  heads  of 
debate  in  Parliament,  Dec.  11,  1781.  Cf.  also 
Parliamentary  History.  On  successive  test  ques 
tions  the  majority  of  the  ministry  gradually  de 
creased.  Parton  (Franklin,  ii.  452)  describes  the 
British  intrigues  in  Jan.  1782,  to  alienate  the 
allies. 

Feb.  22,  1782.  Gen.  Conway's  motion  to  put 
an  end  to  the  war  was  lost  by  one  vote.  Lyman's 
Diplomacy  of  the  United  States,  i.  93.  Walpole's 
Last  Journals,  ii.  505. 

Feb.  28.  Conway's  renewed  motion  to  put  an 
end  to  the  war  prevailed,  giving  the  first  majority 
against  the  ministry.  Debrett's  Parliamentary 
Register,  vi.  310-341.  Walpole's  Last  Journals, 
ii.  509.  Macknight's  Burke,  ii.  482. 

March  28,  1782,  Lord  North  resigned.  Wal 
pole's  Last  Journals,  ii.  521.  The  condition  of 
parties  at  this  time  is  described  in  Bancroft,  x.  ch. 
26.  Cf.  also  for  this  period  of  the  waning  power 
of  North,  Donne's  Correspondence  of  George  III. 
with  North,  ii.  398,  429;  Belsham's  England,  vii. ; 
Stanhope's  England,  vii.  136  ;  Massey's  England, 
ii.  414;  Adolphus's  England;  .Pictorial  History 
of  England;  WraxalFs  Historical  Memoirs,  ii. 
148 ;  Cook's  History  of  Party  ;  Russell's  Memori- 


264  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1782. 

als  and  Correspondence  of  Fox,  i.  281 ;  Russell's 
Life  and  Times  of  Fox,  i.  ch.  15  ;  Fitzmaurice's 
Shelburne,  iii.  129. 

Negotiations  for  Peace,  1782. 

Rockingham's  demands  of  concessions  by  the 
King  before  he  would  consent  to  form  a  new  cabi 
net,  are  given  in  Albemarle's  Rockingham  and 
his  Contemporaries,  ii.  452. 

The  party,  late  in  opposition  and  now  in  power, 
was  divided,  Rockingham,  the  prime  minister,  be 
ing  in  favor  of  granting  the  United  States  their 
independence ;  but  Shelburne,  his  colleague,  rep 
resented  the  repugnance  of  Chatham  to  dismem 
bering  the  monarchy.  Albemarle's  Rockingham, 
ii. ;  Fitzmaurice's  Shelburne,  iii.  ch.  5,  reviewed 
in  Edinburgh  Review,  Jan.  1854,  and  in  Quar 
terly  Review,  Jan.  1854.  Sparks  (Franklin,  vii. 
303)  had  copies  of  the  Shelburne  papers,  then  in 
Lord  Lansdowne's  hands,  since  used  by  Fitzmau- 
rice.  Russell's  Memorials  and  Correspondence  of 
Fox,  i.  290,  294,  and  Life  and  Times  of  Fox,  i. 
281.  Bancroft's  United  States,  x.  ch.  27  and  28. 

July  1,  1782,  Rockingham  died.  Walpole's 
Last  Journals,  ii.  544. 

Meanwhile  Sir  Guy  Carleton  had  arrived  at 
New  York  to  succeed  Clinton,  May,  1782,  and 
had  endeavored  without  success  to  open  commu 
nication  with  Congress  as  commissioner  of  peace. 
Madison's  Debates  and  Correspondence,  i. ;  Rives's 
Madison,  i.  331,  333. 


1782.]         THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  265 

On  Rockingham's  death  Slielburne  became 
prime  minister,  and  Fox,  representing  the  Rock- 
ingham  party,  divided  the  cabinet,  and  hoped  to 
detach  America  from  France,  in  treating  through 
Grenville,  his  agent  to  Paris,  while  Shelburne 
sent  Oswald  in  August  on  a  similar  mission,  with 
the  hope  of  inducing  the  acceptance  of  a  plan 
for  a  separate  parliament  for  America  under  the 
same  king.  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  iii.  373, 
483  ;  viii.  116  ;  Sparks's  Washington,  viii.  328, 
344 ;  Rives's  Madison,  i.  336  ;  Walpole's  Last 
Journals,  ii.  549,  583,  and  for  Shelburne's  charac 
ter,  unfavorably  drawn,  ii.  566,  623  ;  Fitzmaurice's 
Shelburne,  iii. ;  Stanhope's  England,  vii.  ch.  66  ; 
Adolphus's  England,  iii.  ch.  46-49;  Belsham's 
England,  vii.  325  ;  Memoirs  of  the  Court  and 
Cabinet  of  George  the  Third;  Russell's  Memo 
rials  and  Correspondence  of  Fox,  i.  330,  343,  439, 
and  Life  and  Times  of  Fox,  i.  303  ;  Life  of  John 
Adams,  i.  362. 

Congress  had  issued  instructions  to  its  Com 
missioners  in  Europe,  June  15,  1781,  Diplomatic 
Correspondence,  x.  71 ;  and  again,  Jan.  7,  1782, 
through  Secretary  Livingston,  Diplomatic  Corre 
spondence,  iii.  268,  and  Franklin's  Works,  ix.  128. 
See  also,  under  1781,  "  Political  Aspects." 

The  proceedings  of  Congress,  while  the  nego 
tiations  went  on,  are  followed  in  their  Journals ; 
Madison's  Writings,  i.  61,  515  ;  Rives's  Madison, 
i.  ch.  12  ;  J.  C.  Hamilton's  Republic,  ii.  ch.  31 


266  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1782. 

and  34  ;  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  passim.  The 
Debates  in  Congress,  Nov.  4,  1782,  to  June  21, 
1783,  are  given  in  the  Madison  Papers,  i.  187. 

General  summarized  accounts  of  the  negotiations 
are  given  in  Bancroft's  United  States,  x.  ch.  26, 
27,  and  28 ;  Sparks's  Franklin,  ch.  13 ;  John 
Adams's  Works,  i.  ch.  6  and  7  ;  Pitkin's  United 
States,  ii.  ch.  15  ;  Marshall's  Washington,  iv.  ch. 
11 ;  Knight's  Popular  History  of  England,  vi.  ch. 
29  ;  Hildreth's  United  States,  iii.  ch.  43  ;  Greene's 
Historical  View  of  the  American  Revolution.  A 
tory  view  is  taken  in  Jones's  New  York  in  the 
Revolutionary  War,  ii.  487,  491. 

A  correspondence  had  been  opened  between 
Franklin  and  Shelburne  during  the  Rockingham 
administration.  Bancroft,  x.  535,  and  Lives  of 
Franklin.  Oswald  had  had  an  interview  with 
Franklin  April  16,  1782,  and  Franklin  conducted 
the  negotiations  for  some  months  alone.  Frank 
lin's  Works,  ix.  118  ;  and  for  his  journal  of  the 
negotiations,  March  21  to  July  1, 1782,  Works,  ix. 
238-350.  This  journal  is  also  in  Bigelow's  Frank 
lin,  iii.  66,  and  in  the  Diplomatic  Correspondence, 
iii.  376,  and  many  of  Franklin's  letters  are  in  the 
same  volume.  Franklin's  "Notes  for  Conversa 
tion  "  with  Oswald  are  in  Works,  and  in  Parton's 
Life  of  Franklin,  ii.  458.  Franklin's  unpopular 
ity  in  England  has  sprung  partly  from  what  was 
felt  to  be  his  excessive  care  for  the  interests  of 
America  in  his  conduct  of  these  negotiations.  Cf. 


1782.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  267 

Thomas  Hughes  in  the  Contemporary  Review, 
1879,  or  No.  1833,  Living  Age,  p.  298. 

Jay  came  from  Spain  to  Paris,  June  23,  1782, 
and  introduced  his  suspicions  both  of  Great  Brit 
ain's  sincerity  and  France's  purposes  into  the 
conduct  of  affairs.  Diplomatic  Correspondence, 
viii.  126, 128, 129, 163.  Sparks's  Franklin,  i.  495 ; 
Parton's  Franklin,  ii.  476,  479.  Madison's  De 
bates  and  Correspondence,  i.  518.  Rives's  Mad 
ison,  i.  356,  and  App.  D.  Bancroft's  United 
States,  x.  559.  J.  C.  Hamilton's  Republic,  ii. 
476.  Jay's  Life  of  John  Jay,  i.  ch.  6,  assumes 
his  suspicions  to  be  well  founded,  and  in  Sparks's 
opinion  needs  to  be  read  with  caution.  Sparks 
(Franklin,  ix.  452)  alleges  the  groundlessness  of 
Jay's  suspicions  of  the  French  ministry.  Flan- 
ders's  Life  of  Jay,  ch.  12.  Cf.  C.  F.  Adams's  Life 
of  John  Adams,  i.  357,  for  a  note  on  British  se 
cret  agents  near  the  American  Commissioners. 
Arthur  Lee  at  this  time  was  holding  opinions  re 
garding  the  French  alliance  which  excited  suspi 
cion.  Rives's  Madison,  i.  340. 

John  Adams,  meanwhile,  though  the  head  of 
the  Commission,  had  been  successfully  achieving 
treaties  with  Holland,  one  acknowledging  the 
Independence  of  America,  April  19,  1782,  and 
the  other  of  commerce,  etc.,  Oct.  8,  1782.  Med 
als  commemorating  these  are  engraved  in  John 
Adams's  Works,  vii.  and  viii.  For  the  progress 
and  results,  see  John  Adams's  Works,  i.  347,  etc. ; 


268  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1782. 

iii.  for  Diary ;  vii.  501,  for  official  correspond 
ence  ;  Bancroft,  x.  ch.  26  ;  Lyman's  Diplomacy 
of  the  United  States,  i.  ch.  3  ;  Treaties  and  Con 
ventions  of  the  United  States,  1871,  p.  607. 

The  Holland  mission  accomplished,  Adams, 
Oct.  26th,  joined  Franklin  and  Jay  in  Paris,  and 
his  letter  to  Livingston,  Oct.  31,  1782,  opens  his 
official  correspondence.  Works,  vii.  652,  con 
tinued  in  viii.  Cf.  his  Life  in  vol.  i.  ch.  6  and  7  ; 
his  Diary,  in  iii.  300.  Diplomatic  Correspond 
ence,  vi.  and  vii.,  with  extracts  from  his  diary. 
Parton's  Franklin,  ii.  486. 

Laurens,  released  from  the  Tower  (Madison's 
Debates,  etc.,  i.  175  ;  Rives's  Madison,  346  ;  Par- 
ton's  Franklin,  ii.  404),  joined  the  other  Commis 
sioners  in  Paris  later.  Diplomatic  Correspond 
ence,  ii. 

The  negotiations  were  continued  with  the  Brit 
ish  agents,  without  the  privity  of  Vergennes,  and 
directly  in  contravention  of  the  instructions  which 
had  been  given  by  Congress.  This  was  the  re 
sult  of  the  suspicions  of  Jay,  now  strengthened 
by  Adams's  views,  and  helped  by  an  intercepted 
letter  of  Marbois,  the  French  secretary  of  lega 
tion  at  Philadelphia,  which  the  British  agents 
produced.  The  letter  is  given  in  Pitkin's  United 
States,  ii.  528.  Cf.  John  Adams's  Works,  i., 
App.  D. ;  and  i.  392,  for  Adams's  views  of  the 
policy  of  the  French  cabinet ;  and  viii.  p.  11, 
for  his  views  of  his  instructions.  Flassan's  Dip- 


1782.]          TEE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  269 

lomatie  Frangaise,  vi.  The  whole  course  of  the 
diplomatic  relations  with  France  is  summarized 
in  J.  C.  Hamilton's  Republic,  ii.^ch.  32. 

Conclusions  were  easily  reached  but  upon  three 
points  :  — 

Boundaries.  —  The  French  proposal  for  divid 
ing  North  America  between   the  United  States, 
Spain,  and  Great  Britain  is  given  in  Fitzmaurice's 
Shelburne,  iii.  170.    A  map  showing  the  northern 
boundary   as   proposed   by  Oswald   in    Oct.  and 
Nov.  1782,  respectively,  is  given  by  Fitzmaurice, 
iii.  294,  who   says   that  the   map  with   the  line 
finally  determined    under  the  Ashburton    treaty, 
1842,  is  in  the  King's  Collection  in  the  British 
Museum.     The  original  map  is  lost,  and  this  loss 
led  to  the  disputes,  settled  by  that  treaty.     On  p. 
324  there  is  a  copy  of  the  official  map,  showing 
the  rival  claims  for  the  boundary  of  Maine,  with 
the  line  finally  fixed  in  1842,  and  a  note  on  the 
two  maps  bearing  upon  the  question.     Cf.  John 
Adams's  Works,  i.  377,  arid  App.  C.  on  the  Maine 
boundary.    A  statement  of  the  American  view  by 
Charles  Sumner  was  circulated  in  England  in  1   39, 
and  printed  in  the  Boston  Courier  June  4,  1839. 
For  a  history  of  the  dispute  see  Daniel  Webster's 
Works,  vol.  i.  p.  cxxi ;  vol.  v.  78  ;  vi.  270 ;  Gal- 
latin's  Memoir  on  the  North  Eastern  Boundary, 
with  map,  New  York,  1843,  and  the  public  doc 
uments  of  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States. 
The  earliest  map  of  the  United  States,  as  such, 


270  HEADER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1782. 

with  bounds  defined  according  to  the  treaty  of 
1783,  was  published  April  3,  1783,  by  John 
Wallis,  London,  and  is  fac-similed  in  Jones's  New 
York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  ii.  313.  Maps 
showing  the  bounds  as  fixed  by  the  treaty  were 
published  at  once  in  Philadelphia  by  Pursell,  in 
Paris  by  Lattre,  in  Germany  by  Giissefeld,  and 
in  Amsterdam  "  d'apres  Mr.  Bonne."  See  also 
Political  Magazine,  Feb.  1783 ;  Andrews's  History 
of  the  War,  etc.  Gen.  Chamberlain's  Maine, 
Her  Place  in  History,  has  a  map  showing  the 
bounds  of  1783  and  the  subsequent  growth  of 
the  territorial  limits. 

The  British  had  advanced  claims  as  far  west 
as  the  Penobscot  and  even  the  Kennebec,  and  to 
the  territory  south  of  the  great  lakes,  under  the 
terms  of  the  Quebec  Act,  passed  at  the  beginning 
of  the  troubles,  but  they  were  abandoned. 

The  whole  question  of  the  cession  by  Virginia 
of  the  northwest  territory,  and  of  the  rival  claims 
of  other  states  and  of  land  companies,  as  affecting 
the  question  of  boundary,  is  gone  over  in  Rives's 
Life  of  Madison,  i.  ch.  15.  Cf.  Journals  of  Con 
gress  ;  Madison's  Debates  and  Correspondence,  ii. ; 
Thomas  Paine's  Public  Good,  an  argument  against 
the  claims  of  Virginia  ;  Histories  of  Virginia  and 
of  the  northwestern  states. 

The  question  of  the  bounds  and  independence 
of  Vermont  has  already  been  referred  to  under 
1778.  Congress  was  again  engaged  with  the 


1782.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  271 

subject  during  the  period  now  under  considera 
tion.  Madison's  Debates  and  Correspondence,  i. 
Rives's  Madison,  i.  465.  Ira  Allen's  Political 
History  of  Vermont.  Stone's  Life  of  Brant,  ii. 
199. 

The  Fisheries.  —  For  the  right  to  take  fish 
on  the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  etc.,  see  John 
Adams's  Works,  i.  380  ;  iii.  328  ;  J.  C.  Hamilton's 
Republic,  ii.  482  ;  Sabine's  Report  on  American 
Fisheries  ;  Wells's  Samuel  Adams,  iii.  150. 

The  Loyalists.  —  The  British  agents  endeavored 
long  to  make  the  United  States,  rather  than  their 
own  government,  indemnify  the  loyalists  for 
sacrifices  ;  but  Franklin's  intimation  that  an  equi 
table  equivalent  would  be  the  British  indemnifi 
cation  for  ravages  by  their  troops,  stayed  the  claim. 
Wilmot's  Historical  View  of  the  Commission  for 
inquiry  into  the  losses,  services,  and  claims  of  the 
American  loyalists.  Sabine's  American  Loyalists, 
ch.  10  and  11.  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revo 
lutionary  War,  ii.  237,  has  a  tory  view,  and  in  ii. 
510,  is  given  the  New  York  act  of  forfeiture,  in 
1779.  Franklin's  Works,  ix.  426.  Wells's  Sam 
uel  Adams,  iii.  182. 

The  condition  of  the  negotiations  were  some 
what  affected  by  the  political  situation  of  Ireland. 
Bancroft,  x.  John  Adams's  Works,  i.  379.  Me 
moirs  of  the  Court  and  Cabinet  of  George  the 
Third,  i.  66-136.  Also  by  Rodney's  defeat  of  De 


272  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1782. 

Grasse  and  the  French  fleet  in  the  West  Indies. 
Bancroft,  x.  ch.  27.  James's  and  other  histories 
of  the  British  navy.  The  Age  of  Pitt  and  Fox, 
App.,  London,  1846. 

Nov.  30, 1782,  the  provisional  treaty  was  signed 
at  Paris.  Lyman's  Diplomacy  of  the  United 
States,  i.  ch.  4.  Bancroft's  United  States,  x.  59. 
Hildreth,  iii.  ch.  45.  Irving's  Washington,  iv.  ch. 
32.  Treaties  and  Conventions  of  the  United 
States,  1871,  p.  309.  Stanhope's  England,  vi. 
Diplomatic  Correspondence,  x.  109, 115.  Austin's 
Gerry,  ch.  24.  The  Commissioners  addressed  Sec 
retary  Livingston  concerning  this  preliminary 
treaty.  John  Adams's  Works,  viii.  18.  This 
dispatch  was  laid  before  Congress  March  12, 1783, 
and  for  the  views  of  Congress  on  the  Commission 
ers'  proceeding  without  the  knowledge  of  the 
French  Court,  see  Rives's  Madison,  i.  352 ;  J.  C. 
Hamilton's  Republic,  ii.  488  ;  Journals  of  Con 
gress. 

Vergennes  addressed  Luzerne  in  Philadelphia 
in  deprecation  of  the  want  of  confidence  shown. 
Sparks's  Franklin,  i.  ch.  14  ;  ix.  452.  Livingston 
sent  a  reproving  letter  to  the  Commissioners.  Di 
plomatic  Correspondence,  x.  129  ;  Rives's  Madi 
son,  i.  372.  Several  drafts  of  a  Reply  are  given 
in  John  Adams's  Works,  i.  App.  F. ;  also  see  i.  p. 
375,  and  viii.  87,  and  Franklin's  Works,  ix.  532. 

There  is  a  correspondence  of  Jay  and  J.  Q. 
Adams  on  the  treaty  in  the  Magazine  of  American 
History,  Jan.  1879. 


1783.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  273 

The  story  sometimes  repeated,  that  Franklin  at 
the  signing  wore  the  identical  suit  of  Manchester 
velvet  in  which  he  was  dressed  when  he  was  in 
sulted  at  the  Privy  Council,  is  discredited.  Sparks's 
Franklin,  p.  488.  Concerning  the  history  of  a  por 
trait  of  Franklin,  painted  by  Greuze,  and  given 
by  Franklin  to  Oswald,  and  now  in  the  Boston 
Public  Library,  see  the  Report  of  that  library 
for  1872,  App.,  with  memorandum  by  Charles 
Sumner. 

Jan.  20,- 1783.  The  provisional  treaty  between 
Great  Britain  and  France  signed  at  Paris.  Sparks's 
Washington,  viii.  407,  and  the  histories  of  Eng 
land. 

The  provisional  treaty  of  Nov.  30,  1782,  was 
assailed  in  Parliament,  and  was  one  of  the  causes 
of  the  dissolution  of  the  Shelburne  ministry.  Van 
Schaack's  Life  and  Letters.  David  Hartley  suc 
ceeded  Oswald  in  the  further  negotiations  for  the 
definitive  treaty.  Rives's  Madison,  i.  497.  John 
Adams's  Works,  viii.  78.  Eight  or  nine  months 
of  fruitless  diplomacy  resulted  in  the  terms  of  the 
provisional  treaty  being  exactly  agreed  upon  for 
the  definitive  treaty,  signed  Sept.  3,  1783.  Con 
gress  ratified  it  Jan.  14,  1784;  the  King,  April 
9th  ;  and  Franklin  notified  Congress,  May  13th. 
Works,  x.  87,  95,  96.  The  treaty  is  given  in 
Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  ii. 


274  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF  [1783. 

The  Newburgh  Addresses,  March,  1783. 

In  Dec.  1782,  the  army  had  made  representa 
tions  to  Congress,  setting  forth  its  sufferings  from 
want  of  pay.  Journals  of  Congress,  iv.  206. 
Madison's  Debates  and  Correspondence,  i.  256. 
Rives's  Life  of  Madison,  i.  383. 

Nothing  satisfactory  coming  of  this  appeal,  a 
movement  of  uncertain  extent  to  demand  of  Con 
gress  a  redress  of  grievances  manifested  itself  in 
anonymous  addresses  to  the  army,  calling  for  a 
meeting,  and  written,  as  afterwards  acknowledged, 
by  Maj.  Armstrong,  of  Gates's  staff.  Hasty  ac 
tion  was  prevented  by  Washington's  interposition. 
The  original  autograph  of  his  address  is  in  the 
cabinet  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 
and  a  fac-simile  of  it  was  issued  by  that  society 
in  1876.  The  addresses,  as  written  by  Arm 
strong,  are  given  in  Sparks's  Washington,  viii. 
551.  More  or  less  extended  accounts  of  the  pro 
ceedings  incident  to  this  attempt  to  coerce  the 
civil  by  the  military  power  will  be  found  in  Pick 
ering's  Life  of  Timothy  Pickering,  i.  ch.  29,  30, 
and  31;  Sparks's  Washington,  viii.  369,  393, 
551  ;  Marshall's  Washington,  iv.  587 ;  Irving's 
Washington,  iv.  ch.  31 ;  Rives's  Madison,  i.  392  ; 
Quincy's  Life  of  Shaw,  101  ;  J.  C.  Hamilton's 
Republic,  ii.  365,  385,  and  his  Life  of  Alexander 
Hamilton,  ii.  68  ;  Hildreth's  United  States,  iii. 
ch.  45 ;  Dunlap's  New  York,  ii.  230 ;  Journals  of 
Congress,  iv.  213. 


1783.]          THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  275 

Hostilities  Cease,  1783. 

Meanwhile,  April  19,  1783,  a  publication  of  the 
cessation  of  hostilities  was  made  in  the  camp  at 
Newburgh.  Sparks's  Washington,  viii.  425,  and 
App.  13.  Heath's  Memoirs.  Madison's  Debates, 
etc.,  i.  437.  Diplomatic  Correspondence,  ii.  319- 
329  ;  x.  121 ;  xi.  320. 

On  Washington's  headquarters  at  Newburgh, 
see  Lossing's  Field-Book,  and  J.  T.  Headley  in 
Galaxy,  xxii. 

May,  1783.  The  Society  of  the  Cincinnati 
formed  among  the  officers  of  the  army.  Kapp's 
Steuben,  ch.  26.  Heath's  Memoirs,  p.  381.  Penn 
sylvania  Historical  Society's  Memoirs,  vi.  Win- 
throp  Sargent  in  the  North  American  Review, 
Oct.  1853.  Loring's  Hundred  Boston  Orators,  p. 
184.  The  scheme  was  not  approved  by  many. 
Wells's  Samuel  Adams,  iii.  202.  Austin's  Gerry, 
ch.  25.  Franklin's  Works,  x.  58.  Chief  among 
the  tracts  in  opposition  was  Cassius's  (Judge 
Burke  of  South  Carolina)  Considerations  on  the 
Society  or  Order  of  Cincinnati,  1783.  The  orig 
inal  Institution  and  Proceedings  were  printed  at 
Boston,  1812.  There  have  been  various  minor 
publications  about  the  society,  and  there  is  an  ex 
tensive  History  of  the  Massachusetts  Society  by 
F.  S.  Drake. 

June  8, 1783.  The  circular  letter  of  Washing 
ton  to  the  governors  of  the  states,  taking  leave  of 


276  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF  [1783. 

them  and  expressing  hopes  for  the  future,  is  in 
Sparks's  Washington,  viii.  439.  Irving's  Wash 
ington,  iv.  394. 

Oct.  18,  1783.  Proclamation  disbanding  the 
army. 

Nov.  2,  1783.  Washington's  Farewell  Address. 
Sparks's  Washington,  viii.  491.  Irving's  Wash 
ington,  iv.  402. 

Nov.  25,  1783.  New  York  evacuated  by  the 
British.  Irving's  Washington,  iv.  ch.  33.  New. 
York  during  the  Revolution,  New  York,  1861. 
Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  ii. 
504.  Histories  of  the  City  of  New  York. 

Maps  of  the  city  at  this  time  are  in  Moore's 
Diary,  ii.  498 ;  Political  Magazine,  1781 ;  Dunlap's 
New  York,  i. 

Dec.  4,  1783.  Washington  parts  with  his  of 
ficers  in  New  York.  Lives  of  Washington  by 
Marshall  and  Irving. 

In  Philadelphia,  Washington  deposited  his  ac 
counts  during  the  war,  1775-1783,  in  his  own 
hand, —  a  document  now  in  the  Treasury  Depart 
ment  at  Washington.  A  fac-simile  of  the  MS 
was  published  in  1837. 

Dec.  23,  1783.  Washington  resigned  his  com 
mission  to  Congress  at  Annapolis.  Sparks's  Wash 
ington,  viii.  504,  and  App.  14.  Marshall's  Wash 
ington,  iv.  622. 

An  account  of  John  Gray  of  Mount  Vernon, 
the  last  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  by  J.  M.  Dal- 
zell,  was  printed  at  Washington,  1868. 


GENERAL  RECORDS  OF   THE  WAR. 

Explanation. 

IN  the  previous  sections  of  this  Handbook, 
special  points  of  the  conflict,  arranged  approxi 
mately  in  a  chronological  order,  are  illustrated  by 
references  to  monographs,  more  or  less  confined 
in  scope,  and  to  parts  of  more  general  works.  It 
seems  convenient  to  add  a  survey  of  the  principal 
works  covering  the  whole  period,  and  to  indicate 
a  few  of  the  lesser  ones,  as  typical ;  and  also  to 
mark  some  of  the  chief  sources  of  contemporary 
information,  comprehensive  in  their  character. 

American  Contemporary  Records. 

The  Journals  of  Congress  begin  Sept.  1774. 
Henry  Armitt  Brown  delivered,  in  1874,  a  cen 
tennial  oration  on  the  anniversary  of  the  meeting 
of  this  Congress.  The  first  volume  of  the  Journals 
goes  through  1775.  After  that  there  was  a  vol 
ume  each  year  through  the  struggle.  The  vol 
ume  for  1774-1775  was  reprinted  by  Almon  in 
London,  1775. 

The  Secret  Journals  of  Congress  begin  1775, 
when  the  Committee  of  Secret  Correspondence 


278  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF 

began  to  communicate  with  agents  in  Europe, 
and  the  title  of  this  committee  was  changed  to  the 
Committee  of  Foreign  Affairs,  April  17,  1777. 
These  Secret  Journals  are  concerned  with  their 
proceedings  down  to  the  close  of  the  war.  G.  W. 
Greene  says :  "  In  using  the  Journals  of  Congress, 
I  have  constantly  had  occasion  to  regret  the  awk 
ward  separation  of  the  Secret*  Journals  from  the 
main  collection,  and  the  want  of  a  new  edition 
based  upon  an  accurate  collation  of  the  original 
manuscript,  and  completed  by  the  insertion  of 
the  fragments  of  debates  and  speeches  scattered 
through  the  works  of  Adams,  Jefferson,  Gouver- 
neur  Morris,  and  other  members  of  that  body." 
These  Journals  —  contemporaneous  edition,  13 
vols.,  and  the  reprint  of  1823,  4  vols.  — are  but  a 
selection  from  the  originals  preserved  in  the  De 
partment  of  State.  There  is  a  chapter  on  the 
Congress  of  the  Revolution,  and  another  on  its  re 
lations  to  the  states,  in  G.  W.  Greene's  Historical 
View ;  and  perhaps  the  best  account  of  Congress 
from  1780  to  the  close  of  the  war  is  found  in 
Rives's  Life  of  Madison,  i. 

The  letters  that  passed  between  the  officers  or 
committees  of  Congress  and  its  agents  and  min 
isters  abroad  are  contained  in  the  Diplomatic 
Correspondence  of  the  American  Revolution,  12 
volumes,  1829-1830,  edited  by  Sparks.  After 
Aug.  10,  1781,  the  correspondence  on  the  part  of 
Congress  was  transferred  to  R.  R.  Livingston,  the 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  279 

first  Secretary  of  Foreign  Affairs.  Sparks  used 
this  publication  of  the  government  sometimes  as 
a  medium  through  his  notes  of  his  own  arguments 
and  inferences,  for  which  he  has  been  criticised. 

Cf.  North  American  Review,  xxxii.  on  the  Di 
plomatic  Correspondence  by  Edward  Everett  ; 
and  xlvi.  by  George  Bancroft,  and  xcii.  by  G.  W. 
Greene,  on  the  Documentary  History  ;  also  the 
latter's  Diplomacy  of  the  Revolution  in  his  His 
torical  View,  p.  173. 

Washington's  official  letters  had  first  been 
printed  in  Boston,  New  York,  and  London,  1795- 
1796,  but  Jared  Sparks,  in  1827,  issued  a  pamphlet 
describing  the  papers  of  Washington  (cf.  Ban 
croft,  ix.  preface,  p.  5.),  and  proposed  a  plan  of 
publication  of  them  ;  and  between  1834  and  1837 
he  published  the  Life  and  Writings  of  Washing 
ton,  12  vols., —  an  authority  of  the  highest  impor 
tance.  Sparks's  labors  were  great  and  extremely- 
valuable,  though  his  method  of  editing,  in  recti 
fying  and  dignifying  language  not  originally  in 
tended  for  publication,  has  been  censured  by  Lord 
Mahon  (Earl  Stanhope)  and  others,  in  1851.  In 
his  own  defense  Sparks  published  pamphlets  in 
1852  and  1853.  It  was  shown  that  much  of  the 
alleged  tampering  followed  the  language  of  Wash 
ington's  letter  books,  which  differed  from  the  let 
ters  actually  sent,  and  these  last  at  the  time  were 
not  accessible  to  Sparks,  but  the  differences  were 
made  apparent  on  the  publication  of  W.  B.  Reed's 


280       READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF 

Life  of  Joseph  Reed,  in  1847,  where  Washington's 
letters  as  sent  were  printed.  In  1852  W.  B.  Reed 
reprinted  the  letters  in  dispute  with  marginal 
references,  showing  Sparks's  omissions  and  changes 
and  his  own.  Stanhope,  after  Sparks's  explana 
tion,  gave  his  final  views  in  the  Appendix  of  His 
tory  of  England,  vol.  vi. 

Cf.  Allibone's  Dictionary,  iii.  1203  and  2596, 
for  reference  to  spurious  Letters  of  Gen.  Wash 
ington  to  his  Friends,  1776,  published  in  Lon 
don,  and  afterwards  forming  a  part  of  Washing 
ton's  Epistles,  etc.,  New  York,  1796. 

In  1854  Sparks  edited  the  Correspondence  of 
the  American  Revolution,  4  vols.,  being  chiefly 
letters  addressed  to  Washington  during  the  war, 
and  a  necessary  complement  to  the  letters  of 
Washington.  He  says  in  the  preface,  in  pursuance 
of  his  plan  of  editing,  and  after  his  controversy 
with  Mahon :  "  Errors  of  grammar  and  obvious 
blunders,  the  result  of  hasty  composition,  have 
been  corrected." 

The  measure  of  Sparks's  labors  for  the  history 
of  the  Revolution  is  taken  in  the  Memoir  of  him, 
prepared  by  George  E.  Ellis,  D.  D.,  for  the  Pro 
ceedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society. 
Cf.  also  Historical  Magazine,  May,  1866,  and  the 
references  in  Allibone,  iii.  Col.  Henry  Whiting 
collected  Washington's  orders,  1778,  1780-1782, 
from  the  papers  of  his  father,  John  Whiting,  and 
published  them,  1844.  Ineclited  letters  of  Wash- 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  281 

ington  have  been  printed  in  various  places,  — 
Magazine  of  American  History,  Feb.  1879  ;  Cath 
olic  World,  Nov.  1867  (to  Chastellux),  etc. 

In  1830  the  late  Col.  Peter  Force  projected  a 
documentary  history  of  America  from  1492  to 
1789.  In  1833  Congress  ordered  the  publication 
of  such  portion  of  the  American  Archives  as 
constituted  series  4th  and  5th  of  Col.  Force's  plan, 
covering  1774-1783.  The  4th  series  as  printed 
embraced  the  interval,  March  7,  1774,  to  July  4, 
1776,  6  vols.  folio;  and  of  the  5th  series  only 
3  vols.  ending  with  Dec.  1776,  were  printed,  Con 
gress  ceasing  to  vote  appropriations  for  it.  The 
print  showed  a  literal  following  of  even  obvious 
errors  in  the  originals.  In  1867  the  library  of 
books  and  manuscripts  which  Force  had  collected 
was  purchased  for  the  Library  of  Congress.  A 
report  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  (46th  Con 
gress,  1st  session,  Senate  Misc.  Doc.  No.  34  — 
May  15,  1879)  represents  the  manuscript  mate 
rial,  1776-1789  still  imprinted  as  covering  230,000 
foolscap  pages,  enough  to  make  30  volumes,  match 
ing  those  already  printed.  The  librarian  thinks 
it  desirable  to  print  it  with  "  careful  omissions 
and  additions."  The  volumes  as  printed  take  a 
very  wide  scope  in  selection  from  contemporary 
printed  records  and  manuscripts;  but  the  indexes 
to  each  volume  are  very  inadequate  and  incon 
sistent. 

Niles's  Principles  and  Acts  of  the  Revolution 


282  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF 

is  a  gathering  of  contemporary  opinions  and  do 
ings,  without  chronological  arrangement,  but  with 
an  index.  It  was  reprinted  in  1876. 

Recitals  of  transactions  and  illustrations  of  views 
and  manners  will  be  found  in  the  Diary  of  the 
American  Revolution,  a  daily  record,  consisting  of 
excerpts  from  the  public  prints  and  other  original 
sources,  compiled  by  Frank  Moore,  to  which  may 
be  added  the  same  compiler's  Songs  and  Ballads 
of  the  American  Revolution,  and  W.  Sargent's 
Loyalist  Poetry  of  the  Revolution. 

Thacher's  Military  Journal  during  the  Ameri 
can  Revolutionary  War  gives  the  experiences  and 
observations  of  a  surgeon. 

The  Familiar  Letters  of  John  Adams  and  his 
wife,  Abigail  Adams,  with  a  memoir  of  Mrs. 
Adams,  by  Charles  Francis  Adams,  give  a  picture 
of  the  feelings  of  the  time,  with  glimpses  of  events, 
that  is  of  extreme  value.  Other  similar  illustra 
tions  will  be  found  in  H.  E.  Scudder's  Men  and 
Manners  in  America  One  Hundred  Years  Ago. 
Cf.  Mrs.  Ellet's  Domestic  History  of  the  American 
Revolution. 

The  newspapers  of  the  day  are  of  the  first  im 
portance,  and  for  the  early  stage  of  the  conflict 
they  are  carefully  used  in  Frothingham's  Rise  of 
the  Republic,  and  Moore  in  his  Diary  of  the 
American  Revolution  constantly  gives  extracts 
from  them.  The  principal  ones  of  New  England 
are  named  on  p.  7  of  this  Handbook,  and  others 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  283 

can  be  enumerated  from  the  references  of  Froth- 
ingham  and  Moore.  Rivington  published  in  New 
York  the  principal  paper  in  the  British  interest, 
known  as  The  Gazetteer,  1773-1775,  and  as  the 
Loyal  and  then  Royal  Gazette,  after  1777.  Hud 
son's  Journalism  in  the  United  States.  Buck 
ingham's  Specimens  of  Newspaper  Literature. 
Sabine's  American  Loyalists,  2d  ed.  ch.  5  of  in 
troduction.  Jones's  New  York  in  the  Revolution 
ary  War,  i.  561. 

The  contemporary  utterances  of  the  pulpit  are 
traced  in  Thornton's  Pulpit  of  the  Revolution, 
and  in  The  Patriot  Preachers  of  the  Revolution. 
Cf.  Sprague's  Annals  of  the  American  Pulpit. 
J.  T.  Headley's  Chaplains  and  Clergy  of  the 
Revolution. 

A  controversy  was  conducted  in  the  Historical 
Magazine  by  H.  B.  Dawson  and  others,  about  the 
disloyalty  of  the  Methodists  during  the  war.  Cf. 
the  numbers  for  1867,  May,  June,  Sept.  and  Dec. 

For  the  effect  and  traces  of  the  eloquence  of  the 
time,  see  the  lives  of  Patrick  Henry  and  the  other 
leaders  ;  E.  L.  Magoon's  Orators  of  the  Ameri 
can  Revolution  ;  Frank  Moore's  American  Elo 
quence  ;  Rufus  Choate's  Address  on  the  Eloquence 
of  the  Revolution.  An  "account  of  the  various 
conventions  during  the  war  is  given  in  Jameson's 
Constitutional  Convention. 

Joseph  M.  Toner  printed  in  1876  the  Medical 
Men  of  the  Revolution,  with  a  brief  history  of  the 


284  READER'S  HANDBOOK   OF 

medical  department  of  the  Continental  army, 
containing  the  names  of  nearly  1,200  physicians. 

Bancroft,  in  his  prefaces,  vols.  vi.,  ix.,  and  x., 
indicates  the  chief  manuscript  sources,  public  and 
private,  in  this  country  and  in  England  and  on 
the  Continent,  upon  which  he  depends.  He  says 
of  the  military  MSS.  which  he  procured  from  Ger 
many  :  "  that  they  are,  in  the  main,  the  most  im 
partial  of  all  which  have  been  preserved."  The 
Papers  of  Gov.  Hutchinson  of  Massachusetts,  Gov. 
Trumbull  of  Connecticut,  of  Gen.  Heath,  and  of 
John  Hancock,  are  in  the  Massachusetts  Histor 
ical  Society's  Cabinet.  The  papers  of  Horatio 
Gates  and  Baron  Steuben  are  in  the  New  York 
Historical  Society's  Cabinet ;  those  of  Gen.  Knox 
are  in  the  library  of  the  New  England  Historic 
Genealogical  Society  ;  those  of  Hopkins  and  Fos 
ter  in  the  Rhode  Island  Historical  Society's  li 
brary  ;  those  of  Arthur  and  Richard  Henry  Lee 
are  divided  between  the  libraries  of  Harvard  Col 
lege,  American  Philosophical  Society  in  Philadel 
phia,  and  the  University  of  Virginia  ;  those,  both 
originals  and  copies,  gathered  by  Sparks,  are  in 
Harvard  College  Library.  The  Journals  of  Gen. 
Henry  Dearborn  are  in  the  Boston  Public  Li 
brary. 

There  is  also  a  large  mass  of  papers  in  the 
government  archives,  in  those  of  the  original 
states,  and  in  the  Force  Collection  in  the  Library 
of  Congress. 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.        >   285 

The  lives  of  John  Adams,  Samuel  Adams, 
Thomas  Jefferson,  James  Madison,  Joseph  Reed, 
Alexander  Hamilton,  Timothy  Pickering,  Gener 
als  Greene,  Sullivan,  Wayne,  and  other  actors  in 
the  struggle,  are  based  upon  papers  still  preserved. 
The  prefaces  of  such  lives  usually  describe  these 
collections.  Other  manuscripts  have  been  men 
tioned  in  previous  pages. 

British.  Contemporary  Records. 

A  Calendar  of  the  Journals  of  the  Lords  was 
published  in  London  in  1810 ;  and  general  indexes 
of  the  Journals  of  the  Lords,  before  1779,  and 
after  1780,  were  printed  respectively  in  1817  and 
1832 ;  and  of  the  Journals  of  the  Commons,  cov 
ering  1714-1774,  and  1774-1790,  respectively  in 
1778  and  1796. 

The  Parliamentary  Register,  beginning  1774, 
was  printed  in  London,  1775,  and  continued  yearly 
till  1779. 

Almon's  Remembrancer  was  begun  in  London, 
June  15,  1775,  but  the  second  edition  of  the  first 
volume  of  the  Remembrancer  has  preliminary 
matter  not  contained  in  the  earlier  issue.  Its 
purpose  was  to  gather  from  English  and  American 
sources  the  fugitive  and  contemporary  accounts  of 
transactions,  remembering  chiefly,  says  Smyth, 
"  such  letters,  speeches,  and  publications  as  serve 
to  display  the  injustice  of  the  design  and  the  folly 
of  the  councils  of  Great  Britain." 


286    '  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF 

The  Gentleman's  Magazine,  London  Magazine, 
and  other  periodic  publications  of  the  day  follow 
the  current  of  events  and  variations  of  opinion, 
and  the  official  reports  of  the  officers  in  the  field, 
when  gazetted  in  London,  were  often  reproduced 
in  them.  u  Publications  like  these,"  says  Prof. 
Smyth,  lecture  26,  "  give  the  manners  and  opin 
ions  living  as  they  rise,  and  seem  to  have  been  the 
precursors  of  the  more  ample  and  regular  Annual 
Register." 

Early  American  Histories. 

There  was  printed  in  Boston,  1781-1785,  An 
Impartial  History  of  the  War  in  America  in  three 
sections,  which  is  in  part  a  reprint  of  a  work  with 
a  similar  title,  published  in  London  in  1780,  but 
with  large  alterations  and  additions  to  adapt  it 
to  the  American  public,  and  with  a  different  ap 
pendix. 

The  Rev.  Wm.  Gordon,  an  Englishman,  came 
to  New  England  in  1770,  and  was  settled  at  Rox- 
bury,  Mass.,  and  beginning  to  collect  material  as 
early  as  1777  (John  Adams's  Works,  ix.  461),  he 
returned  to  England  after  the  peace,  and  pub 
lished  in  London,  in  1788,  his  History  of  the  Rise, 
Progress,  and  Establishment  of  the  Independence 
of  the  United  States,  4  vols.,  a  somewhat  minute 
chronicle,  and  impartial  in  the  distribution  of 
praise  and  blame.  He  is  thought  not  to  have  ad 
mitted  some  statements  for  fear  of  persecution  in 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  287 

England.  Bancroft,  ix.  123,  says  that,  "  notwith 
standing  its  faults,  it  is  invaluable,  but  is  by  no 
means  free  from  tales  that  on  examination  are 
found  untrustworthy."  C.  F.  Adams  says  it  has 
"  a  great  deal  of  value  with  difficulty  to  be  found 
in  any  other  quarter."  W.  B.  Reed,  Life  of  Joseph 
Reed,  i.  240,  calls  it  "  ponderous,  curious,  and  ill- 
digested  ; "  and  says  the  author  had  "  access  to 
much  that  was  authentic,  but  made  strange  and 
often  mischievous  use  of  it,"  making  his  work 
"  quite  as  much  a  British  as  an  American  ver 
sion."  Smyth  praises  him  for  his  impartiality. 
See  an  account  of  Gordon  and  his  history  by  J. 
S.  Loring  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  Feb.  and 
March,  1862. 

In  1790,  Ramsay,  a  South  Carolinian,  published 
his  History  of  the  American  Revolution,  more 
concisely  written  than  Gordon,  and  held  to  be 
superior  to  Gordon  by  Smyth. 

A  small  History  of  the  American  Revolution, 
by  John  Lendrum,  was  printed  in  Boston,  in 
1795  ;  and  a  History  of  the  British  Empire,  1765- 
1783,  covering  the  war,  was  prepared  by  a  "  so 
ciety  of  gentlemen,"  and  printed  in  Philadelphia 
in  1798.  A  compiled  Historical  Journal  of  the 
American  War  is  given  in  the  second  volume  of 
the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society's  Collections. 

Mrs.  Mercy  Warren's  History  of  the  Revolu 
tionary  War,  printed  in  1805,  is  of  interest  as  a 
reflex  of  intelligent  comment  by  a  contemporary, 


288  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF 

and  intimate  friend  of  leading  patriots.  She  had 
differences  with  John  Adams  regarding  the  esti 
mate  to  be  put  on  some  of  them,  and  their  corre 
spondence  on  these  points  has  been  printed  in  the 
Collections  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  So 
ciety,  5th  series,  iv. 

Early  British  Histories. 

Erskine  May  says,  "No  part  of  English  his 
tory  has  received  more  copious  illustration  than 
the  revolt  of  the  American  colonies." 

Capt.  Hall's  Civil  War  in  America,  1780,  never 
reached  a  second  volume,  and  the  first  ends  with 
1777. 

The  continued  narrative  in  successive  volumes 
of  the  Annual  Register,  beginning  with  vol.  xix., 
will  show  the  course  of  British  feeling,  and  these 
accounts  are  largely  embodied  in  An  Impartial 
History  of  the  War  in  America,  to  1779,  pub 
lished  in  London  in  1780.  The  sections  in  the 
Annual  Register  are  usually  ascribed  to  Edmund 
Burke,  and  they  were  made  into  A  Concise  His 
tory  of  the  Late  War  in  America,  published  in 
the  Columbian  Magazine,  in  1789,  and  separately 
in  1790.  Cf.  Wells's  Samuel  Adams,  iii.  41. 

Contemporary  impressions,  with  the  usual  inac 
curacies  of  hurriedly  compiled  histories,  are  found 
in  Murray's  War  in  America,  1778,  and  in  An- 
drews's  History  of  the  Late  War,  1785-1786. 

Thomas  Jones,  a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  289 

of  the  Province  of  New  York,  and  a  loyalist, 
living  on  Long  Island  during  part  of  the  war 
within  the  British  lines,  and  for  another  portion 
a  prisoner  in  Connecticut,  wrote  in  England,  just 
after  the  close  of  the  war,  a  History  of  New  York 
in  the  Revolutionary  War,  which  is  largely,  how 
ever,  a  history  of  the  conflict  generally.  It  re 
mained  in  MS.,  and  had  never  been  used  by  any 
historical  writer  when  it  was  first  printed,  in  1879, 
by  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  in  two  large 
octavos,  edited  with  extensive  notes  by  E.  F.  De 
Lancey.  It  is  a  valuable  contribution  to  a  his 
tory  of  the  war  from  a  side  which  has  not  yielded 
much  of  its  kind,  representing  the  common  hear 
say  accounts  at  the  time  of  many  important  trans 
actions.  The  writer  divides  his  condemnation  in 
nearly  equal  proportions  between  the  "  rebels  " 
and  the  ministry  with  their  soldiers.  The  loyal 
ists  in  his  narrative  are  represented  as  abused  by 
both.  Simcoe's  Journal  of  the  Queen's  Rangers 
was  privately  printed  in  1787,  and  reprinted  in 
New  York  in  1843.  It  begins  after  the  battle  of 
Brandywine  in  1777. 

The  chief  contemporary  British  authority  is  % 
Stedman's  History  of  the  American  War,  1794, 
a  valuable  record  by  an  intelligent  eye-witness, 
the  author  serving  under  General  Howe,  but  hav 
ing  little  faith  in  him  as  a  general.  Stedman  is, 
however,  of  no  authority  in  matters  not  military. 

19 


290  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF 

It  has  been  asserted  that  his  work  was  written  by 
Dr.  William  Thomson. 

Later  American  Histories. 

Dr.  Abiel  Holmes's  American  Annals,  1492- 
1805,  published  1805,  and  improved  and  con 
tinued  to  1826  in  1829.  It  is  a  careful  chrono 
logical  arrangement  of  events,  with  references  to 
authorities,  and  of  importance  in  its  day  and  still 
useful. 

A  History  of  the  American  Revolution  of  little 
value  was  published  in  Baltimore  in  1822,  pur 
porting  to  be  by  Paul  Allen,  but  said  to  be  in 
great  part  by  John  Neal. 

Timothy  Pitkin  of  Connecticut  published  in 
1828  a  Political  and  Civil  History  of  the  United 
States,  1763-1797,  two  volumes,  which  Sparks 
calls  a  first  attempt  to  disconnect  political  events 
from  the  military  operations. 

James  Grahame's  History  of  the  United  States 
comes  down  only  to  the  Declaration  of  Independ 
ence.  Originally  published  in  1836,  it  was  .  re 
issued  in  this  country  in  1845,  under  the  super 
vision  of  Josiah  Quincy,  who  was  furnished  with 
the  MS.  emendations  left  by  the  author.  It  is  a 
well-sustained  work  by  an  ardent  admirer  of 
American  principles. 

As  coming  after  much  had  been  wrought  by 
others,  and  as  having  had  access  to  materials  of 
the  highest  importance,  particularly  as  regards 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  291 

the  European  relations  of  the  contest,  the  vol 
umes  of  Bancroft's  History  of  the  United  States, 
covering  the  war,  constitute  the  chief  authorita 
tive  general  narrative.  Bancroft  is  controverted 
on  points,  but  such  have  been  mentioned  in  the 
progress  of  these  notes.  The  original  issue  of 
this  work,  coining  out  between  1834  and  1875, 
makes  ten  volumes,  of  which  vols.  vii.  to  x.  cover 
the  Revolution.  The  plates  of  the  several  vol 
umes  have  undergone  correction  and  revision,  and 
sets  may  not  wholly  correspond.  In  1876  he  re 
issued  the  whole  in  a  revised  centennial  edition 
in  six  volumes,  but  this  edition  does  not  supersede 
the  original  work. 

Lossing's  Field-Book  of  the  Revolution  takes  up 
the  events,  not  in  chronological  sequence,  but  as 
they  arose  in  his  travels  through  the  country  in 
search  of  anecdotes  and  memorials  of  the  contests, 
and  he  gives  particular  interest  to  the  landscape 
and  landmarks,  in  connection  with  their  Revolu 
tionary  associations. 

Col.  Carrington's  Battles  of  the  American  Rev 
olution  is  a  history  applying  the  principles  of 
military  criticism ;  and  Dawson's  Battles  of  the 
United  States  often  gives  the  contemporary  official 
accounts. 

Mention  can  be  made  of  only  a  few  of  the  less 
distinctive  or  more  condensed  and  popular  general 
accounts.  Hildreth's  United  States  for  the  events 
of  the  war  is  too  much  summarized  for  any  but 


292  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF 

those  wishing  a  mere  abstract  of  military  events. 
Ridpath's  United  States  is  a  convenient  summary, 
with  maps.  The  histories  of  the  United  States 
by  J.  H.  Patton,  Tucker,  and  J.  A.  Spencer ; 
Mrs.  A.  S.  Richardson's  History  of  Our  Coun 
try  ;  C.  E.  Lester's  Our  First  Hundred  Years,  — 
all  are  intended  in  one  way  or  another  to  supply 
popular  wants.  C.  C.  Coffin's  Boys  of  '76  offers 
the  general  reader  a  convenient  gathering  of  plans 
of  the  various  battles.  Headley's  Washington 
and  his  Generals  was  popular  thirty  years  ago  as 
a  somewhat  spirited  portrayal  of  personal  charac 
teristics.  Abbott's  Paragraph  History  is  an  out 
line,  something  like  an  amplified  contents-table  of 
an  Extended  history. 

Later  British  Histories. 

Belsham's  Memoirs  of  the  Reign  of  George  the 
Third,  1760-1793,  was  published  1795-1801,  and 
was  afterwards  embodied  in  his  History  of  Great 
Britain,  1806.  He  espouses  the  side  of  the  colo 
nists,  and  Smyth  considers  him  far  more  reason 
able  than  Adolphus,  whose  History  of  England, 
1760-1783,  was  published  in  1802.  Adolphus 
defends  the  king's  ministers,  and  Smyth  says  that 
he  very  fairly  puts  the  reader  in  possession  of  the 
opposing  views  of  Chatham. 

Beatson's  Naval  and  Military  Memoirs  of  Great 
Britain,  1804. 

These  early  narratives,  however,  are  largely  f ol- 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  293 

lowed  by  the  later  British  historians.  Earl  Stan 
hope  (Mahon),  in  his  History  of  England,  vol.  vi., 
is  not  so  favorable  to  the  colonists  as  Massey,  in 
his  History,  vol.  ii.  Cf.  Reviews  of  Mahon  in 
North  American  Review,  July,  1852  (by  J.  G. 
Palfrey),  and  Jan.  1855.  The  account  of  the 
Reign  of  George  III.,  in  the  Pictorial  History  of 
England,  has  a  strong  tory  leaning.  Knight's 
Popular  History  of  England  will  show  the  aver 
age  British  views  of  recent  days. 

There  are  six  lectures  on  the  American  war  at 
the  close  of  Smyth's  Modern  History,  which  ex 
press  the  better  British  feeling  of  sixty  years  ago, 
and  they  are  accompanied  by  some  advice  on  the 
best  methods  of  studying  the  period.  In  treating 
of  the  preliminaries  of  the  war  he  relies  largely 
upon  the  debates  in  Parliament. 

Sparks,  in  1841,  said  of  Smyth  :  "  It  would  be 
difficult  to  find  any  treatise  on  the  American  Rev 
olution  confined  within  the  compass  of  six  lectures 
from  which  so  much  can  be  learned,  or  so  accurate 
an  estimate  of  the  merits  of  both  sides  of  the 
question  can  be  formed." 

There  are  very  brief  statements  regarding  the 
part  borne  by  the  various  British  regiments  in 
the  series  of  the  Regimental  Historical  Records. 

Of  the  less  important  British  histories  covering 
the  war,  mention  may  be  made  of  Chalmers's 
Revolt  of  the  American  Colonies,  for  its  legal 
bearing  ;  Bartlett's  and  Woodward's  History  of 


294  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF 

the  United  States,  a  pictorial  record  distinctively  ; 
Mackay's  United  States ;  the  convenient  and 
graphic  summary,  Ludlow's  War  of  American 
Independence,  in  the  Epochs  of  Modern  History 
Series ;  Tancock's  England  during  the  American 
and  European  Wars,  1765-1820,  in  the  Epochs 
of  English  History  series;  and  popular  histories 
by  Cassell  and  others. 

Green,  in  his  Short  History  of  the  English 
People,  says :  "  The  two  sides  of  the  American 
quarrel  have  been  told  with  the  purpose  of  fair 
ness  and  truthfulness,  though  with  a  very  differ 
ent  bias,  by  Lord  Stanhope  and  by  Bancroft.  The 
latter  is  by  far  the  more  detailed  and  picturesque ; 
the  former,  perhaps,  the  cooler  and  more  impar 
tial." 

French  and  Italian  Histories. 

Various  histories  of  the  war  were  published  in 
France,  most  of  little  value,  except  as  reflecting 
incidentally  the  French  sentiments,  —  such  as  Le- 
boucher's  Histoire  de  la  Guerre  de  lTnde*pendance 
des  Etats  Unis,  which  gives  maps  of  the  northern 
and  southern  colonies. 

Sparks,  however,  Washington's  Writings,  viii. 
135,  says  of  Soule's  Histoire  des  Troubles  de 
rAmdrique  Anglaise,  that  it  is  "  the  best  written 
and  most  authentic  in  the  French  language.  The 
author  had  access  to  public  documents,  but  all  the 
particulars  relating  to  the  operations  of  Rochain- 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  295 

beau's  army  are  taken  almost  word  for  word  from 
a  narrative  which  had  been  drawn  up  by  Rocham- 
beau,  and  which  was  afterwards  published  as  a 
part  of  his  Memoires.  A  large  portion  of  Soul's 
book  was  read  in  manuscript  by  Rochambeau  and 
the  Minister  of  War." 

There  is  a  paper  on  the  French  in  the  American 
Revolution  in  the  Revue  Militaire  Fran^aise  for 
1870,  ii.  ;  and  various  French  narratives  are  men 
tioned  in  connection  with  the  record  of  their  par 
ticipation  in  the  war  in  previous  pages.  A  list  of 
French  officers,  appointed  to  the  army  by  Con 
gress,  is  given  in  Hilliard  d'Auberteuil's  Essais 
historiques,  and  is  reprinted  in  the  Magazine  of 
American  History,  June,  1879. 

An  Italian,  Botta,  published  in  1809  what  was 
long  accounted  the  best  History  of  the  American 
Revolution.  Jefferson  called  it  the  best  yet  writ 
ten  in  his  day,  but  took  exception  to  the  speeches, 
which,  after  the  manner  of  the  ancients,  are  put 
into  the  actors'  mouths.  Bancroft  styles  it  ad 
mirable.  It  was  translated  into  English  by  G.  W. 
Otis,  of  Boston,  and  is  reviewed  in  the  North 
American  Review,  xiii.,  by  F.  C.  Gray. 

A  French  translation  of  it  appeared,  with  an 
introduction,  in  which  the  papers  of  Gerard,  the 
French  minister  to  Congress,  had  been  used. 

There  was  published  in  Genoa  in  1879,  under 
the  editing  of  G.  Colucci,  the  official  correspond 
ence  of  the  Genoese  ambassador  in  London  during 


296  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF 

the  American  Revolution,  —  I  Casi  della  Guerra 
per  1'Indipendenza  d'America,  two  volumes,  — 
with  an  extended  preface  on  the  thirteen  colonies. 
These  dispatches,  written  by  Francesco  Ageno, 
begin  in  1770  and  end  in  Dec.  1780. 

Biographies. 

Most  of  the  lives  of  the  principal  actors,  cover 
ing  but  their  personal  experiences,  can  hardly  be 
classed  as  general  works,  but  from  his  position 
Washington  has  given  his  biographers  grounds  for 
making  their  works  in  large  part  extended  nar 
ratives  of  the  war. 

In  1805  Marshall  brought  out  his  Life  of  Wash 
ington,  and  he  had  peculiar  advantages  in  the  use 
of  Washington's  papers,  as  well  as  from  a  per 
sonal  knowledge  of  him,  and  by  reason  of  his  own 
participation  in  the  conflict.  He  gave  a  sedate 
and  trustworthy  character  to  his  work,  which  ren 
ders  it  still  of  prime  interest,  notwithstanding 
later  developments,  and  notwithstanding  a  treat 
ment  of  the  subject  that  to  some  will  appear  dull. 
It  was  originally  issued  in  five  volumes,  both 
quarto  and  octavo,  and  was  reissued  in  1832  in 
two  volumes,  without  the  introduction  or  colonial 
history. 

Sparks's  Life  of  Washington,  making  vol.  1  of 
Washington's  Writings,  and  published  also  sepa 
rately,  is  of  excellent  reputation  for  accuracy.  Cf. 
Allibone's  references  to  reviews  of  it  in  his  Die- 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  297 

tionary,  iii.  2192.  Guizot  translated  and  con 
densed  Sparks's  twelve  volumes  into  six,  1839- 
1840,  and  furnished  a  succinct  and  judicious  in 
troductory  sketch,  which  preceded  a  life  by  De 
Witt,  and  which  has  also  been  printed  separately 
as  his  Vie  de  Washington.  C.  W.  Upham  made 
up  an  Autobiography  of  Washington  by  detach 
ing  extracts  from  his  writings,  which  has  been 
successful  in  England,  though  the  publication  of 
it  was  stopped  in  this  country,  as  infringing  the 
copyright  of  Sparks.  The  most  popular  of  the 
lives  of  Washington,  however,  is  Irving's,  which 
is  gracefully  written  and  shows  respectable  re 
search. 

Of  the  less  important  lives,  reference  may  be 
made  to  those  by  Aaron  Bancroft,  Ramsay, 
Paulding,  Mrs.  Kirkland,  Lossing,  Headley,  etc. 
The  life  by  M.  L.  Weems  was  very  popular  at  the 
beginning  of  this  century,  but  it  was  worked  up 
by  a  shrewd  book-agent  to  insure  a  sensational 
popularity.  Cf.  Parton  in  the  Magazine  of  Amer 
ican  History,  Aug.  1879,  on  the  True  and  Tradi 
tional  Washington.  Of  more  condensed  expres 
sion,  see  the  addresses  of  Everett,  Webster,  Win- 
throp,  etc.,  and  the  essays  by  Theodore  Parker 
in  his  Historic  Americans ;  by  E.  P.  Whipple  on 
Washington  and  the  Principles  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  etc.  Edward  Everett  wrote  a  condensed 
life  for  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  which  was 
published  separately  as  a  Life  of  Washington. 


298  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF 

Cf.  his  Mount  Vernon  Papers,  and  the  address 
which  he  delivered  so  widely  in  aid  of  the  pur 
chase  of  Mount  Vernon.  He  tells  the  story  of 
this  address  in  the  Massachusetts  Historical  So 
ciety's  Proceedings,  June,  1858.  Lossing  has  a 
paper  on  Washington's  Life-guard  in  the  Histor 
ical  Magazine,  May,  1858. 

Alexander  Hamilton,  as  for  a  period  one  of 
Washington's  military  family,  and  as  the  expo 
nent  of  marked  views  in  administration  and 
finance,  is  made  the  central  figure  of  his  son,  J. 
C.  Hamilton's  History  of  the  Republic  of  the 
United  States,  as  traced  in  the  Writings  of  Ham 
ilton  and  his  Contemporaries.  This  work  has  met 
hostile  criticism  from  its  attacks  on  the  charac 
ters  of  the  Adamses,  Joseph  Reed,  Madison,  etc., 
and  from  the  obtrusiveness  of  the  author's  as 
sumption  that  all  papers,  preserved  in  Hamilton's 
hand,  but  signed  by  Washington,  were  the  work 
of  the  secretary.  Cf.  W.  B.  Reed's  Life  of  Joseph 
Reed,  i.  108;  Sparks's  introduction  to  Wash 
ington's  Revolutionary  Correspondence.  G.  W. 
Greene's  Historical  View,  p.  385.  J.  C.  Hamil 
ton  replied  to  his  critics  in  the  preface  to  his  sec 
ond  volume.  A  more  confined  memoir  of  Hamil 
ton's  participation  in  the  war  is  the  same  author's 
Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton.  J.  T.  Morse's  Life 
of  Hamilton,  ch.  2,  gives  a  summary  of  his  Revolu 
tionary  career. 

Joseph  Reed,  first  Washington's  secretary,  then 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  299 

adjutant-general,     and     later    the    President    of 
Pennsylvania,  was  put  in  a  central  position,  and 
the  Life  of  him  by  W.  B.  Reed,  1847,  is  largely 
general.     The  character  of  Reed  has  given  rise  to 
controversy.     In  1783  he  published  Remarks  and 
an  Address  to  the  People  of  Pennsylvania,  which 
brought  out,  in  1787,  a  Reply  by  Gen.  John  Cad- 
walader,  which  was  reprinted  in  Philadelphia  in 
1848,  and  again  in  1856,  together  with  the  "  Val 
ley  Forge  Letters,"  pronounced  forgeries  by  W. 
B.  Reed,  under  the  title  of  Nuts  for  Historians  to 
Crack ;  and  both  the  Reed  and  Cadwalader  pam 
phlets   were  printed  in    fac-simile  at  Albany,  in 
1863.     There  is  also  a  pamphlet  on  this  matter 
by  John  G.  Johnson.     Bancroft,   in  his  volumes 
viii.  and  ix.,  took  views  that  elicited  a  vindication 
of  Joseph  Reed  from  his  grandson,  W.  B.  Reed, 
entitled,  President  Reed  of  Pennsylvania,  1867, 
which  is  reviewed  unfavorably  to  Bancroft  in  the 
Atlantic  Monthly,  June,  1867.     Bancroft  replied 
in  Joseph  Reed,  an  Historical  Essay,  1867,  which 
is  rather  favorably  reviewed  in  Harper's  Monthly, 
Feb.  1867.     W.  B.  Reed  issued  a  Rejoinder,  1867. 
Gen.  Stryker,  in  his  Reed  Controversy,  Trenton, 
1876,  showed  that  Bancroft  had  mistaken  a  Col. 
Charles   Read  for   Joseph   Reed,  as  being  under 
British  protection,  and  Bancroft  corrects  his  cen 
tennial  edition,  accordingly,  vol.  v.     Cf.  Pennsyl 
vania  Magazine  of  American  History,  i.  114.     A 
sharp  controversy  also  arose  between  W.  B.  Reed 


300  READER'S  HANDBOOK  OF 

and  J.  C.  Hamilton,  because  of  some  statements 
in  the  latter's  History  of  the  Republic.  Cf.  His 
torical  Magazine,  Dec.  1867,  supplement;  also 
see  1866,  supplement,  p.  177  ;  April,  1867,  p. 
249,  and  Jan.  1869,  p.  45.  See  also  President 
Reed,  published  at  Morrisania,  1867. 

For  the  political  aspects  of  the  war  the  lives  of 
John  Adams,  Samuel  Adams,  Benjamin  Frank 
lin,  James  Madison,  Gouverneur  Morris,  are  of  the 
chiefest  importance.  A  less  careless  and  clumsy 
manner  had  made  the  Lives  of  Richard  Henry 
Lee  and  Arthur  Lee,  both  by  the  younger  R.  H. 
Lee,  of  the  first  importance.  The  papers  on  which 
they  are  based  are  now  part  in  the  library  of 
Harvard  College,  a  calendar  of  which  is  now  ap 
pearing  in  the  bulletin  of  that  library ;  part  in 
the  library  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society 
in  Philadelphia,  bound  in  two  volumes  ;  and  a 
third  part  in  the  library  of  the  University  of  Vir 
ginia. 

Naval  Histories. 

J.  Fenimore  Cooper's  Naval  History  of  'the 
United  States.  Thomas  Clark's  Naval  History 
of  the  United  States,  1814.  George  F.  Emmons's 
Navy  of  the  United  States,  1775-1853,  a  record 
of  the  vessels.  Lossing's  Field-Book  of  the  Amer 
ican  Revolution,  L,  Appendix.  The  lives  of  the 
several  American  commanders  as  named  on  pre 
vious  pages.  Cf.  account  of  Com.  Samuel  Tucker 
in  the  New  England  Historical  and  Genealogical 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  301 

Register,  April,  1872.  The  records  of  the  several 
states  show  much  about  their  different  partici- 
pancy  in  this  service.  Of.,  for  example,  the  Penn 
sylvania  Archives,  first  and  second  series. 

C.  D.  Yonge's  History  of  the  British  Navy, 
Allen's  Battles  of  the  British  Navy,  and  other 
special  monographs  on  the  English  side. 

Portraits. 

Various  contemporary  or  nearly  contemporary 
narratives  have  engraved  likenesses  of  the  prin 
cipal  public  characters,  some  of  which  are  men 
tioned  in  connection  with  their  names  as  they 
occur  in  these  notes.  Such  illustrated  accounts 
are :  James  Murray's  Impartial  History  of  the 
American  War,  London,  no  date,  giving  Washing 
ton,  Franklin,  Hancock,  Putnam,  Lee,  Arnold, 
Montgomery,  George  III.,  North,  Germaine,  Gen. 
Howe,  Lord  Howe,  Earl  Percy,  Gen.  Gage. 

An  Impartial  History  of  the  War  in  America, 
Boston,  1781-1785,  giving  Washington,  Franklin, 
Lafayette,  Greene,  Samuel  Adams,  Montgomery, 
Knox,  Lincoln,  Warren,  Hancock,  Heath. 

Impartial  History  of  the  War  in  America,  Lon 
don,  1780,  giving  Hancock,  Samuel  Adams, 
Washington,  Putnam,  Arnold,  the  Howes,  etc., 
Boston  Magazine,  1783-1786. 

Geschichte  der  Kriege  in  und  aus  Europa, 
Nuremberg,  1776,  giving  Franklin,  Com.  Hop 
kins,  Arnold,  Putnam,  Chas.  Lee,  Robert  Rogers, 
Sullivan,  D.  Wooster. 


302  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF 

Du  SimitiSre's  profile  likenesses  of  thirteen  of 
the  patriots  (including  Arnold),  engraved  by 
Reading,  were  published  in  London  in  1783. 

Later  portraits  and  mementoes  are  given  in 
Smith  and  Watson's  American  Historical  and 
Literary  Curiosities. 

It  is  not  worth  while  to  enumerate  the  appear 
ance  of  such  likenesses  in  all  the  later  histories 
and  biographies.  The  portraits  of  Washington 
and  Franklin  are  very  many  in  number,  and  have 
been  the  subject  of  special  lists  and  examination. 

Maps. 

Contemporary.  —  A  map  of  the  colonies  accord 
ing  to  a  survey  of  1763  was  made,  and  an  en 
graved  reduction  of  it  appeared  in  London,  1766, 
in  a  collection  of  the  Charters  of  the  Provinces 
and  the  Proceedings  in  consequence  of  the  Stamp 
Act.  M.  A.  Rocques  published  at  London,  1765, 
a  set  of  plans  of  the  country  and  of  the  forts  in 
America,  from  actual  surveys,  which  has  a  folding 
map  of  New  York  city. 

Evans's  map  of  the  Middle  Colonies,  between 
Eastern  Massachusetts,  Ohio,  and  Virginia,  pub 
lished  at  Philadelphia,  1755,  with  an  essay,  was 
enlarged  by  T.  Pownall,  late  governor  of  Massa 
chusetts  Bay,  to  include  New  England  and  part 
of  Canada,  and  published  in  London  by  Almon 
in  1776,  and  was  subsequently  reissued,  revised 
by  Major  Holland. 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  303 

Peter  Bell's  map,  according  to  the  treaty  of 
1763,  appeared  in  a  History  of  the  British  Domin 
ion  in  North  America,  1773.  The  same  year  there 
was  a  map  issued  at  Paris,  by  Bonne,  which  was 
reproduced  at  Leipsic  in  the  Geographische  Be- 
lustigungen,  1776;  and  again  in  1776,  at  Nurem 
berg,  there  appeared  another  map  of  the  colonies 
in  the  Geschichte  der  Kriege  in  und  aus  Europa. 
In  1779  a  map  was  given  in  the  History  of  the 
War  in  America,  published  at  Dublin ;  and  a 
large  one  the  next  year,  1780,  came  out  in  the 
Impartial  History  of  the  War  in  America,  pub 
lished  at  Dublin.  Other  maps  appeared  in  the 
Political  Magazine,  April  17,  1780  ;  in  Soul's 
Histoire  des  Troubles  de  1'Amerique  Anglaise, 
Paris,  1787,  and  in  the  German  version  of  it ;  in 
Hilliard  d'Auberteuil's  Histoire  de  1' Administra 
tion  de  Lord  North  et  de  la  Guerre ;  in  Boucher's 
Histoire  de  la  Derniere  Guerre,  Paris,  1787 ;  and 
in  Gordon's  American  War. 


Miscellaneous. 


Ben:  Perley  Poore's  Political  Register  gives 
the  federal  officials  from  1776.  A  collection  of 
rosters  and  personal  items  will  be  found  in  Saf- 
felFs  Records  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  New 
York,  1858.  A  convenient  list  of  the  general  offi 
cers  at  the  beginning  and  close  of  the  war  is 
given  in  G.  W.  Greene's  Historical  View,  p.  452  ; 
and  the  same  work  has  a  section  on  the  foreign 


304  READERS  HANDBOOK  OF 

element  in  the  war.  The  Last  Men  of  the  Revo 
lution,  by  E.  B.  Hillard,  1864,  is  an  account  of 
the  seven  Revolutionary  pensioners  then  surviving. 

Sparks's  Washington,  v.  542,  gives  a  statement 
of  the  effective  force  of  the  British  army  in  Amer 
ica,  at  intervals,  from  1777  to  1782,  as  derived 
from  the  State  Paper  Office. 

A  table  showing  the  number  of  troops  furnished 
by  the  several  states  is  printed  in  Niles's  Register, 
July  31,  1830  ;  in  G.  W.  Greene's  Historical 
View,  pp.  454,  455  ;  in  Hildreth's  United  States, 
iii.  441,  and  elsewhere.  Cf.  W.  Sargent  on  the 
Army  of  the  Revolution,  in  North  American  Re 
view,  Ixxvii. ;  a  chapter  in  G.  W.  Greene's  His 
torical  View  of  the  American  Revolution ;  and 
Von  Bulow's  criticism  of  the  military  conduct  of 
the  war,  in  the  Historical  Magazine,  1865. 

There  are  treatises  on  the  employment  of  ne 
groes  as  soldiers  by  George  H.  Moore  and  George 
Livermore. 

Judge  Charles  H.  Warren's  paper  on  the  buff 
and  blue  uniform  of  the  Continentals  is  in  the 
Massachusetts  Historical  Society's  Proceedings, 
Jan.  1859. 

There  is  a  paper  on  martial  law  during  the  Rev 
olution  by  A.  B.  Gardner  in  the  Magazine  of 
American  History,  i. 

For  the  caricatures  of  the  period,  see  Parton's 
article  in  Harper's  Magazine,  July,  1875,  after 
wards  included  in  his  History  'of  Caricature. 


THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION.  305 

The  spirit  of  the  Revolution  is  depicted  in  such 
novels  as  Cooper's  Chainbearer,  J.  L.  Motley's 
Morton's  Hope,  L.  M.  Child's  Rebels,  J.  K.  Paul- 
ding's  Old  Continental,  John  Neal's  Seventy-Six, 
S.  J.  Hale's  Grosvenor,  Miss  Sedgwick's  Lin- 
woods,  etc.  Other  novels  have  been  referred  to 
in  connection  with  the  particular  events  which 
they  illustrate. 

The  War  of  the  Revolution  is  part  of  the  series 
of  visions  that  make  up  Joel  Barlow's  Columbiad, 
1808. 

The  literature  of  the  Revolution  is  illustrated  in 
two  chapters  of  G.  W.  Greene's  Historical  View 
of  the  American  Revolution,  in  sections  of  Duy- 
ckinck's  American  Literature,  and  in  Griswold's 
Prose  Writers  and  Poets  of  America.  Allibone's 
Dictionary,  under  the  names  of  writers,  will  fur 
nish  data  and  references.  The  Songs  and  Bal 
lads  have  been  collected  by  Frank  Moore,  and  the 
Loyalist  Poetry  by  Winthrop  Sargent. 

The  intellectual  and  material  condition  of  the 
Revolutionary  period  is  considered  as  the  start 
ing-point  of  the  subsequent  development  of  the 
country,  in  the  conglomerate  volume,  by  various 
writers,  The  First  Century  of  the  Republic  ;  a 
Review  of  American  Progress,  New  York,  1876 ; 
a  series  of  papers,  the  most  of  which  originally 
appeared  in  Harper's  Magazine. 
20 


IJSTDEX, 


***  Reference  is  commonly  made  but  once  to  a  book  if  repeatedly  mentioned 
in  the  text,  but  other  references  are  made  when  additional  information  about  the 
book  is  conveyed. 


ABBOTT,   EDW.,    Paragraph    History 

Abbott,  J.  S.  C.,  Life  of  Paul  Jones 
212. 

Ackland,  Lady,  147. 

Adams,  Abigail,  letters,  282. 

Adams,  Davenport,  English  Party 
Leaders,  185. 

Adams,  John,  Life,  Diary,  and  Works, 
by  C.  F.  Adams,  1  ;  controversy 
with  Mercy  Warren,  7,  287  ;  as  No- 
vanglus,  20  ;  Familiar  Tetters,  38, 
282  ;  in  Europe,  177 ;  to  negotiate 
treaty,  213  ;  views  on  finance,  243  ; 
makes  treaty  with  Holland,  267  ;  in 
Paris  (1782),  268  ;  papers,  284. 

Adams,  J.  Q.,  on  the  treaty,  272. 

Adams,  Josiah,  Address  at  Acton,  31. 

Adams,  Samuel,  Life  by  Wells,  1 ; 
Vindication  of  Boston,  8 ;  efforts 
and  character,  104  ;  and  the  Con- 
way  Cabal,  168. 

Adams,  Sam,  Regiments,  11. 

Adams,  Samuel,  papers,  284. 

Adolphus's  History   of   England,  2, 

Age  of  Pitt  and  Fox,  272. 
Ageno,  Francesco,  296. 
Alamance,  battle  of,  5. 
Albemarlers     Rockingham    and    his 

Contemporaries,  112. 
All  the  Year  Round,  212. 
Allan,  Colonel  John,  224. 
Allen,  Ethan,  79,  82  ;  his  Narrative, 

82  ;   Life  by  De  Puy,  80  ;  Life  by 

Moore,  80  ;  Life  by  Sparks,  80. 
Allen,  Ira,  History  of  Vermont,  271. 
Allen,  Paul,  290. 
Allen,  Rev.  Mr.,  142. 
Allen,     Thaddeus,      Origination     of 

American  Union,  16. 
Allen's  Battles  of  the  British  Navy, 

211,  301. 
Allen ;s  Kennebec  journal,  83. 


Allibone's  Dictionary  of  Authors, 
2do,  261. 

Almon's  Charters  of  the  Colonies,  2  • 
Collection  of  Tracts,  4  ;  Remem 
brancer,  27,  285. 

American  Annals,  by  Holmes,  290. 

American  Antiquarian  Society,  37. 

American  Archives,  Force,  10,  281.' 

American  Atlas,  58,  71,  113,  220. 

American  Bibliopolist,  113. 

American  Colonies,  Revolt  of,  by 
Chalmers,  293.  ' 

American  Criminal  Trials,  11,  150. 

American  Gazette,  by  Kearsley,  9. 

American  Historical  Magazine,  New 
Haven,  29. 

American  Historical  Records,  12,  127, 
189. 

American  Independence,  War  of  by 
Ludlow,  294. 

American  Journalism,  by  Hudson,  7. 

American  Naval  Heroes,  by  Waldo. 
212. 

American  Philosophical  Society,  65 ; 
Transactions,  242. 

American  Quarterly  Review,  19. 

American  Revolution,  Abbott's  Para 
graph  History,  292 ;  histories,  by 
Paul  Allen,  290;  by  Botta,  295; 
Views  of,  by  Jonathan  Boucher, 
10  ;  Carrington;s  Battles  of,  46,  291 ; 
Correspondence  of,  80 ;  Ellet's  Do 
mestic  History  of,  282  ;  Field-Book 
of,  by  Lossing,  3;  Documentary 
History,  by  R.  W.  Gibbs,  3  ;  History 
by  Gordon,  28, 287;  Historical  View, 
by  G.  W.  Greene,  2  ;  by  Lendrum, 
287;  by  Moultrie,  3;  by  Ramsay, 
85,  287  ;  by  Mercy  Warren,  7,  287  ; 
in  South  Carolina,  by  Dray  ton,  3. 
American  Union,  Thaddeus  Allen's 

Origination  of,  16. 

American  War,  poem  by  Cocking, 
58. 


308 


INDEX. 


American  War,  Impartial  History,  by 
Murray,  57. 

American  War,  by  Stedman,  30,  289. 

Amerikaniscb.es  Magazin,  204. 

Ambers t,  Lord,  231. 

Amory,  T.  G.,  Life  of  James  Sullivan, 
73  ;  Military  Services  of  Gen.  Sulli 
van,  206  ;  Old  and  New  Cambridge, 
62. 

Analectic  Magazine,  44, 147,  232. 

Anburey's  Travels,  66,  135. 

Anderson's  History  of  Commerce,  215. 

Andre',  Major,  Life  by  Sargent,  82 ; 
his  Cow  Cbase,  224  ;  relations  with 
Arnold,  230. 

Andrews's  History  of  the  Late  War, 
29,  288. 

Andrews,  John,  Map  of  the  Colonies, 
132. 

Andrews  papers,  64. 

Andross,  Thomas,  Old  Jersey  Captive, 
200. 

Angell,  Colonel,  167. 

Annapolis,  Congress  at,  276. 

Annual  Register,  4,  286,  288. 

Arbuthnot,  English  admiral,  221. 

Archaeologia  Americana,  5. 

Armed  Neutrality,  214. 

Armstrong's  Life  of  Montgomery.  82  ; 
Life  of  Wayne,  165. 

Armstrong  and  the  Newburgh  Ad 
dresses,  274. 

Armstrong's  letters  at  Saratoga,  152. 

Army  disbanded,  276. 

Arnold,  Benedict,  Life  by  Isaac  N. 
Arnold,  236  ;  by  Sparks,  80  ;  at  T> 
conderoga,  79  ;  expedition  by  the 
Kennebec,  82  ;  at  Trenton,  125  ;  on 
Lake  Champlain,  126  ;  at  Fort  Stan- 
wix,  141 ;  not  present  at  Freeman 's 
Farm,  146  ;  at  Saratoga,  147  ;  in 
Philadelphia,  190  ;  his  treason,  250  ; 
in  Virginia,  246 ;  in  Connecticut, 
254. 

Arnold,  Mrs.,  and  the  treason,  232. 

Arnold,  S.  G.,  History  of  Rhode 
Island,  88,  195  ;  address,  195. 

Asgill,  Captain,  262. 

Ashburton  treaty,  269. 

Atlantic  Monthly,  11. 

Atlantic  Neptune,  68. 

Atlas  Ameriquain  septentrional,  58. 

Atlee's  Journal,  109. 

Attucks,  Crispus,  12. 

Auberteuil,  d',  Essais  historiques,  15. 

Austin's  Life  of  Elbridge  Gerry,  8. 

Austin,  Jonathan  Loring,  156,  186. 

BABSON'S  History  of  Gloucester, 
Mass.,  88. 


Badeaux,  J.  B.,  86. 
Bailey's  letter  on  Falmouth,  71. 
Balcarras,  Earl  of,  at  Saratoga,  154. 
Balch,  Thomas,  78  ;  Maryland  Line, 

63,  247  ;   Les  francais  en  Anierique, 

227. 
Ballad  History  of  the  Revolution,  by 

Moore,  81. 
Baltimore  in  the  Revolution,  by  Pur- 

viance,  8. 
Bancroft,  Aaron,  Life  of  Washington. 

297. 
Bancroft,  George,  History  of  United 

States,  290. 

Bancroft  and  Reed  controversy,  299. 
Banker's  Magazine,  243. 
Bannister,  John,  187. 
Barbadoes,  9. 

Barber's  Map  of  New  York,  132. 
Barclay,    S.,  Personal  Recollections, 

etc.,  110. 

Barney,  Com.,  Memoirs,  88. 
Barnum,  H.  L.,  Spy  Unmasked,  206. 
Barre",   Colonel,  96  ;    Barre    and  his 

Times,  8. 
Barren  Hill,  173. 

Barry;s  History  of  Massachusetts,  2. 
Bartlett     and    Woodward's     United 

States,  293. 
Bartlett's,  J.  R.,  Destruction  of  the 

Gaspee,  13. 
Barton,   General,  Life    by  Williams, 

195. 

Barton,  Lieut.  Colonel,  134. 
Barton  and  Elmer,  diary,  207. 
Battle  of  the  Kegs  173. 
Baum,  Colonel,  141. 
Baumeister,  116. 
Beach's  Indian  Miscellany,  139. 
Bean,  T.W.,  170. 
Beatson's  Naval  and  Military  Memoirs 

of  Great  Britain,  109,  292. 
Beaumarchais   100,  176  ;  Life  by  John 

Bigelow,  100  ;  by  Lomenie,  100. 
Beaurain's  Carte  de  Boston,  69. 
Bedford  Correspondence,  180. 
Belfast,  History  by  Williamson,  208. 
Belisle's  Independence  Hall,  106. 
Belknap,  Jeremy,  62  ;  History  of  New 

Hampshire,  197. 
Bell,  Peter,  map,  303. 
Belsham's  Great  Britain,  292  ;  Reign 

of  George  the  Third,  292. 
Beman,  80. 

Bemis's  Heights,  145,  147. 
Bennington,  141;    History   of,  by  F. 

W.  Coburn,  143. 
Benson,  Egbert,  232. 
Bentalou,  Colonel,  on  Pulaski,  210. 
Benton;s  Uerkimer  County,  140. 


INDEX. 


Berkshire  County,  Mass.,  79 

Bernard,  Francis.  8. 

Biddle,  Captain,  88. 

Biddle,  C.  J.,  on  Andre's  execution 

Bigelow,    John,    on    Beaumarchais 

100;  Life  of  Franklin,  101. 
Biographies  of  the  Revolution,  296. 


. 

,    England  un<ler  George  III 
oo,  lol. 

Blackwood's  Magazine,  148. 
Blanchard,  Claude,  Journal  227 
Bland  Papers,  3,  151, 174,  240. 
Blaskowitz's  surveys,  196,  228. 
Bleeker's  orderly -book,  207. 
Bloodgood's  Sexagenary,  148. 
Board  of  War,  171. 
Bolles,  Albert  S.,  on  R.  Morris,  244. 
Bolton's    Westchester    County,    206 

232. 

Bon  Homme  Richard,  man-of-war,  211 
Bonne,  map  by,  303. 
Bonney,  Mrs.,  History  Gleanings,  91. 
Boone,  Daniel,  Adventures  of,  199. 
Boone,  Fort,  198. 
Border  Warfare,  192. 
Boston,  Committee  of  Correspondence 
98 ;    Description  by    Shurtleff,   8  ; 
History  by   Drake,  3;   History  by 
Snow  ;  massacre,  11,  21 ;  Neck,  67  ; 
Old  Landmarks,  by  Drake,  8  ;   Ora 
tors,  by  Loring,  11 ;    plans  of,  57, 
68  ;  Port  Bill,  15  ;  Siege  of,  59,  and 
history,  by  Frothingham,  15  ;   and 
medal,  67  ;   Centennial  celebration 
of  the  Siege,  60  ;  Tea-party,  13,  23. 
Boston  newspapers  :  Daily  Advertiser, 
51 ;  Courier,  269  ;  Evening  Post,  4  : 
Gazette,  4,  209  ;  Medical  and  Surgi 
cal  Journal,  54  ;  Monthly  Magazine, 
156,  186  ;    Newsletter,  7  ;    Patriot, 
50 ;    Sunday    Herald,    237 ;    Tran 
script,  63. 

Boston  Public  Library  reports,  273. 
Botta's  History  of  the  War  of  Inde 
pendence,  57,  214,  295. 
Boucher,    Jonathan,    Views    of    the 

American  Revolution,  10. 
Boundaries  at  the  peace,  269. 
Bourgoin's  Theatre  de  la  Guerre,  132. 
Bowen,  F.,  Life  of  General  Lincoln, 

147. 

Bowen,  Nathan,  150. 
Bowen  and  Futhey's  plan  of  Brandy- 
wine,  162. 

Bowman's  journal,  199. 
Boynton,  Thomas,  journal,  39. 
Boynton's  West  Point,  92,  230. 
Boys  of  :76,  by  Coffin,  189. 
Bradford  Club,  237,  255 


Bradford,  Alden,  on  Bunker  Hill,  45, 
51 ;  History  of  Massachusetts,  26 : 
Massachusetts  State  Papers  6 

Brainerd,  W.  F    255. 

Brandywine,  160. 

Brant,  Joseph,  192;   and  Wyoming, 

Brassier's  surveys,  127. 

Breck,  S.,  on  Continental  money,  242. 

Breech-loading  rifles  used,  161. 

Breed's  Hill,  68. 

Breyman,  Colonel,  142. 

Briar  Creek,  209. 

Brief  Examination  of  the  Northern 

Expedition,  149. 

Brinley  Library  Catalogue,  5, 177. 
Brion    de    la   Tour's  Theatre    de   la 

Guerre,  132. 
British  Dominion  in  North  America, 

British  ferocity  in  the  war,  184. 
British  Government,  180. 
Brodhead's  Letters,  109. 
Brodhead's    New    York    Documents, 

Brooklyn,    battle    at,    109:     Stiles's 

History  of,  93. 
Brooks,  John,  56  ;  at  Saratoga,  152  ; 

at  Valley  Forge,  170. 
Brotherhead's  Centennial  Book  of  the 

Signers,  106. 
Brougham's    Statesmen    of    George 

III.,  181. 

Brown,  Henry  Armitt,  277. 
Brown,  Mrs.  J.  B.,  on  Gen.  Warren, 

54. 

Brown,  Peter,  on  Bunker  Hill,  38. 
Bryan, 220. 
Bryan  t,W.C.,  192. 
Buckingham,    J.    T.,    Specimens  of 

Newspaper  Literature,  283. 
Juckle's  History  of  Civilization,  180. 
Buford's  regiment,  222. 
Bugbee,  J.  M.,  on  Bunker  Hill,  45. 
Bull,  220. 
Bull's  Ferry,  224. 
Bullard,  E.  F.,  address,  153. 
Bunker    Hill,  35 ;    the    question    of 

command.  48  ;  fort,  67. 
Junker  Hill  Monument  Association, 
46,  49,  59. 

unker  Hill  Times,  57. 
Jurgoyne,  Campaign  of,   by  W.   L 
Stone,   140  ;  Life  by   Fonblanque, 
41 ;  his  advance,  134 ;   he  surren 
ders,  148  ;  his  letter  to  his  constit 
uents,  154  ;  his  Orderly- Book,  148  ; 
his  portrait,  154  ;  his  State  of  the 
Expedition  from  Canada,  141, 154 
urk's  History  of  Virginia,  74. 


310 


INDEX. 


Burke,  Edmund,  96;  Life  byBisset, 
22  ;  by  MacKnight,  22,  260  ;  by 
Motley,  107  ;  Life  by  Prior,  22  ;  and 
the  Annual  Register,  287  ;  his 
Speeches,  2. 

Burke,  Judge,  275. 

Burr,  Aaron,  Life  by  Davis,  91,  206, 
232 ;  by  Parton,  83,  206. 

Butler,  J.  D.,  on  Bennington  fight, 
142. 

Butler's  History  of  Groton,  37. 

Butler's  Kentucky,  198. 

Butterfield,  C.  W.,  261. 

Byrou  on  George  III.,  181. 

CADWALADER  and  Reed  controversy, 
299. 

Caldwell,  Life  by  Caruthers,  3. 

Caldwell.  Colonel,  80. 

Caldwell,  Colonel  Henry,  on  Siege  of 
Quebec,  86. 

Calefs  Siege  of  Penobscot,  208. 

Calkoens  Dutch  jurist,  216. 

Calvert,  George  II.,  234. 

Cambridge,  History  by  Paige,  60  ;  men 
at  Lexington,  31 ;  convention  troops 
at,  150  :  Old  and  New,  by  Amory, 
62. 

Camden,  battle  at,  229,  250. 

Camden,Lord,96;  on  the  Declaration 
of  independence,  107. 

Campbell,  Archibald,  221. 

Campbell's  Lives  of  the  Chancellors, 
9,  185  ;  Life  of  Loughborough,  22. 

Campbell's  edition  of  Bland  Papers, 
3, 151. 

Campbell's  Gertrude  of  Wyoming, 
191. 

Campbell's  Tryon  County,  77. 

Campfield,  Jabez,  diary,  207. 

Canada,  history  by  Garneau,  85  ;  his 
tory  of  Invasion  of,  by  Stone,  83, 
166  ;  advance  into  (1775),  81 ;  com 
mission  to,  87 ,  retreat  from,  90  ; 
invasion  of,  Lafayette's  scheme, 
•  171. 

Cape  Fear  River,  249. 

Capefigue's  Louis  XVI.,  214. 

Carleton,  Guy,  general,  86:  in  New 
York,  264. 

Carlisle,  British  commissioner,  184. 

Carlyle's  Frederick  the  Great,  14. 

Carmichael,  William,  99. 

Carrington's  Battles  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  46,  291. 

Carroll,  Charles,  diary  in  Canada,  81. 

Carter,  D.  M.,  picture  of  Bunker  Hill, 
59. 

Carter  William,  genuine  detail,  etc., 
41,  67. 


Caruthers,  Life  of  Dr.  Caldwell,  3; 
Revolutionary  incidents,  218. 

Carver's  map  of  Canada,  86. 

Casey,  M.  A.  261. 

Cassell's  History  of  the  United  States, 
294. 

Castine,  208. 

Catalogue  of  the  library  of  Parlia 
ment,  Toronto,  5. 

Catholic  World,  281. 

Caulkins's  New  London,  89,  255. 

Cavendish  Debates,  21. 

Cedars,  fight  at  the,  90. 

Centennial  Graphic,  36. 

Chalmers's  Revolt  of  American  Colo 
nies,  293. 

Chamberlain's  Maine,  270. 

Chamble'e,  91. 

Champlain,  Lake,  by  Palmer,  80  ;  Ar 
nold  on, 126. 

Chandler,  P.  W.,  American  Criminal 
Trials,  11, 150,  233. 

Chapel  Hill  University  Magazine,  77. 

Chapman's  Wyoming,  191. 

Chappell's  Picture  of  Bunker  Hill,  59. 

Charleston,  Clinton's  expedition  to, 
216  ;  siege  of,  221 ;  in  1782,  252. 

Charlestown,  66  ;  survey  of,  55,  57. 

Charlotte,  North  Carolina,  244. 

Charlottesville,  Va.,  253. 

Chastellux's  Travels,  66, 167,  226. 

Chatham,  Life  by  Thackeray,  185 ; 
correspondence,  23,  180  ;  speeches, 
2,  96  ;  an,d  the  war,  185. 

Cheetham's  Life  of  Paine,  261. 

Cherokees,  77. 

Cherry  Valley,  192. 

Chesapeake,  chart  of  the,  162  ;  British 
fleet  in  the,  247. 

Chesney's  Military  and  Biographical 
Essays,  220. 

Chester  County,  Lewis's,  161. 

Chevalier's  Histoire  de  la  Marine 
Franfaise,  194. 

Child,  D.  L.,  on  Bunker  Hill,  51. 

Chittenden,  L.  E.,  address,  80. 

Choate,  Rufus,  Eloquence  of  the  Rev. 
283. 

Chotteau's  Guerre  de  l'Inde"pendance, 
178. 

Christian  Examiner,  44. 

Churchill,  Amos,  History  of  Hubbard- 
ton,  138. 

Cincinnati  Society,  275. 

Circourt,  Count,  178. 

Clark,  Colonel  George,  in  the  north 
west,  198. 

Clark,  Henry,  address,  138. 

Clark,  Jonas,  on  Lexington  fight.  28. 

Clark,  Joseph,  188. 


INDEX. 


311 


Clark.  Major,  in  Philadelphia,  174. 

Clark's  Sketches  of  Naval  History, 
197,  300. 

Clarke,  J.  F.,  Revolutionary  Services 
of  General  Hull,  61. 

Clarke,  John,  on  Bunker  Hill,  41. 

Clinton,  Fort,  158. 

Clinton,  George,  158. 

Clinton,  Sir  Henry,  94  ;  Observations 
on  Stedman,  130 ;  up  the  Hudson, 
157  ;  in  the  Jerseys,  187  ;  expedi 
tion  to  Charleston,  216 ;  and  An 
dre",  231 ;  campaign  of  1781,  245. 

Clinton,  James,  in  Sullivan's  expedi 
tion,  207. 

Coburn,  F.  W.,  History  of  Benning- 
ton,  143. 

Cocking's  American  War,  58. 

Coffin,  Charles,  on  Bunker  Hill,  40. 

Coffin,  C.  C.,  Boys  of  '76,  189,  292. 

Colburn,  Jeremiah,  102. 

Colden,  Lieutenant- Governor,  10. 

Coldstream  Guards  by  Mackinnon, 
113. 

Collet,  220. 

Collier,  Sir  George,  109. 

Collins,  Lewis,  Historical  Sketches  of 
Kentucky,  199. 

Colonies,  maps  of,  302. 

Colucci,  G.,  295. 

Columbian  Centinel,  40. 

Columbian  Magazine,  66,  288. 

Committees  of  Correspondence,  20. 

Committee  of  Foreign  Affairs,  27s. 

Committee  of  Safety,  37. 

Committee  of  Secret  Correspondence, 
277. 

Common  Sense,  by  Tom  Paine,  98. 

Conciliatory  bills,  182. 

Concord  fight,  26. 

Concord,  History  of,  by  Shattuck,  27. 

Condorcet,  178,  214. 

Conduct  of  the  American  War,  161. 

Confederation  ratified,  240. 

Congress,  accounts  of,  278  ;  and  the 
army,  171,  202  ;  and  the  European 
powers,  177  ;  and  the  States.  202  ; 
British  Commissioners  to,  183 ;  de 
bates  in, 103, 187  ;  Journals  of,  128, 
277  ;  parties  in,  72,  74  ;  proceedings 
secret,  J3  ;  Secret  Journals  of,  277  ; 
want  of  power  in,  241 ;  weakness 
of,  97, 128. 

Connecticut,  History  by  Hollister,  16  ; 
by  II .  Peters,  14  ;  in  the  Revolution, 
by  Hinman,  48;  at  Bunker  Hill, 
48  ;  invaded  by  Try  on,  203 ;  in 
vaded  by  Arnold,  254. 

Connecticut  Courant,  142. 

Connecticut  Farms  in  New  Jersey,  223. 


Connecticut  Journal,  36. 

Connecticut  Historical  Collections,  51. 

Constitution,  Fort,  236. 

Constitutions  of  the  States,  98. 

Contemporary  Review,  267. 

Continental  Congress  (1774),  16; 
(1775),  72. 

Continental  money,  242. 

Convention  troops,  149. 

Conway  Cabal,  167. 

Conway,  General,  in  Parliament,  263. 

Conway,  M.  D.,  261. 

Cook's  map  of  South  Carolina,  220. 

Cooke,  J.  E.,  Virginia  in  the  Revolu 
tion,  257. 

Cooke,  Samuel,  in  Lexington  fight,  29. 

Cooke,  W.  D.,  Rev.,  History  of  North 
Carolina,  3,  218. 

Cooke's  History  of  Party,  180. 

Coolidge,  G.  A.,  Centennial  Memorial, 
56. 

Cooper's  Lionel  Lincoln,  59,  67 ;  Na 
val  History  of  the  United  States,  88. 
300  ;  Pilot,  212  ;  Spy,  a  novel,  206  ; 
Travelling  Bachelor  234. 

Copp's  Hill,  Boston,  69. 

Cornwallis,  Life  by  Ross,  163  ;  corre 
spondence,  220,  249  ;  answer  to  Clin 
ton,  245  ;  marches,  map  of,  220  ;  in 
North  Carolina,  249  ;  in  Virginia, 
253 ;  besieged,  255. 

Cornwallis  and  Clinton  controversy, 
256. 

Cow  Chase,  by  Andr<§,  224. 

Cowell's  Spirit  of  Seventy-Six  in 
Rhode  Island,  84. 167. 

Cowley's  surveys,  222. 

Cowpens,  248 

Craft's  journal  at  Cambridge,  62. 

Crafts,  William,  address,  95. 

Cragie  House,  Cambridge,  61. 

Crapo's  address,  196. 

Crawford's  expedition,  262. 

Creasy 's  Decisive  Battles  of  the  World, 
147. 

Crown  Point,  91. 

Cruger,  Colonel,  210. 

Cullum,  General  W.,  Sketch  of  Mont 
gomery,  85. 

Cunningham,  A.,  Paul  Jones,  212. 

Cunningham  correspondence,  105. 

Curtis,  G.  W.,  197  ;  Concord  oration, 
32  ;  on  Saratoga,  153. 

Curwen's  Journal,  78,  186. 

Cushing,  Caleb,  191. 

Custis,  Recollections  of  Washington, 
126. 

DALZKLL,  J.  M.,  276. 
Dan  River,  249. 


312 


INDEX. 


Dana,  Francis,  in  Russia,  214. 

Dana,  R.  II.,  Lexington  address,  32. 

Danbury,  133. 

Danvers  at  Lexington,  31. 

Davis,  Bancroft,  Notes   on   Treaties, 

179. 

Davis,  N.,  207. 

Davis's  Life  of  Aaron  Burr,  91,  232. 
Dawes,  William,  and  Paul  Revere,  26. 
Dawson's  Battles  of  the  United  States, 

27,  291  ;  Major-General  Putnam,  43 ; 

New  York  in  the  Revolution,  llo. 
De  Barras,  255. 
De  Berniere's  narrative,  25. 
De  Brahm,  220. 

De  Brett's  Parliamentary  Register,  263. 
De  Costa,  B.  F.,  Fort  George,  80  ;  Nar 
rative  of  Events  at  Lake  George,  136. 
D'Estaing,  193, 194 ;  at  Savannah,  209. 
De  Fersen's  Journal,  256. 
De  Fleury,  Lieut.-Colonel,  205. 
De  Grasse,  Admiral,  255;  defeated  in 

West  Indies,  271. 
De  Ilass's  Indian  Wars,  192. 
De  Kalb,  229 ;  engages,  101 ;  Life  by 

Kapp,  168. 
De  Lancey,  editor  of  Jones's  New  York, 

etc.,  78,  289. 

De  Peyster,  J.  W.,  145, 153, 189,  237. 
De   Witt's   Jefferson    and    American 

Democracy,  99. 
Deane,  Charles,  on  Revere 's  Signals, 

26  ;  on  Washington  at  Cambridge, 

61 ;    on  the  Convention  with  Bur- 

goyne,  151. 
Deane,  Silas,  72,  176  ;   in  Paris,  99  ; 

Papers  in  relation  to,  100. 
Dearborn,  General  Henry,  on  Bunker 

Hill,  49  ;  journals,  284. 
Deas's  Life  of  Izard,  176,  213. 
Definitive  Treaty  of  Peace,  273. 
Delaware  County,  Smith's,  161. 
Delaware  River,  164,  167  ;  forts,  165. 
Deming,  H.  C.,  on  Putnam,  53. 
Deming's  oration,  133. 
Democratic  Review,  191. 
Demont,  William,  121. 
Denny's  Journal,  253. 
Derby,  E.  H.,  89. 
Des  Barres's  maps,  69. 
Detail  and  Conduct  of  the  American 

War,  29,  131. 
Deuxponts,  226. 

Devens,  Charles,  on  Bunker  Hill,  45. 
Dexter,  George,  on  the  Cragie  House, 

61. 

Diamond  Island  Fight,  136. 
Dickinson,  John,  tracts,  9,  18,  103^ 
Diman's  Address  on  PresccttTs  capt 
ure,  134. 


Diplomacy  in  Continental  luurope,  175. 
Diplomacy  of   the  Revolution,  278; 

by   Trescot,  177;    of   the    United 

States,  by  Lyman,  177. 
Diplomatic  Correspondence,  99,  278. 
Dodd,  Stephen, 139. 
Doddridge's  Notes  on  the  Indian  Wars, 

199. 
Donne's  Correspondence  of  George  the 

Third,  23,  181. 
Donop,  Count,  166. 
DoolittLe's    Engravings    of    Concord 

Fight,  33. 

Doran's  edition  of  Walpole's  Last  Jour 
nal,  22. 

Dorchester  Heights,  66. 
Drake,  F.  S.,  History  of  Roxbury,  61 ; 

Mass.  Society  of  Cincinnati,  275. 
Drake,  S.  A.,  on  Bunker  Hill,  41,  53  ; 

Historic  Fields,  etc.,  of  Middlesex, 

31 ;  Landmarks  of  Boston,  8. 
Drake,  S.  G.,  Book  of  the  Indians,  191 ; 

History  of  Boston,  3. 
Drake,  man-of-war,  198. 
Drayton's  American  Revolution  in 

South  Carolina,  3. 
Dring's  Jersey  Prison  Ship,  200. 
Duch6,  Rev.  Jacob,  172. 
Du  Chesnoy's  Theatre  de  la  Guerre, 

132. 

Duer's  Life  of  Lord  Stirling,  112. 
Dumas,  C.  W.  F.,  74. 
Dumas's  Le  Captaine  Paul,  212. 
Dumas's  Memoirs,  256. 
Dunlap,  234  ;  History  of  New  York,  17 
Dunmore,  75. 

Du  Portail  in  Stanhope's  England,  161. 
Duval,  Denis,  212. 
Dwight,   Timothy,   Travels    in    New 

England,  133. 

EARLE'S  English  Premiers.  182. 

East  Boston,  by  Sumner,  35. 

Eastburn's  Survey,  164. 

Eberling  on  Steuben,  204. 

Eclectic  Review,  181. 

Eddis's  Letters  from  America,  7. 

Eden,  186. 

Edes's  Boston  Massacre  oration,  12. 

Edes,  Peter,  diary,  64. 

Edinburgh  Review,  181. 

Eelking's     Deutsche     Hulfstruppen, 

108, 135  ;  Leben  von  Riedesel,  108, 

156. 

Eliot,  Rev.  Dr.,  letters  from  Boston,  64. 
Eliot's  Biographical  Dictionary,  49. 
Elizabethtown  Point,  223. 
Ellet,  Mrs.,  Domestic  History  of  the 

Revolution,  282  ;    Women   of  the 

Revolution,  139. 


INDEX. 


313 


Elliott's,  C.  W.,  History  of  New  Eng 
land,  32. 

Ellis,  G.  E.,  on  Bunker  Hill,  37,  44, 
67  ;  Life  of  Count  Rumford,  79, 
252;  Memoir  of  Sparks,  280:  ora 
tion  on  the  siege  of  Boston,  60. 

Elmer's  Journal,  80. 

Eloquence  of  the  Revolution,  283. 

Emerson,  R.  W.,  on  the  Concord  fight, 
28. 

Emerson,  William,  on  the  Concord 
fight,  28. 

Emmons,  G.  F.,  Navy  of  the  United 
States,  300. 

Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  297. 

Endicott  on  Leslie's  expedition,  25. 

England,  History  of,  by  Adolphus,  2, 
180,  292  ;  under  George  III.,  by  Bis- 
set,  85,  161  ;  C.  Knight's  Popular 
History  of,  111,  180, 293  ;  History  of, 
by  Massey,  2,  180,  293 ;  Constitu 
tional  History  of ,  by  May,  2,  180; 
Pictorial  History  of ,  4,  180,  293; 
History  of,  by  Stanhope,  4, 180, 292  , 
commissioners  of  historical  MSS., 
30;  political  movements,  21,  96. 

English  Commission  on  Historical 
MSS.,  115. 

English  Premiers,  by  Earle,  182. 

English,  T.  D.,  95. 

Epochs  of  English  History  Series,  294. 

Epochs  of  Modern  History  Series,  294, 

Esnauts  et  Rapilly's  map.  258. 

Esopus,  200  ;  burned,  158. 

Essex  County,  New  York,  80. 

Essex  Gazette,  7. 

Essex  Institute,  Bulletin,  64;  Collec 
tions,  51,  60  ;  Proceedings,  25. 

Etonians,  by  Jesse,  182. 

Etting,  Colonel,  106. 

Eustis's  Letter,  93. 

Eutaw,  252. 

Evans's  Map  of  the  Colonies,  303; 
Middle  British  Colonies,  132. 

Everett,  A.  H.,  on  Bunker  Hill,  44; 
Life  of  Warren,  44. 

Everett,  Edward,  Concord  address, 
32  ;  Mount  Vernon  Papers,  31,  297  ; 
Lexington  address,  31;  Life  of  Stark, 
143  ;  Life  of  Washington,  297. 

Ewald's  Beyspiele  Grosser  Helden, 
161 ;  Feldzug  der  Hessen,  108. 

Exchange  of  prisoners,  201. 

Exiles  in  Virginia,  by  Gilpin,  163. 

FADEN,  William,  68 ;  collection  of  his 

maps  in  library  of  Congress,  161. 
Fairfield  destroyed,  203. 
'  ^,lmouth  burned,  71. 
Faneuil  Hall,  66. 


Fanning,  Colonel  D.,  220.   f 
Farmers  Letters,  by  Dickinson,  9 
Farnham,  Ralph,  54. 
Fast,  Christian,  Captivity  of,  199. 
Fellows,  John,  Veil  Removed,  52. 
Felt,  Joseph  B.,  Annals  of  Salem,  89  ; 

Massachusetts  currency,  242. 
Feltman,  William,  journal,  254. 
Female  Review,  by  11.  Mann,  47. 
Fenmrs  orderly-book,  39. 
Ferguson,  237. 
Field,  T.  W.,  battle  of  Long  Island, 

109. 
Field-Book  of  the  Revolution,  by  Los- 

sing,  3,  291. 
Finances,  242. 
Finch  on  Revolutionary  Landmarks, 

45. 

Finley's  Siege  of  Quebec,  96. 
Fish,  Colonel  N.,  115. 
Fishers  Chart  of  Delaware  River,  164, 

167. 

Fisheries,  and  the  treaty  of  peace,  271. 
Fitch,  Asa,  139. 
Fitzrnaurice's  Life   of  Shelburne,  4, 

154. 
Flag  adopted  (1777),  129  ;  History  of, 

by  Preble,  89. 
Flanders  's  Life  of  Jay,  16  ;  Life  of  Rut- 

ledge,  17. 

Flassan's  Diplomatic  Francaise,  268. 
Fleet's  Evening  Post,  7. 
Fleet  Prison  at  Esopus,  200. 
Fletcher,  Ebenezer,  narrative,  138. 
Fleury,  Lieutenant,  141,  167. 
Flint's  Western  Monthly  Review,  14. 
Fogg,  Jeremiah,  orderly-book,  63. 
Fonblanque's  Life  of  Burgoyne,  91. 
Foote's  Sketches  of  North  Carolina,  3. 
Forayers,  by  Simms,  251. 
Force,  Colonel  Peter,  on  the  Declara 
tion  of  Independence.  107  ;  Ameri 
can  Archives,  10,  28l  ;  his  collec 
tion,  284. 

Foreign  officers  in  the  army,  171. 
Foreign  relations  (1779-1780),  213. 
Fort  George,  80. 
Fortnightly  Review,  261. 
Foster  Papers,  284. 
Foucher's  Siege  du  fort  St.  Jean  86. 
Fox,  C.  J.,  96  ;  Life  and  Times  of,  by 
Russell,  182;    Memorials  and  Cor 
respondence,  by  Russell,  96  ;  in  the 
Shelburne  cabinet,  265. 


treaty  with,  178  ;  would  curtail  the 
American  boundaries,  213. 
Frank  Leslie's  Pictorial,  45. 


314 


INDEX. 


Franklin,  Benjamin,  Life  by  Bigelow, 
4 ;  by  Parton,  4  ;  by  Sparks,  4  ;  and 
the  Stamp  Act,  4 ;  Proceedings  of 
the  Congress,  19 ;  on  the  Boston 
Resolutions,  23 ;  progress  of  the 
difference,  etc.,  25  ;  arrives  in  Paris, 
101 ;  in  Europe,  175  ;  in  Paris,  213  ; 
negotiates  for  peace,  266 ;  unpopu 
larity  in  England,  266  ;  portrait  by 
Greuze,  273 ;  suit  of  Manchester 
velvet,  273  ;  Works,  edited  bv  W.  T. 
Franklin,  9;  Works,  edited  by 
Sparks,  18. 

Fraser's  Magazine,  212. 

Frederick  the  Great,  by  Carlyle,  14 ; 
his  relation  with  the  American 
Congress,  177. 

Freeman's  Farm,  145. 

French  auxiliaries,  194,  225 ;  fleet, 
193  ;  fleet  in  the  West  Indies,  209  ; 
histories  of  the  war,  294  ;  participa 
tion  in  the  war,  295  ;  troops  in  Vir 
ginia,  253. 

Friends.     See  Quakers. 

Frog  Neck,  118. 

Frothingham,  Richard,  Alarm  of  April 
18th,  26;  Bunker  Hill,  52;  Rise  of 
the  Republic,  2;  Siege  of  Boston, 
15  ;  Warren  and  his  Times,  6. 

Fry  and  Jefferson's  maps,  258. 

Furman's  Antiquities  of  Long  Island, 
113. 

GAGE,  General  Thomas,  8. 

Galaxy,  The,  45,  233. 

Gallatin's  North  Eastern  Boundary, 
269. 

Galloway,  Joseph,  78;  before  the 
Commons,  78 ;  Letters  to  a  Noble 
man,  131 ;  Letter  to  Lord  Howe,  198  ; 
plan  of  adjustment,  18 ;  Rise  and 
Progress  of  the  American  Rebellion, 

Gammel,  Life  of  Samuel  Ward,  88. 

Gansevoort,  Colonel,  140. 

Garden's  Anecdotes  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  95,  218. 

Gardner,  A.  B.,  Rhode  Island  Line, 
196. 

Garneau's  History  of  Canada,  85. 

Gascoigne,  220. 

Gaspee,  destruction  of  the,  13. 

Gates,  General  Horatio,  Life  in  Head- 
ley's  Washington,  etc. ,91;  sent  to 
Canada,  91  ;  Schuyler's  dispute 
about  command,  136  ;  in  command 
of  the  northern  army,  144  :  and  the 
Con  way  Cabal,  168  ;  in  Carolina, 
228  ;  his  relations  with  Washington, 
228  ;  his  papers,  284. 


i  General  Records  of  the  war,  277. 
i  Genoese  ambassador  in  London,  295. 
i  Gentleman's  Magazine,  4,  285. 
j  Geographische  Belustigungen,  303. 
j  George  III.,  Reign  of,  bv   Belsham, 
292;    Memoirs  of  his  court,  265; 
Correspondence   with   Lord   North, 
1      23 ;  his  letters,  181 ;  reign  of,  180  ; 
its  social  aspects,  182;  his  charac 
ter,  181. 

Georgia,  209,  221 ;  Stevens's  History 
of,  74  ;  map  of,  220  ;  conquered  by 
Wayne.  262. 
Gerard,  the  French  minister,  179,  214  ; 

his  papers,  295. 
German  Flats,  76. 
German  town,  164. 
Gerry,  Elbridge,  Life  by  Austin,  8. 
Gertrude  of  Wyoming,  191. 
Geschichte    der  Kriege    in  und  aus 

Europa,  57. 
Gibbon, 182. 
Gibbs's  Diary,  195. 
Gibbs,  R.  W.,  Documentary  History  of 

American  Revolution,  3,  218. 
Oilman,   Caroline,  Eliza    Wilkinson, 

210. 
Gilman,  Mrs.  C.  H.,  on  the  Tea-party, 

Gilpin's  Exiles  in  Virginia,  163. 
Girardin's  History  of  Virginia,  75. 
Gleig's  Chelsea  Pensioners,  157  ;  Day 

on  the  Neutral  Ground,  206. 
Gloucester,  Mass.,  History  by  Babson, 

88. 

Gloucester,  Va.,  256. 
Glover's  orderly-book,  63, 195. 
Golden  Hill,  33. 

Goodell's  centennial  address,  16. 
Goodrich,  Chauncey,  203. 
Gookin's  diary,  207. 
Gordon,  Colonel  Cosmo,  223. 
Gordon's    History    of    Pennsylvania, 

Gordon,  William,  American  Revolu 
tion,  28,  46  :  his  history,  286  ;  com 
mencement  of  hostilities,  28  ; 
Thanksgiving  services,  21. 

Gouge's  Paper  Money,  242. 

Graham,  Lieut.  General  Samuel,  203. 

Graham's  Life  of  Morgan,  83, 219,  248. 

Graham  on  the  invasion  of  North 
Carolina,  218. 

Grahame's  United  States,  15,  290. 

Graphic  (newspaper)  Centennial,  65. 

Graves,  Admiral,  255. 

Gravesend,  109. 

Gray,  F.  C.,295. 

Gray,  John,  last  soldier  of  the  Revo 
lution,  276. 


INDEX. 


315 


Graydon's  Memoirs,  109. 

Great  Britain,  Administrations  of  by 

Lewis,  181;  Military  Memoirs,  etc., 

by    Beatson,    292 ;      treaty    with 

France,  273. 

Green  Mountain  Boys,  81. 
Green,  Dr.  Ezra,  198. 
Green,  Samuel  A.,  205,  211 ;  editor  of 

Deuxpont's  Journal,  226. 
Green's  Short  History  of  the  English 

People,  294. 
Greene,  Albert  G.,  200. 
Greene,  Gardiner,  64. 
Greene,  G.  W.,   German   Element  in 

the  War,  108 ;    Historical   View  of 

American  Revolution,  2. 
Greene,  Nathanael,    Life  by   G.  W. 

Greene,  60,  244  ;   Life  by  Johnson, 

160  ;    quartermaster-general,    171  ; 

at  the  South,  238,  244;    in  South 

Carolina,  250  ;  papers,  285. 
Greenwood,   Grace,   Forest    Tragedy, 

193. 

Grenadier  Guards,  by  Hamilton,  113. 
Grenville  sent  to  Paris,  265. 
Grenville's  papers,  185. 
Greuze;s  portrait  of  Franklin,  273. 
Grey,  General,  162. 
Greyslaer,  by  Hoffman,  193. 
Griffiths,  William,  Historical  Notes  of 

the  American  Colonies,  2. 
Grigby,  H.  B.,  98. 
Griswold,  C.,255. 
Griswold,  Fort,  254. 
Grosvenor,  L.,  on  Bunker  Hill,  52. 
Groton,  Conn.,  254. 
Groton,  Mass.,  History  of,  by  Butler, 

Guilford,  249. 

Guizot's  France,  178. 

Gvissefeld,  map  of  United  States,  270. 

HADDEN,  Lieutenant,  155. 

Hageman,  J.  F.,  History  of  Princeton, 
126. 

Haid,  234. 

Hale,  E.  E.,  List  of  Faden  Maps,  113 ; 
One  Hundred  Years  Ago,  26  ;  Paul 
Jones  and  Dennis  Duval,  212. 

Hale,  Nathan,  115,  234. 

Hall,  Hiland,  80. 

Hall's  Civil  War  in  America,  117,  288. 

Hall's  History  of  Vermont,  143. 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  298  ;  Life  by 
J.  C.  Hamilton,  72,  189,  298  ;  Life 
by  J.  T.  Morse,  298;  Tracts,  19; 
Views  on  Finance,  243  ;  papers,  285. 

Hamilton,  J.  C.,  Republic  of  the 
United  States,  191,  298  ;  Contro 
versy  with  W.  B.  Reed,  299. 


Hamilton,  Schuyler,  History  of  the 
National  Flag,  129. 

Hamilton's  Grenadier  Guards,  113, 162. 

Hancock,  John,  73  :  Oration  on  Bos 
ton  Massacre,  2l ;  House,  66,  73 ; 
papers,  73,  284. 

Harlem  Plains,  118. 

Harper's  Monthly,  14. 

Harrington,  Jonathan,  33. 

Harris,  Lord,  Life  by  Lushington,  42, 

Hartley,  C.  B.,  Heroes  of  the  South, 
219. 

Harkey,  David,  183, 186  ;  in  Paris,  273. 

Harte,  Bret,  Thankful  Blossom,  217. 

Hartford,  Washington  and  Rochanv- 
beau  at,  227. 

Hartford  Daily  Courant,  79. 

Hartford  Post,  52. 

Haven,  C.  C.,  Annals  of  Trenton,  125  ; 
Historical  Manual,  122;  Thirty 
Days  in  New  Jersey,  122  ;  Washing 
ton  in  New  Jersey,  122. 

Haven,  8.  F.,  Jr.,  Bibliography  of  the 
American  Press,  5. 

Hawks's  Battle  of  Alamance,  5, 

Hawley,  General  Joseph,  Address,  204. 

Hawthorne's  Septimius  Felton,  33. 

Hay-ad-ros-se-ra,  153. 

Hayne,  Isaac,  252. 

Hazard,  W.  P.,  editor  of  Watson's  An 
nals,  262. 

Hazard's  Pennsylvania  Archives,  180. 

Hazard's  Register,  240. 

Hazewell,  C.  C.,  181. 

Head  of  Elk,  159. 

Headleyf  J.  T.,  153  ;  Chaplains  and 
Clergy  of  the  Revolution,  283  ;  Mis 
cellanies,  211 ;  Washington  and  his 
Generals,  145,  292. 

Heath's  Memoirs,  30  ;  Diary  at  Cam 
bridge,  60  ;  on  the  Hudson,  202, 254  ; 
papers,  119, 164,  284. 

Heckerwelder's  Moravian  Missions, 
199. 

Henley,  Colonel,  trial  of,  150. 

Henrick,  Captain,  a  Hessian,  172. 

Henry,  Patrick,  199  ;  Life  by  Wirt,  3. 

Henry's  Kennebec  journal,  83. 

Henshaw,  William,  orderly-book,  63. 

Herbert,  Charles,  Relics  of  the  Revo 
lution,  200. 

Herkimer,  General,  140. 

Herkiiner  County,  by  Benton,  140. 

Hessians,  108,  135. 

Higginson,  T.  W.,  106. 

Hill,  G.  W.,  Captivity  of  C.  Fast,  199. 

Hilliard  d'Auberteuil's  Essais  his- 
toriques,  59  ;  Administration  de 
Lord  North,  303. 


316 


INDEX. 


Hills,  John,  Plan  of  Fort  Clinton,  etc., 
159. 

Hinman,  Connecticut  in  the  Revolu 
tion,  48, 133  ;  Hist.  Collections,  203. 

Historical  Magazine,  4. 

Hobkirk's  Hill,  250. 

Hodgson's  Report  of  Preston's  Trial, 

Hoffman,  C.  F.,  Greyslaer,  193. 

Holland,  E.  G.,  Highland  Treason,  235. 

Holland's,  H.  W.,  William  Dawes,  etc., 
26. 

Holland,  J.  G.,  Western  Massachu 
setts,  79. 

Holland,  Major,  surveys,  69,  302. 

Holland,  treaties  with,  267. 

Holland  and  the  United  States,  178. 

Holland  Purchase,  244. 

Hollis,  History  of,  by  Worcester,  147. 

Hollister's  History  of  Connecticut, 
80. 

Holmes,  Abiel.  American  Annals, 
290. 

Holmes,  0.  W.,  Grandmother's  Story 
of  Bunker  Hill,  59. 

Hood,  Commodore,  8. 

Hopkins,  Commodore,  88;  papers, 
284. 

Hopkinson's  Battle  of  the  Kegs,  173. 

Hostilities  cease,  275. 

Hough,  F.  B.,  141,  207,  209 ;  on  the 
convention  of  1780,  225 ;  Northern 
Invasion. 237 ;  on  the  siege  of  Char 
leston,  221. 

Houghton,  G.  F.,  142. 

Hours  at  Home,  100. 

How,  David,  diary  at  Cambridge,  63. 

How,  II.  K.,  125. 

Howard,  Colonel,  J.  E.,  165. 

Howard,  Lieut.  Colonel,  248. 

Howe,  Lord,  at  Rhode  Island,  193 ; 
naval  conduct,  198. 

Howe,  Sir  William,  arrives,  97  ,  nar 
rative  of  his  conduct,  111 ;  as  com 
missioner  for  peace,  113 ;  contro 
versy  with  Galloway,  131;  evacu 
ates  the  Jerseys,  133  ;  Philadelphia 
campaign,  159  ;  in  Philadelphia, 
172  ;  returns  to  England,  173. 

Howison's  Virginia,  151. 

Rowland,  John,  Life  by  Stone,  126. 

Hozier's  Invasion  of  England,  186. 
Hubbardton,   History  by   Churchill 

138. 

Hubley's  diary,  207. 
Huddy,  Captain,  hung,  262. 
Hudson,  Charles,  Doubts  concerning 
Bunker  Hill,  44  ;  History  of  Lexing 
ton,  31. 
Hudson,  Frederick,  on  Concord  fight, 


32 ;  Journalism  in  the  United  States, 
7, 283. 

ludson  River  Campaign  (1776),  92  ; 
obstructions,  92  ;  Clinton's  cam 
paign  on  the,  157. 

Hughes,  G.  R.  T.,  on  the  Tea-party, 
13. 

Hughes,  Thomas,  on  Franklin,  175, 
267. 

Hull,  General  William,  Revolutionary 
Services,  61. 

Humphrey's  Life  of  Putnam,  35,  50. 

Hunt's  American  Merchants,  89,  243. 

Hunt,  L.  L.,  Notes  on  Montgomery, 
85. 

Hunter,  ship,  224. 

Huntington's  History  of  Stanford,  79. 

Hutchinson,  Colonel  Israel,  orderly- 
book,  63. 

Hutchinson,  Governor  Thomas,  let 
ters,  9;  History  of  Massachusetts, 
1 ;  papers,  284. 

IMLAY'S  Western  Territory,  199. 

Impartial  History  of  the  War  in  Amer 
ica,  70,  286,  288. 

Independence  declared,  103  ;  spirit  of, 
102. 

Independence  Hall,  106. 

Indian  Miscellany  by  Beach,  139. 

Indian  Wars,  by  De  Haas,  192. 

Indians,  Book  of  the.  by  S.  G.  Drake, 
191. 

Indians  in  the  War,  75, 139, 192, 199, 
206  ;  Sullivan's  expedition  against, 
206 ;  depredations  in  1778,  190. 

Iredell,  Life  by  McRee,  16,  218. 

Ireland,  state  of,  271. 

Irvine,  General,  82, 189. 

Irving's  Life  of  Washington,  17. 

Izard,  Ralph,  128, 176,  213. 

JACKSON,  Andrew,  by  Parton,  219. 

James,  Colonel,  plan  of  Fort  Moul- 
trie,  95. 

James,  Thomas,  222. 

James's  Life  of  Marion,  219. 

James's  Naval  History  of  Great  Brit 
ain,  198. 

Jameson's  Constitutional  Conven 
tions,  283. 

Jasper,  Sergeant  William,  95. 

Jay,  John,  Life  of,  by  Flanders,  16  ; 
by  Jay,  16  ;  minister  to  Spain,  178  ; 
and  the  peace  negotiations,  267. 

Jay,  John,  Oration,  119. 

Jefferson,  Life  by  Parton,  16  ;  by  Ran 
dall,  16  ;  by  De  Witt,  99  ;  by  Tucker, 
17 ;  drafts  the  Declaration  of  In 
dependence,  105  ;  Notes  on  Virginia, 


INDEX. 


317 


102  ;    Writings,  17  ;    papers,  284  ; 

Governor  of  Virginia,  246. 
Jeffery's  American  Atlas,  58  ;  map  of 

New  England,  57. 
Jeffries,   Dr.,   on    General  Warren's 

death,  54. 

Jemison,  Mary,  Life  by  Seaver,  207. 
Jenkins,  H.  M.,  161. 
Jenkins's  Wyoming  Address,  191. 
Jennings   Memorials   of    a  Century, 

143. 

Jersey  City,  205. 
Jersey  prison  ship,  200. 
Jerseys,  campaign  in,  122  ;  evacuated 

by  Howe,  133. 
TTesse's  Etonians,  182;    George  III., 

181 ;    Selwyn    and    his  Contempo 
raries,  184. 
Johnson,  Fort,  220. 
Johnson,  Sir  John,  77. 
Johnson,  Joseph,  American  Revolu 
tion,  218. 

Johnson,  J.  G.,  299. 
Johnson's  Taxation  no  Tyranny,  22. 
Johnson,  Judge,  on  Pulaski,2lO;  Life 

of  N.  Greene,  160,  244. 
Johnson's  History  of   Salem,  N.  J., 

173. 
Johnson's  Traditions  of  the  American 

Revolution,  95. 
Johnston,  H.  P.,  campaign  of  1776, 

93 ;  Stony  Point,  204. 
Johnstown,  77. 
Jones,  C.  C.,  Jr.,  209;    on  Sergeant 

Jasper,  95. 
Jones,  Paul,  88 ;  198,  211 ;   Lives  of, 

211. 
Jones,  Judge,  77  ;    New  York  in  the 

Revolutionary  War,  10,  77,  288. 

KAPP'S  Life  of  De  Kalb,  168  ;  of 
Steuben,  171,  204  ;  Soldatenhandel, 
108, 156. 

Katherine  Walton,  by  Simms,  251. 

Kearsley's  American  Gazette,  9. 

Kellogg,  Lewis,  address,  137. 

Kennebec  expedition  (1775),  82. 

Kennedy,  John  P.,  Horseshoe  Robin 
son,  222  ;  Memoir  of  Wm.  Wirt,  20. 

Kentucky,  History  of,  by  Butler,  198  ; 
Collins's  Historical  Sketch  of,  199. 

Keppel,  Admiral,  198. 

Kidder,  Frederic,  Boston  Massacre, 
11  ;  Eastern  Maine,  224  ;  First  New 
Hampshire  Regiment,  152. 

King,  C.,  189. 

King,  D.  P.,  on  Danvers  at  Lexington, 
31 

King,  General,  237. 

King's  Ferry,  203. 


King's  Mountain,  237. 

Kirkland's  Washington,  297. 

Knickerbocker  Magazine,  110. 

Knight,  C.,  Popular  History  of  Eng 
land,  111,  180,  293. 

Knowlton,  Colonel,  47. 

Knox,  Gen.  Henry,  Life  by  Drake,  61 ; 
expedition  to  Ticonderoga,  61 ;  pa 
pers,  284. 

Knyphausen,  216. 

LADY'S  MAGAZINE,  Philadelphia,  173 

Lafayette's  Memoirs,  101 ;  engages, 
101 ;  scheme  of  invading  Canada, 
171 ;  at  Barren  Hill,  173  ;  and  D'Es- 
taing,  194 ;  and  the  French  Govern 
ment,  225  ;  In  Europe,  241 ;  in  Vir 
ginia,  247,  253. 

Lamb,  Sergeant,  Journal  of  Occur 
rences,  42. 

Lamb,  Samuel,  Memoirs  by  Leake,  4. 

Lambdin's  address,  165. 

L'Amoreaux's  address,  153. 

Landais,  Peter,  and  Paul  Jones,  211. 

Langdon,  President  of  Harvard  Col 
lege,  74. 

Langworthy's  Life  of  Charles  Lee,  188. 

Last  Men  of  the  Revolution,  303. 

Lattre's  Map  of  the  United  States,  270. 

Laurens,  Henry,  Correspondence  by 
Moore,  207  ;  captured,  215  ;  in 
Paris,  268. 

Laurens,  Lieut.  Colonel,  167,  331 ;  and 
finance,  243. 

Lauzun,  Due  de,  226. 

Laws,  Vincennes,  199. 

Leach,  John,  diary  in  Boston,  64. 

Leake's  Memoirs  of  General  Samuel 
Lamb,  4. 

Lear,  Washington's  secretary,  232. 

Leboucher's  Historic  de  la  Guerre, 
227  ;  Guerre  de  I'Inde'pendunce,  294. 

Ledyard,  Colonel,  254. 

Lee,  Arthur,  in  London,  99;  in  Eu 
rope,  175 ;  in  Paris,  213  ;  and  the 
French  Alliance,  267  ;  Life  of,  300. 

Lee,  Gen.  Charles,  Memoirs,  114, 121 ; 
taken  prisoner,  122  ;  Treason  of,  by 
Moore,  ll;2,  130  ;  court-martialed 
for  Moiimouth,  188  ;  Life  by  Shirks 
188  ;  Life  by  Langworthy,  188. 

Lee.  llenry,  205 ;  Campaign  of  1781, 
244. 

Lee,  Gen.  Henry,  Memoirs  of  the  War, 
42  245. 

Lee,  R.  H.,  Life  by  Lee,  16, 300  ;  drafts 
addresV,  72. 

Lee,  William,  Commissioner  to  Ber 
lin,  128 

Lee,  William,  orderly-book,  63. 


318 


INDEX. 


Lee  Papers,  284,  300 ;  in  American 
Philosophical  Society's  library,  67  ; 
in  Harvard  College  library,  27. 

Le  Marchant's  edition  of  Walpole's 
George  the  Third,  22,  182. 

Lendrum's  American  Revolution,  287. 

Leonard,  Daniel,  19. 

Leslie  in  Virginia,  238. 

Leslie's  expedition  to  Salem,  25. 

Lester,  C.  E.,  Our  First  Hundred 
Years,  292. 

Letters  to  a  Nobleman,  123. 

Lewis,  G.  C.,  Administrations  of  Great 
Britain,  181. 

Lewis's  Chester  County,  161. 

Lexington  fight,  26  ;  History  of  by 
Hudson,  SI. 

Lincoln,  Gen.  Benjamin,  Life  by 
Bowen,  147  ;  at  Saratoga,  151 ;  at 
Savannah,  209  ;  at  Charleston,  221 ; 
in  Virginia,  254. 

Lincoln's  History  of  Worcester,  21. 

Linwoods,  a  novel  by  Miss  Sedgwick, 
305. 

Lionel  Lincoln,  by  Cooper,  59,  67. 

Lippincott's  Magazine,  161. 

Literature  of  the  Revolution,  305. 

Livermore,  George,  on  negroes  as  sol 
diers,  304. 

Living  Age,  8. 

Livingston,  R.  R.,  241,  260,  278. 

Livingston,  William,  Life  by  Sedg 
wick,  17. 

Loans  in  Europe,  242. 

Lomenie's  Life  of  Beaumarchais,  100, 
176. 

London  Chronicle,  27. 

London  Magazine,  57,  285. 

Longfellow's  Paul  Revere,  26. 

Long  Island  and  its  histories,  78 ; 
battle  of,  109  ;  Furman's  Antiqui 
ties  of,  113  ;  loyalists,  262. 

Long  Island  Historical  Society,  Me 
moirs,  109. 

Lord,  234. 

Loring's,  G.  B.,  Speech  at  Salem,  25. 

Loring,  J.  S.,  Hundred  Boston  Ora 
tors,  11 ;  on  Gordon's  historv,  287. 

Lossing,  B.  J.,  Field-Book  of  the  Rev 
olution,  291  ;  Life  of  Schuyler,  71 ; 
Washington,  297. 

Loubat's  Medallic  History  of  the 
United  States,  67. 

Loughborough,  Life  by  Campbell,  22. 

Louis  XVI.,  by  Capefigue,  214. 

Lowell,  J.  R.,  Concord  ode,  32 ;  Un 
der  the  Great  Elm,  62. 

Lowell,  John,  on  Bunker  Hill,  50. 

Lowell,  Robert,  Burgoyne's  Last 
March,  146. 


Lovell,  General,  208. 

Loyalists,  76,  77,  155,  220,  289 ;  and 
the  peace,  271. 

Ludlow's  War  of  American  Indepen 
dence,  294. 

Lunt,  Paul,  diary  at  Cambridge,  62. 

Lushington's  Life  of  Lord  Harris,  42. 

Luzerne,  French  minister,  207,  226. 

Ly man's  Diplomacy  of  the  United 
States,  177,  263. 

Lynn  Haven  Bay,  255. 

MADISON,  Life  by  Rives,  16  ;  views  on 
finance,  243  ;  papers,  178,  284 ; 
Writings,  98. 

McAlpine's  Memoirs,  153. 

Macaulay's  Essay  on  Chatham,  182. 

McCartney's  Origin  of  the  United 
States,  2. 

McClure's  diary,  28. 

McCormick's  edition  of  Peters's  His 
tory  of  Connecticut,  15. 

McCrea,  Jane,  Miss,  murdered,  138  ; 
Life  by  D.  Wilson.  138  ;  a  tale  by 
Hilliard  d'Auberteuil,  139. 

McCurlin,  Daniel,  journal  at  Cam 
bridge,  63. 

McFingal,  by  Trumbull,  10. 

Mackay's  United  States,  293. 

McKean's  letter,  104. 

Mackenzie,  Alex.,  on  Washington  at 
Cambridge,  61 ;  Cambridge  at  Lex 
ington,  31. 

Mackenzie,  R.,  Strictures  on  Tarleton, 
219. 

MacKinnon's  Coldstream  Guards,  113. 

Macmillan's  Magazine,  8. 

McRee's  Life  of  Iredell,  16,  218. 

McSherry's  History  of  Maryland,  16. 

Magazine  of  American  History,  4. 

Magazines,  value  of,  286. 

Magoon's  Orators  of  the  Revolution, 
74,  283. 

Mahon's  History  of  England,  4,  292. 

Maine,  History  of,  by  Williamson,  71, 
208  :  as  New  Ireland,  224  ;  boun 
dary  dispute,  269  ;  Her  Place  in  His 
tory,  270. 

i  Maine  Historical  Society  Collections, 
59,  224. 

Maine,  H.  C.,  on  Burgoyne's  Cam 
paign,  1531 

Manchester,  N.  H.,  History  by  Potter, 
48. 

Manley,  Captain,  88. 

Mann,  Herman,  the  Female  Review, 
47. 

Manuscript  sources,  284. 

Maps  of  the  war,  302. 

Marion,  Francis,  219;  Life  by  James, 


INDEX. 


VVoV 


219  ;  Life  by  Simms,  219  :  Life  by 
Weems,  219. 

Marbois,  Complot  d' Arnold,  etc..  234 : 
his  letter  intercepted,  268. 

Margaretta  at  Machias,  35. 

Marsh,  L.  R.,  on  General  Woodhull, 
110. 

Marshall,  Christopher,  diary,  28,  72. 

Marshall  ;s  Life  of  Washington,  17. 

Marshfield  expedition,  25. 

Martial  law  in  the  Revolution,  304. 

Marten's  Keceuil  de  Traite's,  179. 

Martin,  Chaplain,  54. 

Martin's  History  of  North  Carolina,  8. 

Martyrs  to  the  Revolution,  by  Taylor, 
200. 

Maryland,  History  by  McSherry,  16. 

Maryland  Line,  by  Balch,  63,  247. 

Maryland  Historical  Society's  Trans 
actions,  87 ;  publications,  229. 

Mason,  George,  199,  202. 

Massachusetts,  History  of,  by  Barry, 
2  ;  by  A.  Bradford,  21 ;  by  Hutchin- 
son,  1 ;  by  Minot,  1  ;  Western,  by 
Holland,  79 ;  assumes  sovereign 
power,  98  ;  Constitution  (1780),  224  ; 
Currency  by  Felt,  242. 

Massachusetts  Gazette,  7. 

Massachusetts  Historical  Society's  Li 
brary  Catalogue,  5  ;  Collections,  7; 
Proceedings,  3. 

Massachusetts  Kalendar,  11. 

Massachusetts  Magazine,  33,  66. 

Massachusetts  Provincial  Congress 
Journals,  27. 

Massachusetts  State  Papers,  by  A. 
Bradford,  6. 

Massachusetts  State  Register,  13. 

Massachusetts  Society  of  Cincinnati, 
275. 

Massachusetts  Spy,  7. 

Massachusettensis,  19. 

Massey's  History  of  England,  2. 

Matthews,  General,  his  journal,  231. 

Mauduit,  Israel,  174;  on  Sir  William 
Howe,  120. 

May's  Constitutional  History  of  Eng 
land,  2,  288. 

Maynard,  Needham,  on  Bunker  Hill, 

Maxwell,  Major  T.,  on  Bunker  Hill,  51. 

Mecklenberg,  Declaration  of  Indepen 
dence,  34. 

Medcalfe's  Map,  157. 

Medical  Men  of  the  Revolution,  283. 

Meigs's  Kennebec  journal,  83. 

Mellish  and  Tanner's  Seat  of  War, 
132. 

Melville.  Herman,  40  ;  Israel  Potter, 
212. 


£>*' 

319 


Melvin's  Kennebec  journal,  83. 

Mercer,  General,  126. 

Mercer,  Fort,  166. 

Meredith,  Sir  William,  186. 

Methodists  and  the  War,  283. 

Middlebrook  Camp,  202. 

Middlesex,    Historic    Fields    of,    by 

Drake,  31. 
Mifflin,  Fort,  166. 
Miles,  Colonel  Samuel,  110. 
Military  Journals,  etc.,  28. 
Military  Pocket  Atlas,  127. 
Miner,  Charles,  History  of  Wyoming, 

Minot's  History  of  Massachusetts,  1. 

Mischianza,  173. 

Mississippi  River  and  its  navigation, 

Mohawk  Valley  Indians,  75, 192. 

Monmouth,  188. 

Montgomery,  General  Richard,  82, 
85  ;  Life  by  Armstrong,  82  ;  by  Gen. 
Cullum.  85 ;  oration  on,  by  William 
Smith,  85  ;  notes  on,  by  L.  L.  Hunt, 
85. 

Montgomery,  Fort,  158. 

Montfcello,  263. 

Montreal,  82,  84. 

Montresor,  164. 

Moore,  Frank,  American  Eloquence, 
283 ;  Ballad  History  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  31;  Correspondence  of  Henry 
Laurens,  207 ;  Diary  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  27,  282  ;  Materials  for  History, 
167  ;  Songs  and  Ballads  of  the  Rev 
olution,  173,  194,  282. 

Moore,  George  II.,  on  negroes  as  sol 
diers,  304 ;  Treason  of  Charles  Lee, 
122, 130. 

Moore,  Thomas,  Life  of  Sheridan,  22. 

Moorsom's  Fifty -second  Regiment,  42. 

Moravian  Missions,  199. 

Morgan,  Daniel,  219  ;  Life  by  Graham, 
83,  146 ;  with  Gates,  146 ;  at  Cow- 
pens,  248  ;  papers,  248. 

Morley,  J.  L.,  Morton's  Hope,  305. 

Morley  »s  Edmund  Burke.  107. 

Morris,  Gouverneur,  183  ;  Life  by 
Sparks,  10. 

Morris,  Robert,  financier,  104,  243. 

Morris,  General,  letter,  94. 

Morristown,  2l7 ;  Wayne  at,  240. 

Morsman,  Oliver,  on  Bunker  Hill,  40. 

Morton,  Perez,  on  General  Warren, 
54,97. 

Morton,  Robert,  163. 

Morton's  Hope,  by  Morley,  305. 

Mott,  79. 

Moultrie's  Memoirs  of  the  American 
War,  218. 


320 


INDEX. 


Moultrie,  Fort,  94. 

Mount  Defiance,  136. 

Mount  Vernon  Papers,  by  Everett, 

297. 

Mouzon,  220. 
Mud  Island,  166. 
Mtigge,  T.,  Paul  Jones.  212. 
Muhlenberg,  General,  Life  of ,  160  ;  in 

Virginia,  239. 
Mulford's  History  of  New  Jersey,  17, 

242. 

Muller's  Americana,  178. 
Miiller's    Geographische   Belustigun- 

gen,  70. 
Murray's    Impartial    History  of  the 

American  War,  57. 
Murray's  War  in  America,  288. 
Muskingum,  262. 
Muzzey,  A.  B.,  on  Lexington  fight, 

32. 

NARRAGANSETT  BAY,  plans  of,  196, 
228. 

National  Intelligencer,  165. 

National  Quarterly  Review,  235. 

National  Repository,  158. 

Naval  Actions  (1778),  197. 

Naval  Chronicle,  109. 

Naval  Histories,  300. 

Naval  losses  of  Great  Britain,  215. 

Navy,  beginnings  of,  87. 

Neal,  John,  290 ;  Seventy-Six,  a  novel, 
305. 

Negroes  as  soldiers,  304. 

Neilson  on  Saratoga,  147, 153. 

Netherlands,  129  ;  war  with  England, 
215. 

Neutral  Ground,  205. 

Newall's  diary  in  Boston,  64. 

Newark  Daily  Advertiser,  126. 

New  Bedford,  History  by  Ricketson, 
196 ;  British  at,  196. 

Newburgh,  Washington's  headquar 
ters,  275 :  addresses,  274. 

Newburyport,  by  E.  V.  Smith,  89. 

New  England,  History  of,  by  C.  W. 
),57 ; 


Elliott,  32 ;  Jeffery  :s  map 
of,  71. 

New  England  Chronicle,  39. 

New  England  Historical  and  Genea 
logical  Register,  6. 

New  England  Magazine,  233. 

New  Englander,  53. 

Newfoundland  Banks,  271. 

New  Hampshire,  History  by  Belknap, 
197;  Provincial  Papers,  47;  adju 
tant-general's  reports,  47  ;  first  re 
giment,  152  ;  at  Bunker  Hill,  47. 

New  Hampshire  Historical  Society's 
Collections,  47. 


Newhall,  Thomas,  diary,  13. 

New  Haven  invaded,  203. 

New  Haven  Palladium,  237. 

New  Ipswich,  History  of,  48. 

New  Ireland,  224. 

New  Jersey,  History  by  Mulford,  17, 
242. 

New  Jersey,  Historical  Collections, 
Barker  and  Howe,  189. 

New  Jersey  Historical  Society's  Pro 
ceedings,  80. 

New  London,  254;  History  by  Caul- 
kins,  89. 

Newport,  197  ;  plan  of,  196 ;  the 
French  at,  226. 

New  York  City ,  History  by  Booth,  114 ; 
by  W.  L.  Stone,  59  ;  Campaign 
about  (1776),  93  ;  Washington  in 
(1776),  114;  occupied  by  the  Brit 
ish,  115,  202  ;  burned,  116  ;  in  1778, 
190  ;  French  fleet  at,  193  ;  British 
in,  223  ;  threatened  by  Washing 
ton,  227 ;  evacuated,  276  ;  maps, 
117,  276,  302. 

New  York  in  the  Revolution,  114. 

New  York  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
by  Jones,  10. 

New  York  State  History,  by  Dunlap, 
7  ;  Documentary  History,  74  ;  Docu 
ments  on  Colonial  History,  10. 

New  York  Provincial  Congress,  75 ; 
Last  Provincial  Assembly  Proceed 
ings,  10. 

New  York  Constitution,  98. 

New  York  State,  Maps  of  the  Province 
of,  159  ;  Calendar  of  Historical 
MSS.,  121 ;  State  Calendar,  82. 

New  York  City  Manual,  112. 

New  York  Evangelist,  233. 

New  York  Herald,  45. 

New  York  Tribune,  231. 

New  York  Historical  Society's  Library 
Catalogue,  5  ;  Collections,  5. 

Newspaper  Literature,  by  Bucking 
ham,  7. 

Newspapers  of  the  Revolution,  282. 

Niles's  Principles  and  Acts  of  the 
Revolution,  6,  281. 

Niles's  Register,  31,  105,  214,  235. 

Ninety-Six  besieged,  251. 

Noddle's  Island,  35. 

Norman,  J.,  70. 

Norris,  Major,  journal,  207. 

North,  Lord,  96  ;  his  character,  182  ; 
his  cabinet,  185;  his  Correspondence 
with  George  the  Third,  23,  181 ;  his 
ministry,  fall  of,  263. 

North  American  Review,  20. 

North  Carolina,  94,  222,  237 ;  Regu 
lators,  5  ;  Caruther's  Revolutionary 


INDEX. 


321 


Incidents,  218  ;  W.  D.  Cooke's  Revo 
lutionary  History  of,  218  ;  Foote's 
Sketches  of,  3  ;  Graham  on  the  In 
vasion  of,  218  :  Revolutionary  His 
tory  by  Jones,  3  ;  History  of,  by 
Martin,  3;  Map  of,  220. 
North  Carolina  University  Magazine, 

North  Eastern  Boundary,  269 
Northfield,  Mass.,  History  by  Temple, 

North  Western  Territory,  198,  270. 

Norton's  Pioneer  Missionaries   192 

Notes  and  Queries,  215. 

Nourse,  Michael,  on  R.  Morris,  243. 

Novanglus,  20. 

Nova  Scotia  Gazette,  209. 

Novels,  305. 

Nuts  for  Historians  to  Crack,  299. 

O'CALLAGHAN'S  Burgoyne's  Orderly- 
Book,  148. 

Ohio  State  Journal,  172. 

Old  Continental,  novel  by  Paulding 
305. 

Oliver,  Lieut.  Governor,  Letters,  9. 

Olney,  Life  by  Williams,  110. 

Onderdonk,  Henry,  History  of  Queens 
and  Suffolk  counties,  79,  262. 

Orators  of  the  Revolution,  by  Ma- 
goon,  73,  283. 

Oriskany,  139. 

Osgood,  Samuel,  on  Bunker  Hill,  45  ; 
New  York  under  British  rule,  129. 

Oswald  sent  to  Paris,  265. 

Oswego,  139. 

Otis,  G.  W.,  295. 

Otis,  James,  Life  by  Tudor,  1 ;  Rights 
of  the  Colonies,  2. 

PACKARD,  A.  S.,  on  Bunker  Hill 
Monument,  59. 

Paige:s  History  of  Cambridge,  60. 

Paige's  Map  of  Boston,  70. 

Paine,  Samuel,  Letter  from  Boston, 
64. 

Paine,  Thomas,  163,  176,  261 ;  Com 
mon  Sense,  98  ;  Public  Good,  270. 

Palfrey,  J.  G.,  293. 

Palmer's  Lake  Champlain,  80. 

Palmer's  Plan  of  Fort  Montgomery, 

Paoli,'l62. 

Paper  money,  242. 

Parker,  Commodore  F.  H.,  on  the  Mar- 
garetta,  35. 

Parker,  Francis  J.,  on  Bunker  Hill,  53. 

Parker,  Sir  Peter,  94. 

Parker,  Theodore,  33 ;  Historic  Ameri 
cans,  297. 

21 


Parliamentary  History  2 ;  Journals, 
285  ;  Register,  154,  285. 

Partisan  leaders,  219. 

Parton,  James,  Life  of  Aaron  Burr 
83  ;  Life  of  Frauklin,  4  ;  Life  of  An 
drew  Jackson,  219  ;  Life  of  Jeffer 
son,  10  ;  Washington,  297  ;  History 
of  Caricature,  304. 

Pattison,  Maj.  Gen.  James,  203. 

Patriot  Preachers  of  the  Revolution 
t. 

Paulding,  J.  K.,  Old  Continental  305  • 
Washington,  297. 

Paulding,  Captor  of  Andre"   232 

Paulus  Hook,  205. 

Peabody,  A.  P.,  oration  at  Cambridge, 

Peabody,  0.  W.  B.,  Life  of  Sullivan. 
206. 

Peace,  commissioners  of,  241 ;  nego 
tiations  for  (1782),  264 

Peck's  Wyoming,  191. 

Pelham,  Henry,  map  of  Boston,  70. 

Pemberton's  Journal,  209. 

Penn  Monthly,  244. 

Pennsylvania,  History  by  Gordon,  17 ; 
in  1776,  98;  martial  law  in,  225; 
navy  board,  166 ;  maps  of,  161 ; 
Archives,  109,  240 ;  line  mutiny 
240,  262  ;  Hazard's  Register  of,  240. 

Pennsylvania  Historical  Society,  28. 

Pennsylvania  Magazine  of  History,  4, 
51,  172. 

Pennsylvania  Packet,  231. 

Penobscot  expedition  (1779),  208. 

Pensacola,  253. 

Pentaget,  208. 

Percy,  Earl,  29. 

Percy  papers,  229. 

Perkins,  J.  II.,  192. 

Peters,  Hugh,  History  of  Connecticut, 

Petersburg,  253. 

Philadelphia,   contributions    to  Bos 
ton,  64  ;  campaign  (1777),  130, 159  : 
taken  by  Howe,  162  ;  Howe  in,  172  ; 
plans    of,    164 ;    British    evacuate, 
,  187  ;  in  1778,  190  ;  riots  (1779),  202. 
Philadelphia  Gazette,  176. 
Philadelphia  Library  Catalogue,  163. 
Philadelphia  Packet,  176. 
Philbrook,  Thomas,  208. 
~'helippeaux,  132. 
hillips,  Payson,  on  Lexington  fight, 

Phillips,  General,  in  Virginia,  246. 

Phinney's  Battle  of  Lexington,  30. 
'hysicians  of  the  Revolution,  283. 
ickering,  Timothy,  Life  by  Pickering 
and  Upham,  25  ;  Review  of  Cunning. 


322 


INDEX. 


ham  Correspondence,  105  ;  papers, 
285. 

Pictorial  History  of  England,  293. 

Pigot,  General,  195. 

Pilot,  novel  by  Cooper,  212. 

Pinckney,  C.  C.,  on  Brandywine,  160. 

Pinckney,  Thomas,  228. 

Pine-tree  banner,  70. 

Pirtle,  H.,  198. 

Pitkin's  United  States,  15,  290. 

Pittsfield,  Mass.,  History  by  Smith,  79. 

Political  aspects  of  the  war,  300. 

Political  Magazine,  58,  228. 

Poore,  Ben  :  Perley,  303. 

Porte  Crayon's  Shrines  of  Old  Vir 
ginia,  259. 

Portfolio,  49. 

Portland,  History  of,  by  Willis,  71 ; 
Journal  of  Smith  and  Deane,  71. 

Portraits,  301. 

Potter,  Israel  R.,  40. 

Potter's  American  Monthly,  33. 

Potter's  History  of  Manchester,  N.  H., 

Pouchot's  Late  War,  141. 

Pownall's  map,  124,  302. 

Poyntz,  L.,  on  Bunker  Hill,  45. 

Preakness  camp,  237. 

Preble,  G.  H.,  History  of  the  Flag,  89  ; 
Three  Historic  Flags,  211. 

Prescott,  Colonel,  on  Bunker  Hill,  37. 

Prescott,  General,  captured,  134. 

Preston,  Captain,  11. 

Preston,  H.  B.  M.  ship,  64. 

Preston,  J.  S.,  238. 

Price,  Ezekiel,  diary  at  Cambridge,  62. 

Prime,  N.  S.,  History  of  Long  Island, 
79. 

Princeton,  126  ;  History  of,  by  Hage- 
man,  126. 

Principles  and  Acts  of  the  Revolution, 
by  Niles,  6. 

Printing,  History  of,  by  Thomas,  5. 

Prisoners  of  war,  199  ;  exchange  of, 
201. 

Privateers,  88. 

Protests  of  the  lords,  4, 182. 

Provisional  treaty  of  peace,  272. 

Provost,  General,  210. 

Public  Advertiser,  25. 

Pulaski,  Count,  210  ;  Life  by  Sparks, 
210. 

Pulpit  of  the  Revolution,  by  Thorn 
ton,  7,  233. 

Pulsifer,  David,  on  Bunker  Hill,  41. 

Pursell's  map  of  United  States,  270. 

Purviance's  Baltimore  in  the  Revolu 
tion,  3. 

Putnam,  Daniel,  49. 

Putnam,  Israel,  by  Dawson,  53 ;  by 


Humphreys,  35  ;  by  Tarbox,  35  ; 
Whitney's  sermon  at  death,  48  ;  in 
New  York,  92  ;  deceived  by  Clinton 
(1777),  157. 

QUAKER  HILL,  196. 

Quakers  in  the  war,  163. 

Quarterly  Review,  100,  181. 

Quebec,  84 ;  Quebec  Act,  270 ;  Que 
bec  Literary  and  Historical  Society's 
Transactions,  83. 

Queen's  Rangers,  173,  247. 

Quincy,  Mrs.  E.  S.  M.,  Memoirs,  122. 

Quincy,  Edmund,  letters,  65. 

Quincy,  Josiah,  Life  of,  by  Quincy, 
1 ;  Reports  of  cases,  1 ;  Diary,  3. 

Quincy,  Josiah,  Journals  of  Samuel 
Shaw,  93 ;  editor  Grahame's  His 
tory,  290. 

Quintin's  Bridge,  173. 

RAMSAY'S  American  Revolution,  85, 
218,  287  ;  Revolution  in  South  Caro 
lina,  3  ;  Washington,  297. 

Ramsour's  Mills,  222. 

Rand,  Avery  &  Co.'s  Bunker  Hill 
Centennial,  51. 

Randall's  Life  of  Jefferson,  16. 

Randolph,  man-of-war,  19<. 

Ranger,  man-of-war,  198. 

Rangers,  by  D.  P.  Thompson,  156. 

Rathburn,  255. 

Ratzen,  Bernard,  117. 

Raum's  History  of  Trenton,  125. 

Rawdon,  Lord,  229 ;  defeats  Greene, 
250. 

Raymond,  H.  J.,  233. 

Read,  Col.  Charles,  299. 

Read,  George,  Life  by  Read,  16. 

Reading,  engraver,  302. 

Rebels,  a  novel  by  L.  M.  Child,  305. 

Red  Bank,  166. 

Reed  Joseph,  225,  298  ;  Life  by  W.  B 
Reed,  13,  298  ;  papers,  284. 

Reed,  W.  B.  controversy  with  J.  C. 
Hamilton,  299 ;  Life  of  Joseph  Reed, 
280  ;  on  Washington's  Letters,  280. 

Reed  and  Bancroft  controversy,  299. 

Reed  and  Cadwalader  controversy, 
299. 

Reed,  Esther,  wife  of  Joseph  Reed,  163. 

Regiments,  Historical  Records  of  Brit 
ish,  293. 

Regnault's  Lafayette,  247. 

Regulators  in  North  Carolina,  5. 

Reigart,  J.  F.,  History  of  United  States 
Flag,  129. 

Remembrancer,  Almon's,  285. 

Remer's  Amerikaniscb.es  Archiv,  156 

Revere,  Paul,  6B  ;  and  his  lanterns,  26. 


INDEX. 


323 


Revue  Militaire  Francajse,  227,  295. 

Reynolds,  G.,  on  Concord  fight,  32. 

Rhode  Island,  13  ;  History  by  Arnold, 
88,  194  ;  Colonial  Records,  123  ; 
Spirit  of  Seventy-Six  in,  84  ;  cam 
paign  (1778),  193;  waters,  map  of, 
228  ;  in  the  Continental  Congress, 
197. 

Rhode  Island  Line,  by  Gardner,  196. 

Rhode  Island  Historical  Collections, 
84. 

Rhode  Island  Historical  Tracts  193. 

Richardson,  Abby  S.,  History  of  Our 
Country,  292. 

Ricketson's  New  Bedford,  196. 

Rider,  S.  S.,  195,  207. 

Ridgefield,  Conn.,  Teller's  History  of, 
133. 

Ridpath's  History  of  the  United 
States, 2. 

Riedesel,  Baron,  Memoirs,  108,  135, 
156  ;  Life  by  Eelking,  108. 

Riedesel,  Baroness,  Memoirs,  135. 

Ripley's  Fight  at  Concord,  30. 

Rise  of  the  Republic,  by  Ero thing- 
ham,  2. 

Rise,  Progress,  etc.,  of  the  Dispute,  29. 

Ritzema,  Colonel,  85. 

Rives's  Life  of  Madison,  16. 

Rivington's  Gazette,  55, 172,  283. 

Roberts,  E.  H.,  Address,  140. 

Robin's  New  Travels,  66,  226. 

Rochambeau  arrives.  226  ;  in  Virginia, 
254  ;  Memoirs,  226  ;  papers,  254. 

Rockingham,  Prime  Minister,  264; 
Correspondence,  180  ;  and  his  Con 
temporaries,  4. 

Rocques,  302. 

Rodney,  Admiral,  defeats  De  Grasse, 
271. 

Rodney,  Caesar,  115. 

Roe's  Near  to  Nature's  Heart,  206. 

Rogers,  J.  E.  T.,  edition  of  Protests 
of  the  Lords,  4, 182. 

Rogers,  Rev.  William,  Diary,  207. 

Roman's  Bunker  Hill,  58  ;  Seat  of  the 
Civil  War,  69. 

Ross,  Betsey,  129. 

Ross's  Life  of  Cornwallis,  163  ;  Corn- 
wallis  Correspondence,  249. 

Roxbury,  History  of,  by  F.  S.  Drake, 
61. 

Royal  Gazette,  New  York,  283. 

Rurnford.  Count,  Life  by  Ellis,  79, 252. 

Rush,  Richard,  his  Washington  in 
Domestic  Life,  232. 

Russell's  Life  and  Times  of  Fox,  22  : 
Memorials  and  Correspondence  of 
Fox,  22. 

Russia,  Dana  in,  214. 


Russian  aid  sought  by  Great  Britain, 
108. 

Rutledge,  Life  by  Flanders,  17. 

Ruttenber's  Obstructions  in  the  Hud 
son,  92. 

SABIN'S  American  Bibliopolist,  233. 

Sabine,  Lorenzo,  American  Loyalists, 
73,  78  ;  Report  on  Fisheries,  88,  271. 

Sackville,  Lord  George,  154. 

Saff ell's  Records  of  the  Revolutionary 
War,  303. 

St.  Clair,  126, 137. 

St.  Johns,  82. 

St.  Leger,  139. 

Salem,  Felt's  Annals  of,  89;  expedi 
tion  to,  25. 

Salem,  N.  J.,  Johnson's  History  of, 
173. 

Saltonstall,  Commodore,  208. 

Sampson,  Deborah,  47. 

Sanderson's  Lives  of  the  Signers,  72. 

Sands.  Robert,  Life  of  Paul  Jones,  212. 

Sandy  Hook,  117, 190. 

Sanguinet,  Simon,  86. 

Saratoga,  147 ;  medal  for,  259. 

Sargent,  L.  M.,  Dealings  with  the 
Dead,  233. 

Sargent,  Winthrop,  Life  of  Major  An 
dre",  80  ;  Loyalist  Poetry,  78,  282. 

Sargent's  regiment,  63. 

Saturday  Review,  236. 

Saulthier's  maps,  117, 157. 

Savage,  John,  108. 

Savannah  captured  (1778),  197  ;  siege 
of  (1779)  ,209. 

Sayer  and  Bennett's  maps,  113,  lol. 

Scammans's  court-martial,  39. 

Schlozer's  Brief  wechsel,  ll8. 

Schoharie  County,  77,  232. 

Schulenberg,  Baron  de,  156. 

Schuyler,  G-  L.,  on  Bancroft's  His 
tory,  145. 

Schuyler,  General  Philip,  Life  by 
Lossing,  71 ;  controversy  with  Gates, 
136  ;  removed  from  command,  144. 

Scott,  G.  G.,  153. 

Scott,  Sir  Walter,  181. 

Scott,  Captain,  146. 

Scribe's  La  Bohe"mienne,  87. 

Scribner's  Magazine,  15. 

Scudder,  H.  E.,  on  Bunker  Hill,  45 ; 
on  the  Siege  of  Boston,  60  ;  Men  and 
Manners  of  the  Revolution,  282. 

Scull's  map  of  Pennsylvania,  161.     ' 

Scull  and  Heap's  survey,  164. 

Seabury's  tracts,  19. 

Seavers  Mary  Jemison,  207. 

Sedgwick,  Catharine    M.,   Liuwood-, 


324 


INDEX 


Sedgwick,  Theodore,  Life  of  William 

Livingston,  17. 

Sedgwick,  Mrs.,  Walter  Thornley,  239. 
Segur's  Memoirs,  178,  226,  266. 
Selah,  52. 

Selwyn  and  his  Contemporaries,  184. 
Senter's  Kennebec  journal,  83. 
Septimius  Felton,  by  Hawthorne,  33. 
Serapis,  man-of-war,  211. 
Seventy-Six,  a  novel  by  John  Neal, 

305. 

Seventy-six  Society,  6,  78,  247- 
Sewall,  Jonathan,  19. 
Seward,  Anna,  233. 
Shattuck's  History  of  Concord,  2/. 
Shaw,  Samuel,  Journals,  46,  93. 
Shea,  John  G.,  255. 
Shelburne,  Life  by  Fitzmaurice,  4. 
Shelburne,  prime  minister,  265,  2(3  ; 

papers,  264. 
Sheppard,    J.    H.,    Life    of    Samuel 

Tucker,  88. 

Sherburne,  Andrew,  Memoirs,  200. 
Sherburne's  Life  of  Paul  Jones,  211. 
Sheridan,  R.  B.,  Life  by  Moore,  22. 
Short,  W.  T.  P.,  on  Siege  of  Quebec, 

86 

Short  enlistments,  225. 
Shucker,  J.  W.,  on  Finances,  242. 
Shurtleff,  N.  B.,  Description  of  Bos 
ton,  8,  68. 
Silliman,  General,  on  Harlem  Plains, 

118  ;  on  Saratoga  battlefield,  147. 
Silliman's  Journal,  45. 
Simcoe:s  Journal  of  the  Queen's  Ran 
gers.  170,  247,  289. 
Simitiere,  du,  301. 

Simms,  W.  G.,  History  of  South  Caro 
lina,  219  ;  Life  of  Marion,  219  ;  Eu- 
taw,  251 ;  Forayers,  251  ;  Katharine 
Walton,  251;  Mellichampe,  a  novel, 
230;    The  Partisan,  a  novel,   230; 
The   Scout,  251 ;   Woodcraft,  251  ; 
Views  and  Reviews,  234. 
Simms's  Schoharie  County,  77,  232.  _ 
Simpson  and  Campbell's  surveys,  205. 
Six  Nations,  75. 
Slavery,  abolishment  of,  241. 
Smith,  Anthony,  survey,  162. 
Smith,  E.   V.,  History  of  Newbury- 

port,  89. 

Smith,  Joshua  H.,  231. 
Smith  J.  S.,  229. 
Smith,  T.  M.,  Legends,  199. 
Smith,  Noah,  on  Bennington,  143. 
Smith,  S.  A.  on  West  Cambridge  at 

Lexington,  31. 

Smith,  Wm.,  on  Montgomery,  85. 
Smith;s  Delaware  County,  161. 
Smith's  History  of  Pittsfield,  79. 


Smith  and  Deane's  journal,  71. 

Smith  and  Watson's  American  His 
torical  and  Literary  Curiosities,  174, 
233,  302. 

Smyth,  lectures  on  Modern  History, 
96,  181,  293. 

Snow:s  History  of  Boston,  3. 

Snowden's  medals  of  Washington,  67. 

Sotzmann's  map  of  Virginia,  258. 

Soule"'s  Histoire  des  Troubles,  294. 

South  Carolina,  Gibbs's  Documentary 
History,  218  ;  History  of,  by  Simms, 
3,  219  ;  American  Revolution  in,  by 
Drayton,  3  ;  Ramsay's  Revolution 
in,  3  ;  in  1776,  94  ;  Greene  in,  250  ; 
tories,  222  ;  maps  of,  220. 

South  Carolina  Historical  Collections, 
216. 

Southern  Campaigns,  218. 

Southern  Review,  78. 

Sou  they  ;s  Vision  of  Judgment,  181. 

Spain  and  the  United  States,  177  ;  ne 
gotiations  with,  128  ;  Jay  in,  213  ; 
Lee  in,  213. 

Sparks  Jared,  his  historical  labors, 
278,  280;  Memoir  of ,  bj  Ellis,  280; 
Life  of  Ethan  Allen,  80  ;  Life  of 
Arnold,  80  ;  Correspondence  of  the 
American  Revolution,  80  ;  Diplo 
matic  Correspondence,  99  ;  Life  of 
Franklin,  4  ;  Life  of  Gouverneur 
Morris,  10  ;  Pulaski,  210  :  Life  and 
Writings  of  Washington,  13 ;  papers, 
284 ;  Collection  at  Cornell  Univer- 

Sparks  and  Mahon  controversy,  279. 
Sprague's   Annals  of   the  American 

Pulpit,  283. 

Springfield,  New  Jersey,  223. 
Spy,  novel  by  Cooper,  206. 
Stamford,  Conn.,  History  by  Hunting- 
ton,  79. 
Stamp  Act,  3. 
Stanhope's    History  of    England,  4, 

292 ;  Miscellanies,  233. 
Stanley's  Westminster  Abbey,  233. 
Stanwix,  Fort,  75,  139. 
Staples,  W.  R.,  on  the  Gaspee,  13  ; 

Rhode   Island  in  the  Continental 

Congress,  197. 
Stark,  General  John,  47, 142  ;  Life  by 

Caleb  Stark,  143  ;  Life  by  Edward 

Everett,  143. 
Stark,  Major  Caleb,  39. 
Staten  Island  expedition,  217,  223. 
Statesmen  of  George  III.,  by  Brough- 

Stedman's  American  War,  30,  289. 
Steuben,  204 ;  Life  by  Kapp,  Id  ;  Life 
by  Bo  wen,  171 ;  inspector  general, 


INDEX. 


325 


171;  reorganizes  army,  224  ;  in  Vir 
ginia,  238,  246;  papers,  284. 

Stevens,  Henry,  Bibliotheca  Historica, 
19. 

Stevens,  J.  A.,  195;  on  Burgoyne:s 
Campaign,  153 ;  on  Lafayette  in 
Virginia,  247. 

Stevens,  W.  B.,  History  of  Georgia, 
74. 

Stewart,  Major,  205 

Sti leg's  Diary,  30. 

Stiles's  History  of  Brooklyn,  93. 

Still  water,  145. 

Stirling,  Lord,  92  ;  Life  by  Duer,112. 

Stokes,  A.,  Constitutions  of  the  Col 
onies,  2. 

Stone,  Enos,  journal,  138. 

Stone,  E.  M.,  Life  of  Rowland,  126; 
Invasion  of  Canada, 83,  166. 

Stone,  W.  L.,  life  of  Brant,  75  ;  Bor 
der  Wars,  191. 

Stone,  W.  L.,  Jr.,  History  of  New  York 
City,  59  ;  campaign  of  Burgoyne, 
140,153. 

Stone's  History  of  Wyoming,  191. 

Stony  Point,  203. 

Street,  A.  B.,  on  Saratoga,  147. 

Stryker's  Reed  Controversy,  2d9. 

Stuart's  Life  of  Jonathan  Trumbull, 
4. 

Stuart,  I.  W.,  Life  of  Nathan  Hale, 
115. 

Stuart's  Surveys,  220. 

Suffolk  Resolves,  16. 

Sullivan,  James,  Life  by  Amory,  73. 

Sullivan,  General  John,  his  character 
207  ;  Life  by  0.  W.  B.  Peabody,  206 
his  Military  Services,  by  T.  C.  Am 
ory ,  206 ;  in  Canada,  91 ;  sent  to  Con 
gress  by  Howe,  113 ;  at  Brandywine 
160  ;  in  Rhode  Island,  193  ;  expedi 
tion  against  Indians,  206 ;  papers, 
285. 

Sullivan's  Island,  94. 

Sumner,  Charles,  on  the  boundary, 
269  ;  on  Franklin's  portrait,  273. 

Sumner,  George,  178. 

Sumner,  W.  H.,  on  Hancock  and 
Adams,  26;  on  Bunker  Hill,  53; 
East  Boston,  35. 

Sumter,  219;  relations  with  Greene, 
251. 

Swain,  D.  L.,  on  the  Cherokee  expe 
dition,  77. 

Swett,  Samuel,  on  Bunker  Hill,  37, 
50. 

Sylvester,  N.  B.,  152. 

TALBOT,  Commodore,  Life  by  Tucker- 


Talmadge,  Colonel  B.,  94,  163. 

Talmadge,  Major,  232. 

Tannock's  England  during  the  Ameri 
can  War,  294. 

Tarbox's  Life  of  Putnam  34. 

Tarleton's  Campaigns,  219  ;  at  Cow- 
pens,  248  ;  in  Virginia,  253. 

Tarry  town,  230. 

Taylor,  Eldad,  Letters,  65. 

Taylor,  George,  Martyrs,  200. 

Tea-party,  13. 

Teller's  History  of  Ridgefield,  133. 

Temple  and  Sheldon's  History  of 
Northfield,  91. 

Ternay,  Admiral,  228. 

Thacher,  Rev.  Mr.,  37. 

Thacher's  Military  Journal,  39,  2S2. 

Thackeray's  Lectures  on  the  Georges, 
181 ;  Dennis  Duval,  212>. 

Thackeray's  Life  of  Chatham,  185. 

Thankful  Blossom,  by  Bret  Harte,  217. 

Thayer,  Judge,  165. 

Thayer's  Kennebec  journal,  83. 

Thomas,  E.  S.,  Reminiscences,  126. 

Thomas,  Isaiah,  History  of  Printing, 
5  ;  Massachusetts  Kalendar,  11. 

Thomas,  Gen.  John,  90. 

Thompson,  B.  T.,  History  of  Long 
Island,  78. 

Thompson,  D.  P.,  Rangers,  157  ;  Green 
Mountain  Boys,  81. 

Thompson,  J.  P.,  United  States  as  a 
Nation,  2. 

Thompson,  General,  at  Three  Rivers, 
91. 

Thomson,  Dr.  William,  289. 

Thornton,  Matthew,  103. 

Thornton's  Pulpit  of  the  Revolution, 

Three  Rivers,  91. 

Ticonderoga,  79 ;  evacuated  (1777), 
136. 

Toner,  J.  M.,  Medical  Men,  283. 

Tories,  77,  78,  93. 

Totowa,  camp,  237. 

Town,  Ithiel,  Particular  Services,  89. 

Townshend,  J.,  161. 

Travelling  Bachelor,  by  Cooper,  234. 

Treaties  and  Conventions  of  the 
United  States,  268. 

Treaties  of  the  United  States,  179. 

Treaty  between  Great  Britain  and 
France,  273. 

Trenton,  124;  Annals  of,  by  C.  C. 
Haven,  125  ;  History  by  Raum,  126. 

Trescott's  Diplomacy  of  the  Revolu 
tion,  177. 

Troops,  effective,  in  either  army, 
304. 

Troup,  Col.  Robert,  169. 


326 


INDEX. 


Trudruffrin,  162. 

Trumbull,  Jonathan.  Life  by  Stuart. 
4 ;  Papers,  284. 

Trumbull,  Col.  John,  Autobiography, 
3^ ;  Picture  of  Bunker  Hal,  58 ; 
McFingal,  10. 

Trumbull,  J.  H.,  79. 

Tryon,  Governor,  10,  125 ;  invades 
Connecticut,  133,  203. 

Tryon  County,  77. 

Tucker,  Dean,  tracts,  22. 

Tucker,  Com.  Samuel,  300;  Life  by 
Sheppard,  88. 

Tucker's  Life  of  Jefferson,  17. 

Tuckerman's  America  and  her  Com 
mentators,  227 ;  Life  of  Talbot. 
88. 

Tudor's  Life  of  James  Otis,  1. 

Turner's  Holland  Purchase,  244. 

Turtle  Bay,  115. 

Tuscany,  176. 

Tuttle,  J.  F.,  Morristown,  217  ;  Wash 
ington  in  Morris  County,  123. 

Tyler,  Albert,  on  Bennington,  143. 

ULSTER  COUNTY,  Historical  Society's 
Collections,  158. 

Uniform,  Buff  and  Blue,  304. 

Unitarian  Review,  32. 

United  Service  Journal,  163,  233. 

United  States,  History  of,  by  Ban 
croft,  2,  290  ;  by  Bartlett  and  Wood 
ward,  293  ;  by  Cassell,  294  ;  by 
Grahame,  15,  290 ;  by  Hildreth,  2, 
291 ;  by  Mackay,  293  ;  by  J.  H.  Pat- 
ton,  292;  by  Pitkin,  15,  290;  by 
Ridpath,  2,  291  ;  by  J.  A.  Spencer, 
292  ;  by  Tucker,  292  ;  United  States 
as  a  Nation,  by  J.  P.  Thompson,  2  ; 
Clark's  Naval  History  of,  300  ;  Coop 
er's  Naval  History,  300  ;  Dawson's 
Battles  of,  27,  291 ;  Diplomacy  of,  by 
Lyman,  177  ;  Loubat's  Medallic  His 
tory,  6<  ;  Origin,  etc.,  by  McCart 
ney,  2  ;  Republic  of ,  by  J.  C.  Ham 
ilton,  19,  298. 

Upham,  C.  W.,  on  Hancock,  73;  Life 
of  Washington,  297. 

Upham,  W.  P.,  on  Siege  of  Boston,  64. 

VALCOUB'S  ISLAND,  127. 

Vale's  Life  of  Thomas  Paine,  261. 

Valentine's  New^York  City  Manual, 

112. 

Valley  Forge,  170,  179. 
Valley  Forge  Letters,  299. 
Van  Schaack,  Peter,  Life  of,  10,  78. 
Van  Wart,  captor  of  Andrt5,  232. 
Varnum,  167. 
Veil  Removed,  by  Fellows,  52. 


Vergennes  and  the  Peace,  268,  572. 

Vermont,  History  by  Ira  Allen,  271 : 
by  Hall,  143;  by  Williams,  197; 
Bounds,  270  ;  Controversy,  197. 

Vermont  Historical  Society  Collec 
tions,  143. 

Verplanck's  Point,  204. 

Villefranche,  Major,  236. 

Vincennes,  History  by  Law,  199. 

Virginia,  History  by  Burk,  76 ;  by 
Campbell,  246;  by  Girardin,  75: 
by  Howison,  151,  246;  Jefferson's 
notes  on,  102  ;  Declaration  of  Rights, 
98  ;  Convention  troops  in,  151 ;  In 
dian  wars  in,  192  ;  Leslie  in,  238, 
245  ;  Arnold  in,  240  ;  Lafayette  in, 
247,  253  ;  Phillips  in,  246  ;  Corn- 
wallis  in,  253  ;  the  French  in,  253 ; 
Campaign  of  1781,  254  ,  and  the  N 
W.  Territory,  270  ;  maps  of,  258. 

Von  Bulow  on  the  war,  304. 

Von  Ochs,  Neuere  Kriegskunst,  108. 

WALDO,  S.  P.,  American  Naval  Heroes, 
212. 

Waldo,  Surgeon,  171. 

Walker,  C.  I.,  Address,  199. 

Wallabout,  interments  at,  200. 

Waller's  orderly-book,  64. 

Wallis's  map  of  United  States,  270. 

Walpole's  George  the  Third,  22,  182  ; 
Last  Journal,  22,  180  ;  and  Mason 
correspondence,  139. 

Walsh's  American  Register,  226. 

Walter  Thornley,  by  Sedgwick,  238. 

Walworth,  E.  H.,  153. 

Ward,  Gen.  Artemas,  47. 

Ward,  Samuel,  Life  by  Gammel,  88. 

Ward,  Samuel,  Lecture  on  Battle  of 
Long  Island,  110. 

Ware's  Kennebec  journal,  83. 

Warner,  Col.  Seth,  142  ;  Life  by  Chip- 
man,  143  ;  at  Saratoga,  152. 

Warren,  Charles  H.,  on  the  Buff  and 
Blue  Uniform,  304. 

Warren,  G.  W.,  Bunker  Hill  Monu 
ment  Association,  49. 

Warren,  Dr.  John,  Life  of,  54. 

Warren,  Gen.  Joseph,  Life  by  A.  H. 
Everett,  44  ;  death  of,  53  ;  Oration 
on  Boston  Massacre,  74  ;  Eulogy 
by  Perez  Morton,  54 ;  Stories  of, 
by  Mrs.  J  B.  Brown,  54;  and  his 
Times,  by  Frothingham,  6. 

Warren,  Mrs.,  American  Revolution, 
287 ;  her  controversy  with  John 
Adams,  287. 

Washington's  Writings,  edition  by 
Sparks,  279  ;  Spurious  Letters  of, 
280 ;  different  lives  of,  2y6  ;  by 


INDEX. 


327 


A.  Bancroft,  297  ;  by  Everett,  297  ; 
by  Guizot,  67  ;  by  Irving,  297  ;  by 
Kirkland,  297  :  by  Lossing,  297  ;  by 
Marshall,  17,  296;  by  Paulding, 
297  ;  by  Ramsay,  297 ;  by  Sparks, 
296  ;  by  C.  W.  Upham,  297  ;  by  M. 
L.  Weems,  297  ;  Custis;s  Recollec 
tions  of,  126  ;  and  his  Generals,  by 
Headley,  292  ;  Essay  on,  by  T. 
Parker,  297  ;  Address  on,  by  Web 
ster,  297  ;  Essay  on,  by  E.  P.  Whip- 
pie,  297  ;  Address  on,  by  Winthrop, 
297 ;  takes  command,  60 ;  at  Cam 
bridge,  61 ;  nominated,  73  ;  in  the 
Jerseys,  122,  123  ;  at  Valley  Forge, 
170 ;  Farewell  Address  to  Army, 
276  ;  resigns  his  commission,  276  ; 
a  marshal  of  France,  260  ;  accounts, 
276;  life-guard,  298;  order  books, 
260,  280  ;  papers,  279. 

Washington  Elm,  Cambridge,  61. 

Washington,  Fort,  120. 

Washington,  Lieut.  Colonel,  248. 

Waterhouse,  Dr.,  on  General  Warren's 
death,  54. 

Watertown,  Mass.,  Provincial  Con 
gress  at,  74. 

Watson,  Elkanah,  Memoirs,  95,  175. 

Watson's,  J.  L.,  Paul  Revere's  signal, 

Watson,  W.  C.,  Naval  Campaign  on 
Lake  Champlain,  127. 

Watson's  Annals  of  Philadelphia,  174, 
262. 

Watson's  Essex  County,  N.  Y.,  80. 

Waxhaws,  222. 

Wayne,  Anthony,  Life  by  Armstrong, 
165;  Life  by  Moore,  162;  at  Paoli, 
162  ;  at  Stony  Point,  203 ;  at  Bull's 
Ferry,  224 ;  and  the  Pennsylvania 
line,  240  ;  in  Georgia,  253  ;  Orderly- 
Book,  127,  189  ;  papers,  285. 

Webster,  Daniel,  Bunker  Hill  Oration, 
44 ;  on  the  Maine  boundary,  269  ; 
address  on  Washington,  297. 

Weems's  Life  of  Marion,  219  ;  Life  of 
Washington,  297. 

Welling,  J.C.,  34. 

Wells's  Life  of  Samuel  Adams,  1. 

West,  Samuel,  Election  Sermon,  97. 

West  Indies,  the  French  fleet  in,  271. 

West  Point,  History  by  Boynton,  92, 
230  ;  Arnold  at,  230. 

Westchester  County,  N.  Y.,  205,  232. 

Westcott's  Concord  Sermons,  32. 

Western  Territory,  by  Imlay,  199. 

Westminster  Massacre,  34. 

Wheeler's  Pentagoet  (Castine),  208. 

Wheildon,  W.  W.,  on  Bunker  Hill, 


45;    Revere's  signal  lanterns,  26; 

Life  of  S.  Willard,  59. 
Whig  party,  180, 185. 
WhippJe  E.  P..  Washington  and  the 

Revolution,  297. 
White,  Bishop,  Wilson's  Memoirs  of. 

172. 

White,  T.,  123. 
White  Horse  Tavern,  162. 
White  Plains,  119. 
WTiiting,  Colonel  Henry,  280. 
Whitney's  literature  of  Concord  fight, 

32. 

Whittlesey,  E.  D.,133. 
Wiley's  tale,  The  Alamance,  6. 
Wilkinson,  Eliza,  letters,  210. 
Wilkinson,  Gen.  James,  Memoir?,  39. 
Willard.  Solomon,  Life  by  Wheildon, 

59. 

William,  Henry,  Prince,  261. 
Williams,  captor  of  Andre',  232. 
Williams,  Otho,  228. 
Williams's  Life   of   General  Barton, 

195. 

Williams's  Life  of  Olney,  110,  166. 
Williamsburg,  253. 
Williamson,  Hugh,  on  the  Tea-party, 

13. 
Williamson's  Belfast,  208  ;  History  of 

Maine,  71,  208. 
Willis's  Portland,  71. 
Wilmington,  260. 

Wilmofs  Historical  View  of  Ameri 
can  Loyalists,  271. 
Wilson's  Memoirs  of  Bishop  White, 

172. 

Wilson,  D.,  Life  of  Jane  McCrea,  139 
Winter  Hill,  69. 
Winthrop,  Prof.  John,  37. 
Winthrop  R.  C.,  Address   on  Wash 
ington,  297. 
Wirt,  Win.,  Life  of  Patrick  Henry,  3 ; 

Memoir  by  Kennedy,  20. 
Wisconsin  Historical  Society,  199. 
Witherspoon,  Dr.,  103. 
Women  of  the  Revolution,  by  Mrs. 

Ellet,  139. 
Wood,  Silas,  History  of  Long  Island, 

78. 

Woodbury's,  J.  T.,  speech,  31. 
Woodcraft,  by  Simms,  251. 
Woodford,  221. 
Woodhull,  General,  110. 
Woodruff  at  Saratoga,  147,  153. 
Wooster,    General,    82;    monument, 

133. 

Worcester,  S.  T.,  History  of  Hollis,  4< . 
Worcester,  History  by    Lincoln,  21; 

expedition  to,  26. 


328 


INDEX. 


Wraxall's  Historical  Memoirs,  22, 180, 

258. 
Wright.  Aaron,  diary  at  Cambridge, 

68. 
Wright's   Caricature  History  of  the 

Georges,  180. 
Wright's  Cavendish  Debates,  21. 


Writs  of  assistance,  1. 
Wyandottes,  262. 
Wyoming,  190. 

Yonge,  C.  D.,  History  of  the  British 

navy,  301. 
Yorktown,  siege  of,  266. 


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